components of computer, their definition, introduction, role, categorization

1. Topic : components of computer
BY : ALIZA BIBI

2. what are they?

3. • All the different pieces of electrical hardware that join together to
make up the complete computing system.
Input CPU output
ROM memory RAM
hardware storage software

4. • hardware of PC:
1. Monitor 6. power supply
2. Motherboard 7. CD-ROM drive
3. CPU 8. hard disk
4. RAM 9. keyboard
5. Expansion card 10. mouse

5. • Software are sets of
instructions/programs that are
loaded into the memory of the
computer in order to perform
task or to control the computer
operation.
system software application software
operating systems word processors
utilities web browsers
user interface game applications

6. SOFTWARE
• Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate
computers and execute specific tasks.
• Software is a generic term used to refer to applications ,scripts and
programs that run on device.
• Opposite of hardware which describes the physical aspects of a
computer.

7. CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE
• Software is divided into two categories:
1. System software
• System software is a type designed to run a computer hardware and
application program.
2. Application software
• Application software refers to user downloaded programs that fulfill a
want or need.

8. WAYS OF PURCHASING
• Software can be purchased or acquired in the following ways:
1. Shareware---usually distributed on a free or trail basis, with the
intention of sale when the period is over.
2. Lite ware---type of shareware with some capabilities disabled until
the full version is purchased.
3. Freeware---can be downloaded for free but with copyright
restrictions.
4. Public domain software---can be downloaded for free without
restrictions.

9. TYPES OF SOFTWARE
• The two main types of software are system and application software...
1. System software:
System software is a type of computer program
designed to run a computer hardware and application programs. System
software coordinates the activities and function of hardware and
software. In addition, it controls the operations of computer hardware
and provides an environment or platform for all other types of software
to work in. The best known example of system software is operating
system which manages all other programs in a computer.

10. 2. Application software:
Application software is a computer software
package that performs a specific function for an end user or in some
instances for another application. An application can be self-sustained or
a group of programs. Program is a set of operations that runs the
application for the user. Application use the computer 'OS and other
supporting programs, typically system software to function. Application
software is different than other software that might come pre-bundled
with computer's operating system.

11. • Hardware are the physical
components of a computer
e.g. input and output devices
, primary and secondary
storage devices , CPU etc.
external hardware internal hardware
monitors hard drive
printers CPU
keyboard fan
mouse motherboard
microphone sound card

12. INTRODUCTION OF HARDWARE
• Hardware includes the physical parts of computer such as case, CPU,
monitor, mouse, sound card, speakers, motherboard and computer
data storage.
• Hardware is typically directed by the software to execute any command
or instructions.
• A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing
system, although other system exist with hardware only.

13. COMPUTER HARDWARE
• Computer hardware is collective term used to describe any of the
physical components of an analog or digital computer.
• The term 'hardware' distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing
device from software.
• Computer hardware can be categorized as either internal or external
components.

14. CATEGORIZATION OF HARDWARE
• Computer hardware can be categorized as either internal or external
components:
1. INTERNAL COMPONENTS:
Internal components include items such
as motherboard, CPU, random access memory(RAM), hard drive, optical
drive, heat sink, power supply, transistors, chips, graphic processing unit,
sound card ,speaker and motherboard.

15. • EXTERNAL COMPONENTS:
External components are also called as peripheral
components, and those items that are connected to computer in order to control either
its input and output.
Common input components include:
• Mouse. Mouse is the most popular pointing device. ...
• Joystick. Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position
on a monitor screen. ...
• Light Pen. ...
• Track Ball. ...
• Scanner. ...
• Digitizer.

16. HARDWARE VIRTUALIZATION
• Hardware virtualization is the virtualization of computers as
complete hardware platforms, certain logical abstractions of their
componentry, or only the functionality required to run
various operating systems. Virtualization hides the physical
characteristics of a computing platform from the users, presenting
instead an abstract computing platform. At its origins, the software
that controlled virtualization was called a "control program", but the
terms "hypervisor" or "virtual machine monitor" became preferred over
time.

17. HAEDWARE AS A SERVICE
• Hardware-as-a-Service. Hardware-as-a-Service mimics the popular
Software-as-a-Service model, giving access to hardware along with
accompanying software, maintenance, installation, and upgrades. The
core assumption is that customers pay for the value provided by
the service, rather than the underlying hardware, or thing ...

18. TYPES OF HARDWARE
• Monitor.
• Motherboard.
• CPU(Microprocessor.
• Main memory(RAM)
• Expansion cards.
• Power supply unit.
• Optical disc drive.
• Hard disk drive (HDD)

19. • These are
Expansion cards
(computer components)that
are designed to produce
images for the computer
display.

