this presentation cover the prospective wind farm projects in Sudan

1. Prospects of large-scale wind power
generation in Sudan
Prepared by:
Mohammed Babieker Khalf Allah
Shams Eldin Ismail
Mohammed Ibrahim Mohammed Elhassan
University of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering
Electrical & Electronic Engineering Dept
Power System Engineering M.Sc. #9

2. Contents
Introduction
ToWind
Energy
wind
Turbine.
Wind
Power
Wind Power
capacity.
Wind Power
in Sudan.

3. What is Energy?
Energy is ability to do work.
Human need energy to sustain them life and to satisfy
them needs.

4. Energy
sources
Non
renewable
Energy
Renewable
Energy
Types of energy sources

5. Where are Wind come from?
The sun is by far is the main source for all type of energies on the planet

6. ▪ Wind has been utilized as a source of power for thousands of years for such tasks as*1:
 propelling sailing ships.
grinding grain.
 pumping water.
1*Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems by Gilbert M. Masters
Wind energy through history

7. ▪ It is clean source( doesn’t pollute the air).
▪ It is free source.
▪ It is sustainable Source.
▪ Cost effective.
▪ Turbines can be build on existing farm or ranches.
WhyWind Energy?

8. ▪ For renewable energy the nearest competitor is the solar Energy but wind is better for
the following:
Source: Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems by Gilbert M. Masters
Wind Solar
Available day and night Available only during day
Minimum operation cost Need to clean PV cells from dust and
humidity
Nearly small right of way (many activities
can be done under the tower)
Occupied a large area and no activities
can be done on the planet
High efficient (25%-30%) Low efficiency (10%-15%)
WindVs Solar

9. ▪ The first use ofWind turbine was on 1887-1900 and at that time it called
Giant Brush windmill and it was mainly used for providing lights.*1
▪ Also one of the main milestones on wind turbine history is Darrieus
Machine which launched by NASA on 1973.*2
▪ Next step was Large 2 MW Machine which also developed by NASA on
1980.*3
▪ Since that date the development of wind energy considered as the
fastest growing renewable energy .*4
1*Western Reserve Historical Society.
2* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrieus_wind_turbine
3*DOE large horizontalAxis wind turbine technology at NASA ,Lewis Research
center.
*4: according to Agora Energiewende EU based institute.
Historical Introduction to wind power

10. ▪ There are two categories of wind turbines:
Lift Based
type
horizontal
vertical
Drag
Type
Type of wind turbines

11. Source: Basic components of a modern, horizontal-axis wind turbine with a gearbox (Design by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)).
Wind Turbine Basic Component

12. the density
of the air
the rotor area
wind speed

13. ▪ Speed of wind depend on many criteria as:
Heights from surface.
Roughness of area.
Source: Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems by Gilbert M. Masters
Wind speed

14. ▪ The power which can be extracted from wind is :
▪ When: P = power (w) v= air velocity (m/s)
▪ A=Area of blades (m2)
▪ The most used type for wind turbine is
AERODYNAMIC LIFT-TYPE WIND ENERGY
TECHNOLOG.
Principals of Wind power

15. ▪ Any wind turbine have a cut in speed and cut out speed which represent the area of
speed when the turbine can produce power for an example for 3MW turbine:
Area of generated
power
Principals of Wind power

16. ▪ As long as the diameter as more power can be extracted.
Source: Growth in size of typical commercial wind turbines (Design by NREL).
Rotor Area(diameter)

17. ▪ The tools which used to measure the wind speed are:
Meterological tower.
prop vane anemometer.
Rotating cup anemometer & wind direction sensor.
Measurement of Wind parameters

18. ▪ For best energy colleting and cost optimization it is better to construct wind towers near to each
other instead construct them independently and this form known as Wind Farm.
On shoreOff Shore
Wind Farm

