3. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• It was a dramatic change in the world in
the way that products were
manufactured. It went from
“manufacturing” (making by hand) one
at a time to the mass production of
goods by machines (hence the name the
Age of Machines).
4. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• It began in Britain in the 1700s and was
at full steam by 1769 (when James Watt
developed an effective steam engine).
5. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• The Industrial Revolution then spread to
other parts of Europe, North America,
and the rest of the world.
6. What was the
Industrial Revolution?
• Some parts of the world have not yet
experienced the Industrial Revolution
fully and are still basically agrarian
societies where people are subsistence
farmers
• Examples: parts of Africa, Asia, and the
Americas.
7. The Industrial Revolution
From:
• few people
making things
• making things
at home
• making things
by hand
• selling to
neighbours
To:
• many people
making things
• making things in
factories
• using machines
to make things
• selling country-
or world-wide
8.
9. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
a. Labour Supply – a country needs
cheap, abundant labour
b. Food – adequate amounts of food for
that labour supply
10. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
c. Capital (money) – lots of money is
needed to build factories, buy
machines and pay workers.
Usually this money is
obtained through
(unfair) trade.
Build
Factories
Buy
Machines
Pay
Workers
11. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
d. Raw Materials – materials are needed
to build machines and products
cheaply. The two biggest needs are
iron and coal. Other materials such as
cotton, wool, wood, other metals, etc.
are all beneficial.
12. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
e. Markets –
enough people
who need to
buy products.
These people
usually lived in
large cities,
working in
factories, or in
colonies.
Overseas
Europe
Britain
Local
13. What does a country need for an
Industrial Revolution to happen?
f. A laissez-faire capitalist government??
14. Capitalism
• Capitalism:
• an economic system in which most things are
owned by individuals or companies rather
than by the government. Free market supply
and demand determines price and production
of goods.
15. Laissez-faire government
• Laissez-faire is a French term that means “let
do / leave it be”
• It is an economic policy in which a
government does very little to regulate
business. Minimal government interference
is supposed to make the economy more
prosperous.
• However, it also has many
potential hazardous effects.
16. Where can it get these things?
What usually happens before an
I.R.?
a. Agricultural Revolution – provided food
and a labour supply.
b. Colonization – provided the mother
country with raw materials, capital, and
a market without benefiting the colony.
17. Recall the Results of the
Agricultural Revolution
1. Agricultural production increased
2. More food allowed for more population
3. Large farms with advanced methods pushed
small farms and farmers out of business.
4. Many farmers moved to the cities. The
population of cities increased rapidly.
5. Unemployed farmers took jobs in factories
and mines.
18. Major Areas of Change During
the Industrial Revolution
1. Textile Manufacturing
2. Steam Power
3. Mining
4. Factory production system
5. Transportation
6. Society
19. 1. Manufacturing Textiles
• Prior to the Industrial
Revolution, most cloth
and clothing was made
in homes.
• Women made things by
hand or used very
simple machines.
20. Manufacturing Textiles
• Clothing had
traditionally been made
in homes.
• At first, when new
machines were
invented, they were
brought into the homes
and used there.
• This was called Cottage
Industry.
21. Manufacturing Textiles
• A series of
inventions took
textile production
out of the home
into the factory.
• The machines
became too big
and too costly to
have in a home.
27. Textile Factory
Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers
• Total production of textiles skyrocketed.
28. 2. Finding power for machines.
• Before the Industrial Revolution power came
from horses, oxen, or humans, or perhaps
from windmills or watermills.
30. Invention of the Steam Engine
• The machines of the Industrial Revolution
needed much more power.
• This led to the invention of the steam
engine (by James Watt).
32. 3. Changes in Mining
• The use of steam engines and large
machines in factories depended on two
major things:
Coal (to power the steam engine)
Iron (to build the machines)
• As a result, there was a major increase
in mining.
33. 1800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners
1850 30 tons 200, 000 miners
1880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners
1914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners
Coal Mining in Britain:
1800-1914
36. Mine & Forge [1840-1880]
• Innovations such as the Bessemer
process make it possible to use steel
instead of iron.
37. 4. Factory Production
• Once businessmen had access to coal and
steel, they worked to create factories.
• Factories concentrated production in one
place [near materials].
38. 4. Factory Production
• Factories were located near sources of coal
and iron rather than labour or markets.
• Factories required a lot of capital
investment. Money was required to buy
the factory, and the machines, and to pay
the workers.
• Nevertheless, it was worthwhile to create
factories (especially if you didn’t pay the
workers very much).
39. The Factory System
• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.
40. 5. Transportation
• Now there was a much larger quantity
of products being produced.
• Carts and horses on muddy roads were
inadequate.
• Methods of transportation had to
change to help get the products to
market quickly.
50. 6. Impact on Society
• As a result of the Industrial Revolution
the rich businessmen became richer.
These “bourgeoisie” lived in a fair
degree of luxury.
74. The Socialists
• Socialists believed that people as a society
should operate and own the means of
production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
everyone, not just a rich, well-connected
few.
76. The Socialists: Marxists
• Marxists/Communists tried to overthrow the
capitalists and change entire societies.
77. Government Response
• Workers’ unions, reformers, and politicians
with consciences worked for better laws.
• They successfully changed many
Government Policies
Abolition of slavery
Factory Acts
Child labour eliminated
Relief for the poor
Reform of voting
90. Positive Overall Effects
• Development of industries –
textiles, mining, machine building.
• Development of several countries –
transportation, communication, employ
ment.
• Inventions – led to new standards of
living.
• Progress??
91. Negative Overall Effects
• Need for immigration for many people
to try to improve life.
• Unfair labour practices benefited the
rich and harmed the poor – child labour,
female labour at reduced pay.
• Pollution and rapacious devouring of
resources.
• Further colonization and exploitation.