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Vipin.pptx
1.
Situation Ethics Vipin kumar
2.
Background Copyright © 2015
Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Joseph Fletcher wrote his book in 1966 • He claims a moment of revelation when listening to a St Louis cabbie determine to ‘lay principle aside and do the right thing’ • Argues for one absolute principle – love (Greek agape meaning sacrificial love) • Sees his theory as lying between antinomianism (no law) and legalism (adherence to law) • Can be seen as a form of liberal Christian ethics, taken up by Bishop John Robinson in Honest to God
3.
Fletcher, Robinson, Tillich Copyright
© 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Fletcher and Robinson sought an ethical theory which would bring people back towards making Christian moral decisions, but which didn’t have the legalism associated with religion. • Robinson said that Situation Ethics was for “Man come of age”: it was for people who were moving away from having to be told what to do by God, and yet it still had the Christian flavour. It was between legalism and antinomianism. • Robinson and Tillich suggested that God could be understood as ‘the ground of our being’, of ultimate significance, but not a deus ex machina, a supernatural being who intervenes in the world from outside it. In other words God is part of people (immanent) not this almighty transcendent being who barks instructions at us to follow (as in Divine Command Theory).
4.
THREE ETHICAL POSITIONS LEGALISTIC •ABSOLUTE •NO
EXCEPTIONS •Divine Command Theory SITUATIONAL • ONE ABSOLUTE (AGAPE) • RELATIVISTIC • Consequentialism ANTINOMIAN • TOTAL AUTONOMY • NO RULES •NO ABSOLUTES Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations
5.
Agape Copyright © 2015
Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Unconditional Love (1 JOHN 4:16, 21) • Derived from hesed in the Old Testament (EXODUS 34:6) • Embodied in Jesus Christ (JOHN 1:14) • An act of will or disposition – “… goodwill at work in partnership with reason” in seeking the “neighbour’s best interest with a careful eye to all the factors in a situation”. Fletcher
6.
Four working principles Copyright
© 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Pragmatism • Personalism • Positivism • Relativism
7.
Pragmatism Copyright © 2015
Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations •For a course of action to be right it must be practical • “A thought or action must work” (P . 42)
8.
Relativism Copyright © 2015
Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Fletcher calls his theory ‘principled relativism’, because ‘it relativises the absolute, it doesn’t absolutise the relative” • By this he means that the absolute principle of agape must be made relative to every contingent situation in order to discover what is right. • It is a form of relativism in application, not in the principle itself (agape) which never changes is meaning.
9.
Positivism Copyright © 2015
Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Fletcher uses a new meaning of positivism, not the same as for example, AJ Ayer uses in ‘logical positivism’ meaning ‘empirically provable’. • Theological positivism means you have to start with a positive choice or commitment -faith comes before reason.
10.
Personalism Copyright © 2015
Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • People come first. • Fletcher argues that ‘the legalist is a what asker (what does the law say?) whereas the situationist is a who asker (who is to be helped?) pg50 • He sees his theory in this sense having echoes of Kant’s second maxim “treat person as ends, never as means’ pg 51 • We need to respect individual autonomy, choice and dignity and we always see their welfare and needs as paramount
11.
The six fundamental
principles Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Confusingly Fletcher talks of six fundamental principles, as well as the four working principles of pragmatism, positivism, personalism and relativism. • Here we consider four of the most important: beginning with “love only is always good’. • Fletcher argues that only love has intrinsic value because it helps people – it is the purpose of any action which defines its goodness not the nature of the act itself. A lie is only good or bad with reference to the loving purpose of the lie or its lack of love.
12.
Love is the
only norm Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Fletcher argues that ‘the ruling norm of Christian decision is love, nothing else’. • Love replaces the law in Christian ethics. • Fletcher rejects Roman Catholic natural law as ‘there are no (natural) universal laws held by all men everywhere at all times’ • Fletcher therefore attracts the opposition of the Catholic Church – in Veritatis Splendor, for example.
13.
Love and Justice
are the same Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • ‘Justice is love distributed, nothing else’. • The injustices we see in the world, of starving children in Africa for example are due, says Fetcher to lack of love shown by the food-rich west. • We see our neighbours as those we know, whereas our real neighbours encompass the whole of humanity.
14.
