This Presentation Is about in detail review on endocrine system and its functions and itts hormone.

2. HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL
MESSENGERS THAT ARE SECRETED
(RELEASED) FROM GLANDS INTO THE
BLOOD AND AFFECT CELLS IN
ANOTHER PART OF THE BODY.

3. Messenger Molecules
 Cells must communicate with one another to
coordinate cell processes within tissues and to
maintain homeostasis.
 Cell-to-cell communication is carried out via
messenger molecules.

4. Three types of
chemical signals
are used for cell-
to-cell
communication.

5. Four methods of cell-to-cell communication are
found in the human body, ranging from direct to
remote communication.

6. Endocrine hormones
 Produced by endocrine (“ductless”) glands and secreted into the
bloodstream.
 Endocrine hormones may affect a wide array of target cells to
produce multiple effects.
 Two types: peptides (small proteins) and steroids (lipids).

7. Hormones and Receptors

8. Peptide Hormones
 Peptide hormones do not enter the cell directly. These
hormones bind to receptor proteins in the cell
membrane.
 When the hormone binds with the receptor protein, a
secondary messenger molecule initiates the cell
response.
 Because peptide hormones are water soluble, they
often produce fast responses.

9. (cytoplasm)
(nucleus)
peptide or amino
acid-derived
hormone
(first messenger)
(extracellular
fluid)
cyclic AMP-
synthesizing
enzyme
cyclic AMP
ATP
inactive
enzyme
(second messenger)
active
enzyme
reactant
product
plasma membrane
nuclear
envelope
receptor
The hormone binds to
a receptor on the plasma
membrane of a target cell
1
The activated enzymes
catalyze specific reactions
4
The second
messenger activates
other enzymes
3
Hormone–receptor binding
activates an enzyme that catalyzes
the synthesis of a second messenger,
such as cyclic AMP
2

10. Steroid Hormones
 Steroid hormones enter through the cell membrane
and bind to receptors inside of the target cell.
 These hormones may directly stimulate transcription of
genes to make certain proteins.
 Because steroids work by triggering gene activity, the
response is slower than peptide hormones.

11. Role of the Hypothalamus
 The thalamus receives sensory information, relays some
to the hypothalamus.
 Hypothalamus monitors the body for temperature, pH,
other conditions.
 Hypothalamus signals pituitary gland if conditions need to
be corrected.

12. Role of the Pituitary
 The pituitary is the “master gland” that signals other
glands to produce their hormones when needed.
 The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives signals from
the hypothalamus, and responds by sending out the
appropriate hormone to other endocrine glands.
 The posterior pituitary receives oxytocin or antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) from the hypothalamus, relays them
to the body as necessary.

13. Pituitary Hormones
Pituitary Hormone Functions
Follicle-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates egg maturation in the ovary and release of sex
hormones.
Lutenizing hormone Stimulates maturation of egg and of the corpus luteum
surrounding the egg, which affects female sex hormones and the
menstrual cycle.
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates the thyroid to release thyroxine.
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
Causes the adrenal gland to release cortisol.
Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates synthesis of skin pigments.
Growth hormone Stimulates growth during infancy and puberty.
Antidiuretic hormone Signals the kidney to conserve more water.
Oxytocin Affects childbirth, lactation, and some behaviors.

14. Endocrine Hormones
Gland Hormones Functions
Thyroid Thyroxine Regulates metabolism
Calcitonin Inhibits release of calcium from the bones
Parathyroids Parathyroid hormone Stimulates the release of calcium from the bones.
Islet cells (in
the pancreas)
Insulin Decreases blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose by cells.
Glucagon Increases blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in the
liver.
Testes Testosterone Regulates sperm cell production and secondary sex characteristics.
Ovaries Estrogen Stimulates egg maturation, controls secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone Prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg.
Adrenal cortex Epinephrine Stimulates “fight or flight” response.
Adrenal
medulla
Glucocorticoids Part of stress response, increase blood glucose levels and decrease
immune response.
Aldosterone Regulates sodium content in the blood.
Testosterone (in both
sexes)
Adult body form (greater muscle mass), libido.

15. Homeostasis and Hormones
 Examples:
 Thyroid and temperature control
 Thyroid, Parathyroid, and calcium
 Pancreas and glucose control

16. Temperature Control

17.  Where it comes from: Insulin is
produced in the pancreas
 Where it acts: liver, muscle, and
fat tissue
 What it does: Insulin causes
cells to take up glucose (sugar)
from the blood, storing it in the
liver and muscle, and stopping
use of fat as an energy source.
 Problems with insulin production
or use in the body can lead to
diabetes.
Return to hormones slide

18. • Knowing that:
• Insulin from the pancreas lowers blood
glucose by stimulating body cells to take
up glucose.
• Glucagon from the pancreas increases
blood sugar by stimulating the liver to
break down glycogen into glucose.

