it is about carbohydrates

3. Learning Objectives
 Introduction to polysaccharides
 Classification of polysaccharides
 Difference between homo and
heteropolysaccharides
 Biological significance and clinical uses of
polysaccharides

4. Polysaccharides
 On hydrolysis yields more than 10 monosaccharide's
 Form structural element of cell
 All of polysaccharidesare non-reducing
carbohydrates
 Types:
1. Homo polysaccharides
2. Hetero polysaccharides

5. Homo polysaccharides
On hydrolysis yields one type of
monosaccharide units
 Glycogen (Animal source)
 Starch, Dextrins, Dextrans and Cellulose
(Plant Sources)
 All of the above are polymers of glucose
 Inulin: homopolymerof fructose

6. Glycogen- Animal Starch
It is present in liver and muscles where it acts
as a storage polysaccharide for glucose.
Structure of glycogen is branched like a tree.
It has both α 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkage.
Liver glycogen maintains the blood glucose
level.
Muscle Glycogen only provides Energy to
muscles

7. Starches
 It the main form of ingested carbohydrates, found in plant
 Body hydrolyzes plant starch to glucose by Alpha-amylase
 Starch is used as an excipient, a binder in medications to aid
the formation of tablets.
 Industrially it has many applications such as in adhesives,
paper making, bio-fuels, textiles.

8. Amylose and amylopectin are the 2 forms of starch. Amylopectin
is a highly branched structure, with branches occurring every 12
to 30 residues

9. Dextrins:
They are the intermediate products of starch
hydrolysis.
They have sweet taste.
Dextrans:
They are highly viscous/colloidal
polysaccharides
They are used as plasma expanders in
treatment of circulatory shock.

10. Inulin
 Is a homopolymerof fructose.***
 Inulins are a group of naturally occurring
polysaccharides produced by many types of plants.
 They belong to a class of fibers known as fructans.
Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing
energy and is typically found in roots.
Jerusalem artichokes

12. Inulin is uniquely treated by nephrons in that it is completely filtered at
the glomerulus but neither secreted nor reabsorbed by the tubules. This
property of inulin allows the clearance of inulin to be used clinically as a
highly accurate measure of glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the
kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes
through the glomeruli each minute.
Clinical: used to measure GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)***

13. Other Uses of inulin
 Inulin is increasingly used in processed foods
because it has unusually adaptable characteristics.
Its flavour ranges from bland to subtly sweet (approx.
10% sweetness of sugar/sucrose).
 It can be used to replace sugar, fat, and flour. This is
particularlyadvantageous because inulin contains a
quarter to a third of the food energy of sugar .
 It also has health benefits. Inulin increases calcium
absorption and possibly magnesium absorption,
while promoting the growth of intestinal bacteria.

14. Fiber
 structural parts of plants
 found in all plant derived food
 bonds of fibers cannot be broken down during
the digestive process
 minimal or no energy available in fibers

15. Fiber types
 cellulose
 pectins
 lignins
 resistant starches

16. Fiber Characteristics
1. soluble fibers, viscous, fermentable
 easily digested by bacteria in colon
 found in legumes and fruits

17. Fiber
2. insoluble and not easily fermented
 promote bowel movements-
 prevent constipation
 found in grains and vegetables

18. Benefits of fibers in general:
 associated with
protection against
heart disease and
diabetes
 lower cholesterol
and glucoselevels

19. CELLULOSE
 Polymer of b-D-glucoseattached by b(1,4)
linkages
 Only digested and utilized by ruminants (cows,
deers, giraffes, camels)
 A structural polysaccharideof glucose
 Yields glucose upon complete hydrolysis
 Partial hydrolysis yields cellobiose
 Most abundant of all carbohydrates in nature

20. Heteropolysaccharides
 On hydrolysis yields different types of
monosaccharide units.
 Heteropolysaccharides includes:
1. mucopolysaccharides ,
2. Mucilages
3. hemicellulose
 The complex carbohydrates formed by
combining carbohydrates with non-
carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivatives (

21. Mucopolysaccharides (GAGs)
 Mucopolysaccharidesare heteroglycans are
made up of repeating disaccharide units of
sugar derivatives.
 Commonly called as “glycosaminoglycans” or
GAG
 Some are found with proteins” mucoproteins”
or proteoglycans.

22. Mucopolysaccahrides (MP)
 MP are essential components of tissue
structure.
 They are Found in extracellular spaces of
tissues , in connective tissue cartilages, skin,
blood vessels, tendons.
 Examples:
1. Hyaluronic acid
2. Heparin
3. Chondroitin SO4

23. 1. Hyaluronic acid
 It is an important GAG found in the synovial fluid
of joints and serves as lubricant and shock
absorbent.
 Also present in vitreous humor of eyes.
 Also present in connective tissue and forms a gel
around ovum.
 in ECF it acts as cement substance

25. 2. Heparin
 Heparin is a naturally-occurring (in vivo)
anticoagulant produced by basophils and
mast cells.
 Heparin acts as an anticoagulant,
preventing the formation of clots and
extension of existing clots within the blood.
 While heparin does not break down clots
that have already formed but it prevents
new clot formation.
 Heparin is generally used for anticoagulation
. Tubes coated (in vitro)

26. Chondroitin Sulfate
 Chondro= cartilage
 Found in ground
substances especially
cartilages in
combination with
proteins.
 Chondroitin sulfate-
B ( beta-heparin) is a
weak anticoagulant.

27. Blood Group Polysaccharides
 Present in red blood cells surface.
 They are antigens and are responsible for
diffirent blood groups e.g. A, B, O and Rh
factor

31. Mucilages
 Heteropolysaccharides of plant origin.
 Examples are agar, vegetable gums, pectins
 Agar:
 it is non digestible, if ingested it stimulates intestinal peristalsis.
 It is used as laxatives
 It is also used to make culture media for bacteria. ***
 Vegetable Gums:
 It is used in pharmaceutical products, in confectioneries and as an
adhesive.
 Pectins:
 Used in the formation of jellies

32. Derived Carbohydrates-
 Sugar Acids
 Alcohols

33. Derived Carbohydrates- Alcohols
 They are reduction products of
monosaccharides
 Examples:
1. Glycerol-derived from Glyceraldehyde
2. Sorbitol-derived from Glucose
3. Mannitol-derived from mannose (used to
prevent brain edema in head injury
patients) ***
4. Sorbitol and Mannitol- Derived from