20. GRAPHIC CARDS
• A graphics card provides high-quality visual display by processing and
executing graphical data using advanced graphical techniques, features
and functions. A graphics card is also known as
a graphics adapter, graphics controller, graphics accelerator card or
graphics board.

21. VIDEO CARD TYPES
Video cards come in three different connector types: PCI, AGP, and PCI Express.
The slots all look different and are easily identifiable from each other.
• PCI Express often shortened to PCIe is the latest technology and is on the 4.0
version so 4th version of the card which was designed to replace the older
AGP standard. PCIe or PCI-E is a huge advance in transfer ,memory and
performance which brings HD/4K multiscreen and huge leaps in Game play
to your main board system and system performance.
• AGP Often brown connectors were introduced as they allowed four times the
bandwidth over PCI. Most AGP video cards if you can find them now are
designed to work only with the later AGP 2.0/3.0 standards.
• PCI these connect into the often white slots of your Motherboard, they were
common on motherboards since the early 1990's (they replaced the ISA
standard). They have been replaced by the newer PCI Express since 2005
onwards.

22. GRAPHIC CARD USES
• The Graphics Card is responsible for rendering an
image to your monitor, it does this by converting
data into a signal your monitor can understand.
The better your graphics card the better, and
smoother an image can be produced. This is
naturally very important for gamers and video
editors.

23. • Keyboard
• Mouse
• Trackball
• Graphics tablet
• Game controllers
• Touch screen
• Webcam
• microphone

24. KEYBOARD
• A computer keyboard is a typewriter-style device which uses an
arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical
levers or electronic switches. Following the decline of punch
cards and paper tape, interaction via teleprinter-style keyboards
became the main input method for computers.

25. KEYBOARD USES
• A computer keyboard is an input device used to enter characters and
functions into the computer system by pressing buttons, or keys.
• It is the primary device used to enter text.
• A keyboard typically contains keys for individual letters, numbers and
special characters, as well as keys for specific functions

26. MOUSE
• A computer mouse (plural mice or mouses) is a hand-held pointing
device that detects two-dimensional motion relative to a surface. This
motion is typically translated into the motion of a pointer on a display,
which allows a smooth control of the graphical user interface of
a computer.

27. MOUSE USES
• Move the mouse cursor.
• Open or execute a program
• Drag and drop
• Select
• Hover
• Scroll
• Performother functions

28. TRACK BALL
• In computing, a trackball is a pointing input device. It consists of a
ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball
about two axes. It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks
out. The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the
hand to move a cursor.

29. TRACKBALL USES
• Trackballs designed for computers generally serve as mouse
replacements.
• And are primarily used to move the cursor on the screen.
• Like mice, computer trackball devices also include buttons, which can
serve as left-click and right-click buttons, and may also be used to
enter other commands.

30. GRAPHIC TABLET
• A graphics tablet (also known as a digitizer, drawing
tablet, drawing pad, digital drawing tablet, pen tablet,
or digital art board) is a computer input device that enables
a user to hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with
a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws
images with a pencil.

31. GAME CONTROLLERS
• A game controller, gaming controller, or simply controller, is
an input device used with video games or entertainment systems to
provide input to a video game, typically to control an object or
character in the game. Before the seventh generation of video game
consoles, plugging in a controller into one of a console's controller
ports were the primary means of using a game controller, although
since then they have been replaced by wireless controllers, which do
not require controller ports on the console but are battery-
powered. USB game controllers could also be connected to
a computer with a USB port. Input devices that have been classified as
game controllers include keyboards, mouses, gamepads, joysticks, etc.
Special purpose devices, such as steering wheels for driving games and
light guns for shooting games, are also game controllers.

32. TOUCH SCREEN
• A touchscreen is a computer screen that can be used
by touching it with a finger or a stylus pen, instead of
using a mouse and keyboard. It can be described as a
touchpad with a screen built-in to it. Today, all kinds of
devices, both big and small, make use of touchscreens.

33. TOUCH SCREEN USES
• A touch screen is a display that can recognize a touch to its surface
area, either with a finger or a stylus.
• Touch screens are commonly used on cell phones, PDAs, ATM
machines, video games and even supermarket terminals.
• Serves as an input sevice.
• Registers the events and send it to controller for processor.

34. WEBCAM
• webcam is a video camera that feeds or streams an image or video in
real time to or through a computer to a computer network, such as
the Internet. Webcams are typically small cameras that sit on a desk,
attach to a user's monitor, or are built into the hardware. Webcams can
be used during a video chat session involving two or more people, with
conversations that include live audio and video.

35. WEBCAM USES
• The most popular use of webcams is the:
1. establishment of video links,
2. permitting computers to act as videophones or videoconference
stations.
3. Other popular uses include security surveillance
4. computer vision
5. video broadcasting
6. and for recording social videos.