19. Blood Sugar Control

20. Other hormone roles
 Controlling sleep cycles (melatonin)
 Controlling reproductive cycles (melatonin, sex
hormones)
 Growth (growth hormone)
 Responding to stress or emergencies (epinephrine
and other hormones)

21. Hormones Everywhere!
 Many other organs besides the endocrine glands
produce hormones.
 Kidneys produce several hormones that regulate blood
pressure, which is essential for kidney function.
 The digestive system produces several hormones that
regulate appetite.

22. The Endocrine System regulates,
coordinates and controls:
 Growth and development.
 Male and female development.
 How your body uses energy.
 Levels of salts and sugars in your blood.
 The amount (volume) of fluid in your body.
 Appetite.
 Many other body functions.

23.  The Endocrine Glands are
the organs of the Endocrine
System.
 They produce and secrete
(release) Hormones.
 They are located all over
your body.

24. Gland What it Regulates
Pituitary “Master Gland” that regulates all other Endocrine
Glands, also releases growth hormone
Thyroid Metabolism, body heat, bone growth
Parathyroids Use of Calcium and Phosphorous
Hypothalamus Links nervous system to endocrine system
Adrenal Response in emergency or stressful situations,
metabolism, blood pressure, salt balance
Pancreas Blood sugar
Ovaries Production of eggs; female characteristics
Testes Production of sperm; male characteristics
Thymus Parts of the immune system

25. DO YOU KNOW WHERE EACH HORMONE COMES FROM, WHERE IT
ACTS, AND WHAT THE ACTION IS? GUESS FIRST, THEN CLICK EACH TO
FIND OUT.
Progesterone
Thyroxine
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cortisol
Adrenaline
Insulin
Done

26.  Where it comes from: Adrenal
Gland
 Where it acts: heart, blood
vessels, eyes
 What it does: stimulates heart
rate, increases blood
pressure, dilates pupils
 Causes "Adrenaline Rush”
 A 'fight and flight' hormone.
 It is released in high stress
conditions or in excitement or
fear.
 Loud noise, high temperature
etc. may also trigger its
release since these are also
high stress situations.
Return to hormones slide

27. • Where it comes from:
ovary (where an egg
was released)
• Where it acts: uterus
• What it does: controls
menstruation in
women and plays a
role in pregnancy.
• One of the
components of birth
control pills
Return to hormones slide

28.  Where it comes from: thyroid gland
 Where it acts: most cells of the body
 What it does: controls the rate of
metabolic processes (how energy is
used) in the body and influences
physical development
 People may not produce enough of
this hormone and get a condition
known as hypothyroidism. They can
take thyroxine to treat this condition.
Return to hormones slide

29.  Where it comes from: testicles
 Where it acts: body-hair cells, muscle,
reproductive structures
 What it does: stimulates development
of male sexual characteristics
 Testosterone is a steroid and has been
administered to athletes in order to
improve performance. This is
considered to be a form of doping in
most sports and is a very dangerous
practice.
 Females also produce small amounts
of testosterone in their ovaries that
affect muscle development and other
body functions.
Return to hormones slide

30.  Where it comes from: ovary
 Where it acts: breast tissue,
reproductive structures in female
 What it does: stimulates
development of female sexual
characteristics
 Estrogen levels may be related
somehow to migraine headaches in
women.
Return to hormones slide

31.  Where it comes from: outer part
of adrenal gland
 Where it acts: multiple tissues
 What it does: mental stimulation,
breaks down fat and protein to
glucose, anti-inflammation
 It is usually referred to as the
"stress hormone" as it is
involved in response to stress
and anxiety.
Return to hormones slide

32. What are endocrine hormones?
1. Chemical signals from one
cell to remote target cells.
2. Chemicals for direct cell-to-
cell communication.
3. Chemicals that cross a gap
between to adjacent cells.
1 2 3
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33. A muscle cell needs to tell a neighboring
muscle cell to contract. This will be
accomplished by ___ communication:
1. Direct.
2. Synaptic.
3. Paracrine.
4. Endocrine.
1 2 3 4
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34. When blood sugar is high, body cells must be
stimulated to take up sugar. This is
accomplished by ___ communication.
1. Direct.
2. Synaptic.
3. Paracrine.
4. Endocrine.
1 2 3 4
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35. Aspirin helps relieve headaches
because it:
1. Inhibits prostaglandin
synthesis.
2. Stimulates prostaglandin
synthesis.
1 2
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36. If receptors for a hormone were blocked,
the effect would be the same as if:
1. More hormone was added.
2. No hormone had been
released.
3. More receptors had been
added.
4. The receptors had not been
blocked.
1 2 3 4
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37. Your doctor injects a hormone as a treatment for a
condition, and says it won’t take effect for at least 24
hours. What kind of hormone was used?
1. Peptide
2. Steroid
3. Amino acid derived
1 2 3
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38. Finally…
 Summarize the roles of the pituitary and other
endocrine glands in maintaining homeostasis in the
human body.