2. Anatomy of the Heart
Pericardium : The outer Layer
Myocardium : The middle layer/heart muscle
Endocardium : The innermost layer
3. Right Atrium : Right upper chamber
Left Atrium : Left upper chamber
Right Ventricle : Right lower chamber
Left Ventricle : Left lower chamber
4. Tricuspid Valve : Between the RA and the RV
Mitral Valve : Bicuspid valve located between the LA
and the LV
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve : Between the RV and the
Lungs
Aortic Semilunar Valve : Between the LV and the Aorta
5. Physiology of blood flow through
the Heart
SVC : Drains blood from the head, upper extremities
and chest to the RA
IVC : Drains blood from the lower extremities and
pelvis and abdomen to the RA
6. PA : Brings blood from the RV to the Lungs
PV : Brings blood from the Lungs to the LA
Aorta : Largest artery bringing the blood from the LV
to the rest of the body
Coronary Arteries : Supply blood to the heart tissue
Coronary veins : Drain blood from the heart into the
coronary sinus which
drains into the right
atrium
7.
8. Anatomy & Physiology of the
Conduction System of the Heart
SA : Pacemaker in the upper wall of RA initiating the
heartbeat
AV node : Under the endocardium of the RA sending
impulses from the SA node to the Bundle of His
Bundle of His : AV bundle sending impulses from the
AV node to the Purkinje fibers through the RBB and
the LBB
RBB + LBB : In the septum
Purkinje Fibers : Within the walls of the ventricles
causing the ventricles to contract
9.
10. Cardiac cycle
During relaxation/diastole the chambers fill up with
blood
During contraction/systole the chambers forcefully
move the blood out
During diastole the RA receives blood from the SVC
+ the LA receives blood from the PV. At the same
time the Ventricles are in systole. The RV ejects the
blood into the PA and the LV ejects the blood into the
Aorta
11. Heart sounds
Closure of the A-V valves produces the 1st heart sound
Closure of the Semilunar valves produces the 2nd heart
sound
12. Anatomy of the Arteries
Elastic tubes that expand with pressure (during
contraction of the heart). Composed of the tunica
externa/adventitia, tunica media and the tunica intima
13.
14.
15. Arterioles - Capillaries - Venules
Arterioles : Tunica adventitia, media and intima
Capillaries : Endothelium
Venules : Tunica adventitia, media and intima
16.
17. Veins
Thin-walled vessels with low pressure. Contain valves
preventing backflow of blood. Composed of tunica
externa/adventitia, tunica media and tunica intima
Venipuncture/phlebotomy : Incision of a vein to draw
blood for examination
18.
19. Physiology of the blood vessels
circulation
Arteries : Carry the blood away from the aorta
Arterioles : Smaller vessels carrying the blood away from
the arteries to the capillaries
Capillaries : Smallest vessels where the nutrients and
oxygen leave the blood and go into the cells. The waste
products and carbon dioxide from the cells pass through
the capillaries into the bloodstream
Venules : Larger than the capillaries but as small as the
arterioles carrying the blood filled with waste products
away. Also carry the blood filled with nutrients from the
small intestine to the hepatic vein. Carry the blood filtered
though the kidneys to the hepatic vein
Veins : Larger than the venules carrying the blood from
the upper part of the body to the SVC and from the lower
part of the body to the IVC
20. Obtaining a pulse
Radial Artery : Lateral wrist + proximal to the thumb
Apex of the heart : 5th intercostal space
Brachial Artery : Antecubital space of the elbow or
between the biceps and triceps muscle
Carotid artery : Lateral neck
Temporal Artery : Temple
Femoral Artery : Inguinal
Popliteal Artery : Posteromedial (knee)
Dorsalis Pedis Artery : Upper surface of the foot
Anterior Tibial Artery : Medial side of the ankle
21.
22. Blood Pressure
Determined by the force exerted by the blood on the
walls of the arteries, the amount of blood pumped, the
size and the flexibility of the arteries
Measured in the arm (brachial artery) using the
sphygmomanometer
1st korotkoff sounds and last korotkoff sounds heard
through the stethoscope
N° BP : 120/80 mmHg
29. Erythrocyte : Biconcave. No nuclei. Made up of
Hemoglobin (protein & iron). Hb Carries oxygen
from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from
the cells to the lungs. Produced in the bone marrow
30. Leucocyte : Larger. Contains a nucleus. Has to be
stained to be seen. Fight infection. Categorized as
granulocyte or agranulocyte.
Granulocytes : Basophils, Eosinophils and
Neutrophils have granules in their cytoplasm
Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils
31. Agranulocytes : Monocytes and Lymphocytes T and
B do not have granules in their cytoplasm
Monocytes Lymphocytes
32. Thrombocytes : Smaller than the RBC and WBC.
Control the loss of blood by congregating to form a
clot (coagulation) at the site of injury
33.
