Health

1. Human health and socio-
economic factors
SPH I

2. • What are the socioeconomic factors you
know?
• Could you believe that high economic income
is a positive/negative factor for health?
[discus]

3. • Income, education, employment, community
safety, and social supports can significantly
affect how well and how long we live
• Poverty (e.g. scabies?, diarrheal diseases…)

4. Social health determinants include:
• Economic Stability.
• Education.
• Social and Community Context.
• Health and Health Care cost.
• Neighbourhood and Built Environment.

5. Globalization
• What is the relation with globalization and
health?
• Why malaria was the disease of low land area
in before four decades, but is observed in high
land area currently?

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2. Demographic factors and
globalization
2.1.Impact of population growth and urbanization
Overcrowding in house, prisons, bus facilitate person
to person transmission of disease.
Accelerating urbanization and mega-cities Pollutions
(e.g., water shortage).
Inadequate infrastructure and governability
Changing sexual behavior with the advent of
urbanization (e.g. prostitution)

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2.Demographic factors and globalization …
2.2.Impact of social inequality
Increasing susceptibility of population
Poverty, unemployment, malnutrition, lower
educational attainment especially in women,
homelessness, global spread of HIV infection and
tuberculosis are among the recognized
environmental risk factors for infectious diseases.
This impact may worsen communicable
diseases control and prevention in developing
country even for the future

8. 2.3.Impact of Modern Food Technology
 The globalization of food Increased the likelihood
of pandemics of food borne diseases.
=>Food can be contaminated in one country and
cause outbreaks of food borne diseases in another
due to globalization of food trade.
 Besides globalization of food technology, food
insecurity and food crisis in developing countries
pose enormous challenges in disease prevention
and control
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2. Globalization and demographic factors …

9. 2.3.Impact of Modern Food Technology…
Factors facilitating food borne infection:
 International trade and international food
supply
 Change in food technology, production,
processing and distribution.
 Change in lifestyle like introduction of
uncooked items into our diet.
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2. Globalization and demographic factors …

10. 2.4. Impact of Recent medical practice
 The development and application of new
technologies may have both beneficial and
harmful consequences for communicable disease
control.
 Nosocomial infection rates in adults and pediatric
ICUs are approximately three times higher than
else where in hospital
 Artificial ventilation can leads to pneumonia
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2. Globalization and demographic factors …

11. 2.4. Impact of Recent medical practice…
 catheter insertion can leads to ascending infection and venous
catheter can cause to local or generalized infection.
 Interventions, like implanted foreign bodies, organ
transplantations, have created an increased risk of infections.
 Immunosuppressive therapy to prevent the rejection of organ
transplants may facilitate generalized infections.
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2. Globalization and demographic factors …

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2.Globalization and demographic factors …
2.5.Impact of Awareness and behavioral change
Changing behaviors including
• Sexual behavior
• Intravenous drug use are associated with changes
in the incidence of infectious disease.
Stigma and social hostility
• Stigmatization and discrimination against those
affected with HIV/AIDS and leprosy

13. 2.5.Impact of Awareness and behavioral change…
Non-compliance by
Health care worker
Patients
Pharmaceutical producers
Health care system has the potential to promote
drug resistance in microorganism.
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2.Globalization and demographic factors …