Love and liking
are no the same Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • ‘Love wills the neighbour’s good, whether we like him or not’. • Fletcher cites Martin Luther King’s campaign of non-violence in the segregated south of America. He didn’t like the oppressor, but taught we should love them with a ‘creative, redemptive good will to all men’. • When King marched, he often faced violence but did not hit back.
15.
The end of
love justifies the means Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • ‘Only the end justifies the means, nothing else’. • When Dietrich Bonhoeffer joined the resistance in Nazi Germany, he justified lying and assassination by arguing the good end justifed the evil means. • Fletcher similarly argues the end always justifies the means. • The bomb plot that caused Bonhoeffer’s arrest and execution in 1945 is dramatised in the film Valkyrie
16.
One of Fletcher’s
examples Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • Try to use Fletcher’s examples if you can in your work, rather than your own. Don’t forget to talk about them as well, they shouldn’t just be stuck in randomly • Never write out the whole story, just refer to it. For example • Fletcher used the example “Sacrificial Adultery” where a POW woman debates on whether to have commit adultery in order to get pregnant and so be released and sent back to her family. • The point Fletcher was making was that surely it was the best thing (the most loving thing) for the mother to break the Commandment “Do not commit adultery” in order to get home to her children. This has to be the most loving thing for her and all even though it breaks one of God’s commandments. Surely God would not think this immoral as this is not why he gave that particular law in the first place?
17.
Were the bombs
at Hiroshima and Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations Nagasaki jutifiable? • On Aug 6th 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the atom bomb on Hiroshima. • When he saw the mushroom cloud Capt Lewis exclaimed ‘my God, what have we done?’. • But 126,000 American POWs were due to be executed when the first American set foot on Japanese soil. • The Japanese honour code included fight to the death and kamakaze pilots who crashed specially designed human flying bombs.
18.
Even Eisenhower had
second thoughts Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • "During his recitation of the relevant facts, I had been conscious of a feeling of depression and so I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary, and secondly because I thought that our country should avoid shocking world opinion by the use of a weapon whose employment was, I thought, no longer mandatory as a measure to save American lives. It was my belief that Japan was, at that very moment, seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss of 'face'. The Secretary was deeply perturbed by my attitude..." • -Dwight Eisenhower, Mandate For Change, pg. 380
19.
Apply Fletcher’s ethic Copyright
© 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • To the idea of rendition for torture • To the argument for euthanasia • Or another morally difficult case in the newspapers
20.
Summary – situation
ethics Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations • It is an attempt to link Christianity with new morality for ‘man come of age’ (Robinson) • It focuses on Jesus’parable of the Good Samaritan and opposition to Pharisaic legalism • It rejects absolute rules as it solves moral dilemmas situationally and circumstantially • It focuses on positivism and personalism • It is a form of Christian ethic – ‘principled relativism’ is how Fletcher describes it
21.
1. Barclay said
the examples Fletcher used to illustrate situation ethics are extreme cases. He asked how often people had to make life and death decisions on which situation ethics seemed to be based? He said: “It is much easier to agree that extraordinary situations need extraordinary measures than to think that there are no laws for ordinary life.” (Ethics in a Permissive Society, 1971) 2. He said that the suggestion that laws could be abandoned if needed was too optimistic. Humans needs laws for protection etc and how would people know exactly when it was “the most loving thing” to abandon them? A circumstance to one, may not be to another. 3. He argued that it is hard for individuals to make their own moral decisions in every situation. We can be swayed by emotion or fear and persuade ourselves that we are doing the most loving thing when really we are doing the thing that suits ourselves the most. William Barclay’s Criticisms Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations
22.
Situation ethics is
subjective because decisions are made from within the situation as it is perceived to be. Situation ethics could prove unworkable because it isn’t easy to determine all the consequences of an action. It is individualistic because humans see things from their own perspective. There is a danger that the ideals of unconditional love may be polluted by a selfish human tendency and people using it as an excuse for not obeying the rules. How many parents can show equal love to strangers as to their own children? This argument made Robinson withdraw his support for Situation Ethics Situation ethics seems to be prepared to accept any action at all if it fits the required criteria. What is believed to be a loving end by some could justify actions that many people would regard as wrong. Copyright © 2015 Active Education peped.org/philosophicalinvestigations Pius XII
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