The document summarizes key aspects of the plant kingdom, including their multicellular nature, ability to photosynthesize, and alternation of generations between haploid and diploid forms. It describes the evolution of plants from green algae ancestors and their adaptations to life on land, including roots, vascular tissue, and waxy cuticles. Seed plants evolved pollen, seeds, and fruits to reproduce on land without water, while angiosperms further developed flowers, broad leaves, and fruits to disperse seeds. Plants play a crucial ecological role by producing oxygen and decomposing to form soil.

1. The Plant Kingdom

4. Alternation of Generations in Plants Gametophytes form by meiosis Spores form by meiosis n n n Spore Mother Cell Egg Sperm Gametes meet & fuse to form zygote Zygote Embryo Sporo- phyte 2 n Spores n Gameto- phyte 2 n n n 2 n 2 n 2 n Haploid Diploid

11. Evolutionary Tree of Major Plant Groups Ancestral Algae Liver- worts Mosses True vascular tissue & lignin appear Ferns Gymno- sperms Seeds and pollen appear Flowers & Fruits appear Angio- sperms Bryophytes Seed Plants Tracheophytes

13. Liverworts & Mosses Liverworts Female Gametophyte Archegonium (a) Mosses Female Gametophytes Sporophytes (b)

15. Life Cycle of a Moss (a) Zygote develops into sporophyte within gametophyte Sporophyte Capsule Fertilization Meiosis Haploid spores liberated from sporophyte capsule Old Gametophyte Spores disperse and germinate Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n

16. Life Cycle of a Moss (b) Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n Spore germinates into gametophyte Leafy Gametophyte Archegonium produces egg Antheridium produces sperm Sperm swim to egg Fertilization

19. Life Cycle of Ferns (a) Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n Gametophyte Sporophyte develops from gametophyte Root Stem Sporophyte Masses of Sporangia Meiosis Haploid spores liberated from sporangium Sporangium

20. Life Cycle of Ferns (b) Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n Haploid spores liberated from sporangium Spores disperse & germinate Gametophyte Archegonium produces egg Antheridium produces sperm Sperm swim to egg Fertilization

21. Seedless Plants Club Mosses Horsetails Ferns

23. Seeds (a) Gymnosperm (d) Water Dispersal (c) Wind Dispersal Stored Food Embryo Seed Coat (b) Angiosperm

25. Two Uncommon Gymnosperms (a) Gingko (b) A Cycad – either male or female

27. Life Cycle of the Pine (a) Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n Mature Sporophyte Seedlings (Sporophyte) Male Cone Male Scale MEIOSIS Male gametophytes (pollen) liberated Female Cone Female Scale Ovule Spore-forming Cell MEIOSIS

28. Life Cycle of the Pine (b) Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n MEIOSIS Pollen liberated; Dispersed by wind MEIOSIS Seedlings (Sporophyte) Egg Cell Female Gametophyte Pollen lands on female scale Pollen Tube FERTILIZATION Seed Embryo

33. Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant (a) Fruit Seed Food Embryo Seed Coat Seedling Flower Anther MEIOSIS Ovary Ovule Spore-forming Cell Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n

34. Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant (b) Fruit MEIOSIS MEIOSIS Spore Female Gametophyte Egg Cell Pollen (male gametophyte) Stigma Pollen Tube Sperm Nuclei FERTILIZATION Haploid 1 n Diploid 2 n

42. The End