36. MICROPHONE
• A microphone, colloquially named mic or mike is a device –
a transducer – that converts sound into an electrical signal.
Microphones are used in many applications such
as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls
and public events, motion picture production, live and recorded audio
engineering, sound recording, two-way
radios, megaphones, radio and television broadcasting, and in
computers for recording voice, speech recognition, VoIP, and for non-
acoustic purposes such as ultrasonic sensors or knock sensors.

37. MICROPHONE TYPES
• Several types of microphone are in use, which employ different
methods to convert the air pressure variations of a sound wave to an
electrical signal.
• The most common are the dynamic microphone, which uses a coil of
wire suspended in a magnetic field; the condenser microphone, which
uses the vibrating diaphragm as a capacitor plate; and the piezoelectric
microphone, which uses a crystal of piezoelectric material.
Microphones typically need to be connected to a preamplifier before
the signal can be recorded or reproduced.

38. • Central processing unit
• The “brain” of the computer

39. MOTHERBOARD
• The motherboard is a computer's central
communications backbone connectivity point,
through which all components and external
peripherals connect. The large PCB of
a motherboard may include 6-14 layers of
fiberglass, copper connecting traces and copper
planes for power and signal isolation.

40. MOTHERBOARD TYPES
• Motherboards come in different sizes, known as form factors.
• The most common motherboard form factor is ATX. The different
types of ATX are known as micro-ATX (sometimes shown as
µATX, mini-ATX, Flex ATX, EATX, WATX, pico-ATX, and mobile
ATX). A smaller form factor is ITX, which comes in mini-ITX and
pico-ITX sizes. Some motherboards, such as the NLX and LPX form
factors, had a riser board that attached to the smaller motherboard.
Adapters go into the slots on the riser board instead of into
motherboard slots.

41. • Central processing unit
• “brain” of the computer
• Control working of entire computer.
• Measured in MHz and GHz.
hertz : cycles per second
mega : 1,000,000
Giga : 1,000,000,000
• CU and ALU are jointly known as CPU.

42. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
• A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central
processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within
a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer
program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling,
and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the
program. The computer industry used the term "central processing
unit" as early as 1955. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to
a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control
unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from
external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.

43. CPU USES
• A central processing unit (CPU) is an important part of every
computer.
• The CPU sends signals to control the other parts of the computer,
almost like how a brain controls a body.
• The CPU is an electronic machine that works on a list of computer
things to do, called instructions.

44. • Place where actual execution of
the instructions take place
during processing operations.
• All calculations are performed
here.
• Consist of circuits that perform
both arithmetic and logical
operations.
• acts as central nervous system for
the other components of
computer.
• manages and coordinates entire
computer system.
• Gets information from the main
memory.

45. ALU
• An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a computer processor
(CPU) that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands
in computer instruction words.
• In some processors, the ALU is divided into two units, an arithmetic
unit (AU) and a logic unit (LU).
• An arithmetic logic unit is a combinational digital electronic circuit
that performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary
numbers.

46. ALU USES
• An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform
arithmetic and logic operations.
• It represents the fundamental building block of the central processing
unit (CPU) of a computer.
• Modern CPUs contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to
ALUs, modern CPUs contain a control unit (CU).

47. Random Access Memory Read Only Memory
• Temporary contain things that computer
• Flexible need to operate.

48. RAM
• Random-access memory is a form of computer memory that can be
read and changed in any order, typically used to store
working data and machine code.A random-access memory device
allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of
time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In
contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard
disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic tapes and drum
memory, the time required to read and write data items varies
significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording
medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds
and arm movement.

49. RAM TYPES
• The two main types of volatile random-access semiconductor
memory are :
• static random-access memory (SRAM)
• dynamic random-access memory (DRAM).
• RAM contains multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry, to connect
the data lines to the addressed storage for reading or writing the
entry....

50. ROM
• ROM is an acronym for Read-Only Memory.
• It refers to computer memory chips containing permanent or semi-
permanent data.
• Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile; even after you turn off your
computer, the contents of ROM will remain.
• Almost every computer comes with a small amount of ROM containing
the boot firmware.

51. ROM TYPES
• Different types of ROM includes:
• MROM (Masked ROM) ...
• PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) ...
• EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory) ...
• EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only
Memory) ...

52. • Monitor
• Printer
• Sound card

53. • CRT-cathode ray tube
• vacuum tube containing electron gun
• fluorescent tube
• LCD display-liquid crystal display
• thin , flat panal used for electronically
displaying information.

54. MONITORS
• computer monitor is an output device that displays information in
pictorial form. A monitor usually comprises the visual display, circuitry,
casing, and power supply. The display device in modern monitors is
typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD)
with LED backlighting having replaced cold-cathode fluorescent
lamp (CCFL) backlighting. Older monitors used a cathode ray
tube (CRT). Monitors are connected to the computer via VGA, Digital
Visual Interface (DVI), HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, low-voltage
differential signaling (LVDS) or other proprietary connectors and
signals.