19. 47,084
29,017
62,412
1,246
60,208
31,315
75,642
1,441
61,292
34,700
91,413
1,942
66,146
40,500
114,609
2,878
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
US Germany China Africa
World Installed capacity for countries by TWH
2011 2012 2013 2014
Most of African countries whom leading wind tech. are Morocco, Egypt, ,South Africa andTunisia
Source: BP statistical review of world energy 2015 renewables section
Wind power installed capacity

20. ▪ Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power_by_country#/media/File:Global_Wind_Power_
Cumulative_Capacity.svg
World capacity through 1996-2014

21. 114.763 MW
65.879 MW
Country share of Wind Energy

22. Wind power in Sudan
introduction about existing energy
status.
Wind energy sources in Sudan
and opportunities of utilization
Current and expected
projects
Benefits and obstacles

23. ▪ Electricity generated, consumed and distribution losses 2000-2010, source : Sudan US EIA
(2013), Sudan and South Sudan Country Profile.
Net Generation Growth

24. ▪ Even if the generation increase the losses on transmission line and distribution lines
can be considered as an obstacle and require from the generation sector to generate
more than the real consumption to cope the losses
▪ roughly one-fifth to one-quarter of the electricity generated is lost in transmission and
distribution.
Source : Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin
Type of losses Percentage of losses %
Transmission Lines 4%
Distribution Lines 18%
Losses

25. ▪ Source : Arab Union of Electricity(2012), Statistical Bulletin
56%
5%
16%
2%
21%
Hydro-power
Diesel generators
Combined cycle
Gas turbines
Steam turbines
Type of Generation resources

26. ▪ One of the major problem in Consumption trend in Sudan that most of the
consumption was from Residential sector and the growth of this sector is faster than
generation growth rate and that require speeding the efforts to increase generation by
different resources.
▪ Source:Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin.
Distribution of Consumption In Sudan

27. ▪ Sudan has a shortage of electricity. Approximately 35% of the population has access to
electricity .*1.
▪ the power consumption per capita on 2012 was 233 kWh/ year.*2
1* MWRE-Renewable Energy Master Plan 2013
2*Arab Union of Electricity (2012), Statistical Bulletin..
Historical background
65%
35%
35%
electricity access
Don't have access
Have Access

28. ▪ After the secession of South Sudan in July 2011, Sudan lost 75% of its oil resources.This
has further increased the urgency of the implementation different types of Generation
▪ MWRE establish the Government's target of 75-80% electrification by2031*1
▪ That require to install nearly 12,000 MW of additional capacity.*2
▪ ForWind Energy MWRE target a 650 MW .*2
1* MWRE-Renewable Energy Master Plan 2013
2* Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and MediumTerm Power System Plans of Sudan.
Historical background

29. ▪ The winds speeds in Dongola, Nyala and the Red Sea region are 7.2, 7.9, and 7.0 m/s, respectively at nearly
60m heights.*1
▪ The extractable energy is ranging from 400-600 KW/m2 per year *2
*1Altaif, Ahmed, Renewable Energy Director, Ministry of Water Resources & Electricity (2013), Renewable
Energy Projects in Sudan presentation.
*2 WIND ENERGY ACTIVITIES IN SUDAN,A. M. OMER,17 Juniper Court, Forest Road West, Nottingham NG7
4EU,Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom
Best wind speed in Sudan

30. ▪ The winds speeds in Dongola, 7.2 m/s at nearly 60m heights.
▪ from
▪ As the speed in Dongola around 7 m/s ,a maximum power depend on the diameter of
the turbine.
▪ As an example a 80 m diameter turbine blade the Pw can be found as follow:
▪ P = ½ * 1.225 *802*3.14/4 *73 = 1.055 MW
▪ Also by altering the bitch angle of the blade we can maximize the output power.
Possibility Of Extracting Power From Existing Speed

31. ▪ Cumulative installed renewable energy capacity by type, 2014 – 2031
▪ Source : Lahmeyer International (2013), Long and MediumTerm Power System Plans of Sudan
650 MW
Wind Energy Proposed Plan In Sudan

32. ▪ The following projects till 2020 with total capacity 320 MW:
Project Name Capacity in MW Cost($) Remark
DongleWind Farm 100 223 M Base line projects
Red sea wind farm 180 300 M
NyalaWind Farm 20
Feasibility
studiesunder
process
KhartoumWind
Farm
20
Wind power in Sudan.