34. Functions of the blood
Transportation : -Oxygen from the lungs to the cells
-Carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs
-Nutrients from the digestive tract to the
cells
-Hormones from the endocrine glands
to the cells of each organ
-Waste materials from the cells to the liver
to be excreted in the feces through the bile and to the
kidney to be eliminated in the urine
35. Regulation : -Body Temperature
(vasodilation vs vasoconstriction)
-Water and salt balance
-pH balance
-Blood loss with coagulation
36.
37. Defense : -Neutrophils and Monocytes phagocyte
(destroy the germ)
-Lymphocytes B secrete antibodies that
attach to the germ before it is phagocytized
-Lymphocytes T attack directly the germ
38. Blood Types
Type A : Type A antigen on the RBC and anti-B
antibody in the plasma
Type B : Type B antigen on the RBC and anti-A
antibody in the plasma
Type AB : Both A and B antigens on the RBC and no
anti-A or anti-B antibodies in the plasma
Type O : No A or B antigens on the RBC but anti-A
and anti-B antibody in the plasma
39.
40. The Rhesus Factor/Rh+ : Antigen on the RBC.
Pregnant woman without the antigen(Rh-) whose
fetus’ RBC has the antigen(Rh+) will develop
antibodies against the antigen. During the next
pregnancy the antibodies will attack the RBC of the
fetus and the fetus will become anemic and may die
In general, Rh negative blood is given to Rh-negative
patients, and Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood
may be given to Rh positive patients.
The universal red cell donor has Type O negative
blood type
The universal plasma donor has Type AB positive
blood type.
41. The lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels : Transport excess fluids away
from the interstitial space (in-between the cells) into
the bloodstream. Contain valves that prevent
backflow which leads to edema
Lymphatic nodes : Filter out and trap bacteria,
viruses, cancer cells, destroyed pathogens and
unwanted substances
42. Common disorders associated with the
circulatory System
Iron-deficiency Anemia : Low iron level leading to
low hemoglobin production
43. Pernicious Anemia (Vit-deficiency Anemia) : Lack of
secretion of intrinsic factor from the stomach causing
vitamin B12 not to be absorbed. Leads to macrocytic
anemia and glossitis (swollen red tongue), neuropathy
etc..
44. Hemolytic Anemia : Premature destruction of RBCs
by antibodies produced by the immune system
Sickle cell Anemia : Hemoglobin S disease with a
sickle-shaped RBC in people of African origins
45. Aplastic Anemia : Failure of the bone marrow to
produce the blood cells. The bone marrow is replaced
with fat cells
46. Aneurysm : Abnormal widening of a portion of an
artery because of weakness in the vessel wall
48. Arteriosclerosis : Hardening of the arteries. Caused
by HTA, Atherosclerosis, Calcium deposits etc…
49. Atherosclerosis : Buildup of plaque(fatty acids) in the
wall of the artery. May lead to the narrowing of the
lumen and hardening (arteriosclerosis) of the vessel.
Leading cause of coronary artery disease(CAD)
50. Coronary artery disease : Narrowing of the coronary
arteries that supply blood to the heart.
51. Cerebrovascular accident : Stroke resulting from a
complete interruption of blood flow to the brain by a clot
(Thrombotic/Embolic Stroke) or a ruptured blood vessel
(Hemorrhagic Stroke)
52. Cardiac Tamponade : Congestion of the heart muscle
and restriction of heart movement caused by blood or
fluid trapped in the pericardial sac
53. Cardiogenic Shock : Collapse of the cardiovascular
system resulting from vasodilation and fluid shifting
away from the heart
56. Pericarditis : Inflammation of the pericardium
Myocarditis : Inflammation of the myocardium
Endocarditis : Inflammation of the endocardium
57. Congestive Heart Failure : Heart is unable to pump
sufficient blood to the rest of the body
58. Cor Pulmonale : Lung disease blocking the flow of
blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Results in
an enlargement of the RV
59. Myocardial Infarction : Infarction/death of heart
tissue because of severe reduction or absence of
supply of blood to an area of the myocardium
60. Hemophilia : Hereditary deficiency of clotting factors
most frequently in male
Pre-Hypertension : BP from 120/80 – 139/89
Hypertension : BP>140/90
Hypotension : BP <90/60
61. Leukemia : Abnormal growth/Cancer of the
leukocytes
63. Petechiae : Small red/purple eruptions on the body
caused by broken capillaries
64. Transfusion Reaction : When the blood type
transfused to a patient is incompatible with the
patient’s blood type causing an agglutination of the
patient’s RBC
65. Mitral Stenosis : Mitral valve disease/calcification
causing the valve to narrow not able to open up
sufficiently when blood enters the RV
66. Mitral Valve Prolapse : Mitral valve is above its
normal location between the atrium and the ventricle
causing the leaflets to go all the way into the atrium
rather than get close to each other horizontally at the
end of the ventricular contraction
67. Varicose veins : Enlarged and tortuous veins caused
by malfunctioning valves