55. USES OF MONITORS
• Originally, computer monitors were used for data
processing while television sets were used for entertainment.
• From the 1980s onwards, computers (and their monitors) have been
used for both data processing and entertainment,
while televisions have implemented some computer functionality.
• The common aspect ratio of televisions, and computer monitors, has
changed from 4:3 to 16:10, to 16:9.

56. • Laser printers
• Inkjet printers

57. PRINTERS
• printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a
computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard
size sheets of paper.
• Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost.
• In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution
color printing.

58. TYPES OF PRINTERS
• Laser Printers.
• Solid Ink Printers.
• LED Printers.
• Business Inkjet Printers.
• Home Inkjet Printers.
• Multifunction Printers.
• Dot Matrix Printers.
• 3D Printers.

59. SOUND CARD
• Sound card:
• Alternatively referred to as an audio output device, sound board,
or audio card.
• A sound card is an expansion card or IC for producing sound on a
computer that can be heard through speakers or headphones.

60. • Diskette-floppy disk
• Hard drive
• Cassette
• Optical – zip
• USB flash drive
• CD-ROM,CD-R,CD-RW
• Blu-ray disks
• DVD

61. STORAGE DEVICES
• Alternatively referred to as digital storage, storage, storage media,
or storage medium.
• A storage device is any hardware capable of holding information
either temporarily or permanently.
• The picture shows an example of a Drobo, an external secondary
storage device.

62. TYPES OF STORAGE DEVICES
• There are two types of storage devices used with computers:
1. a primary storage device, such as RAM
2. a secondary storage device, such as a hard drive.
• Secondary storage can be removable, internal, or external.

63. PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES
• A primary storage device is a medium that holds memory for
short periods of time while a computer is running. Although it has
a much lower access time and faster performance, it is also about
two orders of magnitude more costly than secondary storage.
• RAM (random access memory) and cache are both examples of a
primary storage device. The image shows three different types of
storage for computer data. Primary storage's key differences from
the others are that it is directly accessible by the CPU, it is volatile,
and it is non-removable

64. PRIMARY STORAGE DEVICES TYPES
• The four main types of primary storage are :
• (1) register
• (2) cache memory
• (3) random access memory (RAM)
• (4) read-only memory (ROM)

65. Types of primary devices
1. REGISTERS are part of the CPU. They have the least capacity, storing
extremely limited amounts of instructions and data only immediately
before and after processing.
2. CACHE MEMORY is a type of high-speed memory that enables the
computer to temporarily store blocks of data that are used more often
and that a processor can access more rapidly than main memory
(RAM)
3. Random access memory (RAM)is the part of primary storage that
holds a software program and small amounts of data for processing.
4. Read-only memory (ROM)is the place—actually, a type of chip—
where certain critical instructions are safeguarded.

66. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES
• Secondary Storage. Secondary storage technology refers to storage
devices and storage media that are not always directly accessible by a
computer. ... Examples of secondary storage devices include external
hard drives, USB flash drives, and tape drives.
• Secondary storage devices provide a way for the computer to store
information on a permanent basis.

67. SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICES TYPES
• There are three main types of secondary storage in a computer
system:
• solid state storage devices, such as USB memory sticks.
• optical storage devices, such as CD, DVD and Blu-ray discs.
• magnetic storage devices, such as hard disk drives.

68. DISKETTE FLOPPY DISK
• floppy disk, also known as a floppy, diskette, or simply
disk, is a type of disk storage composed of a disk of
thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in
a rectangular plastic enclosure lined with fabric that
removes dust particles.

69. HARD DRIVE
• A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed
disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that
uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital data using one
or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic
material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually
arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to
the platter surfaces.

70. CASSETTE
• The Compact Cassette or Musicassette, also commonly
called the cassette tape, audio cassette, or simply tape or
cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for
audio recording and playback. It was developed by Philips in
Hasselt, Belgium, and introduced in September 1963.

71. USB FLASH DRIVE
• Universal Serial Bus is an industry standard that
establishes specifications for cables and connectors and
protocols for connection, communication and power
supply between computers, peripherals and other
computers. Released in 1996, the USB standard is
currently maintained by the USB Implementers Forum.

72. BLU RAY DISK
• Blu-ray Disc, often known simply as Blu-ray, is
a digital optical disc data storage format. It was
designed to supersede the DVD format, and is
capable of storing several hours of video in
high-definition.

73. DVD
• DVD (abbreviation for Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video
Disc) is a digital optical disc storage format invented and developed in
1995 and released in late 1996. The medium can store any kind of
digital data and is widely used for software and other computer files as
well as video programs watched using DVD players. DVDs offer higher
storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.