33. Wind farm project
Installed
capacity
(MW)
Electricity
generated
(MWh/yr)
Expected
commissioning
date
Status of feasibility
study
Status of
financing
Dongola 100 300,917 In phases
2014: 5 MW
2015: 20 MW
2016:25 MW
2017:25 MW
2018: 25 MW
(total 100 MW)
Completed, MWRE will
finance in stages
Nyala 20 64,006 2018 Measurement
activity
Start April 2015
In the process of
seeking funding
Red Sea (Tokar) 180 576,054 2018 –2020 Measurement
activity
Start April 2014 End
May 2015
Not yet secured
Khartoum 20 47,000 2016–2019 Land leasing
process
Not yet
Total 320 960,701
The current status projects

34. Milestone Start date End Date Remark
Measurement Activities Feb.2013 April 2014 ChinaWater
Electric (CWE)
Feasibility study for design Feb 2011 End of 2012
Project Design Document Jan 2012 13/07/2012
Tendering activities Aug 2011 Nov 2011
Phase I 20 MW/ 33 KV
Phase II 80 MW/220 KV
Dongola Project
The Dongola project consist of 67 turbines with a unit capacity of 1.5 MW each.

35. Dongola Project location

36. Dongola ProjectTechnical Data

37. Turbine structure

38. Connecting to Grid

39. Wind economic view
Source:AUSTRALIAN ENERGY RESOURCEASSESSMENT ch.9

40. ▪ The cost of KW in term of installation is $1,630/kW (2013 estimate).*1
▪ The Annual O&M cost of 2% of capital cost .*2
▪ 1*US Department of Energy, “2013 Wind Technologies Market Report,” http://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/2013_Wind_Technologies_Market_Report_Final3.pdf
▪ Wind Measurement International, “Operational and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines,“ http://www.windmeasurementinternational.com/wind-
turbines/om-turbines.php
Wind economic view

41. ▪ For Dongola PP the cost of installing is 2230 $/KW.
▪ The tariff of electricity is 0.260 SDG /KW which equivalent to 0.043 $*1.
▪ As the annual expected power from the PP is 300,917 MWH/year.
▪ The expected annual income is 12.939 M $.
▪ The project will recover its cost in 17 years.
▪ A wind turbine typically lasts around 20-25 years.
Wind economic view
*1 the 1 $ equivalent to 6.07 $ ,Central bank of Sudan last update 1st Oct 2010.

42. ▪The introduction of the 100 MW Wind Power Project
in Dongola will provide a reliable source of energy to
the people of Sudan, in particular in the Northern
State;
▪ The project will pave the way for further expansion of
wind power project in Sudan and the region.
▪ The project will generate local employment
opportunities during the construction and operation
phase;
▪ The project will generate local know-how in the wind
power sector;
▪The project will upgrade the infrastructure (in
particular the road system) in the project area and
▪create access for the economic development of
previously marginalized areas;
▪ The project will contribute to Sudan’s fiscal revenues
through the payment of taxes from
▪involved companies and employees;
▪ The project will improve the national greenhouse gas
inventory through reduction of fossil fuel
▪combustion used for electricity generation.
Benefits of Dongola Wind PP

43. Wind Energy usage obstacles
Expected Effects Risk mitigation
Birds lives Avoid constructing on bird rout.
Noises Avoid constructing near residents.
Connecting with Grid Train Dispatch center personnel to
coordinate with Meteorological
authority.
Storing when not needed Pumping storage
Financial Issue Open it for private sector.