This document references 23 sources that relate to epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Key points discussed across the sources include: trends in global incidence and mortality of pancreatic diseases; risk factors such as alcohol consumption, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperparathyroidism, and certain medications; progression from acute to chronic pancreatitis; and genetic factors like blood type B and fucosyltransferase 2 non-secretor status that may increase risk. The document also references revisions made in 2012 to the Atlanta classification system for acute pancreatitis.
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Epidemiology and risk factors of acute pancreatitis
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28. 1. Lowenfels AB, et al. The changing character of acute pancreatitis: Epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2009; 11: 97–103. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11894-009-0016-4]
2. Xiao AY, et al. Global incidence and mortality of pancreatic diseases: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of population-based cohort studies. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 1: 45–55 [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-
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6. Ammann R, et al. Acute (nonprogressive) alcoholic pancreatitis: prospective longitudinal study of 144 patients with recurrent alcoholic pancreatitis. Pancreas 1986; 1: 195–203.
[https://journals.lww.com/pancreasjournal/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=1986&issue=05000&article=00001&type=abstract]
7. Lankisch PG, et al. Natural history of acute pancreatitis: a long-term population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 2797–805. [https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Abstract/2009/11000/Natural_History_of_Acute_Pancreatitis__A_Long_Term.26.aspx]
8. Lankisch PG, et al. Which etiology causes the most severe acute pancreatitis? Int J Pancreatol 1999; 26: 55–57. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02781731]
9. Mikolasevic I, et al. Metabolic syndrome and acute pancreatitis. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 32: 79–83. [https://www.ejinme.com/article/S0953-6205(16)30073-5/fulltext]
10. Toskes PP. Hyperlipidemic pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990; 19: 783–791. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2269517/]
11. Bess MA, et al. Hyperparathyroidism and pancreatitis. Chance or a causal association? JAMA 1980; 243: 246–247. [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/368364]
12. Russel CF and Edis AJ. Surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism: experience with 500 consecutive cases and evaluation of the role of surgery in the asymptomatic patient Br J Surg 1982; 69: 244–247.
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14. Felderbauer P, et al. Mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor: a new genetic risk factor for chronic pancreatitis? Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 343–348. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00365520510024214]
15. Bahada SK et al. Chronic pancreatitis in primary hyperparathyroidism: comparison with alcoholic and idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: 959–964. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05050.x]
16. Bai HX, The Association of Primary Hyperparathyroidism With Pancreatitis . J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46: 656–661. [https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Abstract/2012/09000/The_Association_of_Primary_Hyperparathyroidism.9.aspx]
17. Pedersen SB, et al. Nonfasting mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia and risk of acute pancreatitis. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 1834–1842. [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2580722]
18. Nitsche C, Drug-induced pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2012; 14: 131–138. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-012-0245-9]
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20. Weiss FU, et al. ABO blood type B and fucosyltransferase 2 non-secretor status as genetic risk factors for chronic pancreatitis. Gut 2016; 65: 353–354. [https://gut.bmj.com/content/65/2/353.long]
21. Weiss FU, et al. Fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) non-secretor status and blood group B are associated with elevated serum lipase activity in asymptomatic subjects, and an increased risk for chronic pancreatitis: a genetic association study. Gut 2015; 64: 646–656.
[https://gut.bmj.com/content/64/4/646.long]
22. Teich N, et al. B lood group B is associated with azathioprine-induced acute pancreatitis in patients with IBD. Gut 2017; 66: 1531–1532. [https://gut.bmj.com/content/66/8/1531.long]
23. Banks PA, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis--2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013; 62: 102–111. [https://gut.bmj.com/content/62/1/102.long]