2. 2
Infections of the skin
1. Cellulitis
• Is a diffuse, acute streptococcal or staphylococcal
infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
Cause
• Causedbybacteria’slikestreptococcus/staphylococcus aureus
• Results from break in skin
• Infection rapidly spread through lymphatic system
Sign and symptoms
• Tender, red, hot, indurated and swollen area that is well
demarcated
• Possible fluctuant abscess or purulent drainage
• Fever, chills
6. 2. Furunclosis
• Is an acute painful infection of perifollicular abscess (boils)
• Is an acute, localized, deep seated, red, hot, very tender,
inflammatory perifollicular abscess.
• Common microorganism: staphylococcus aureus
• Most common on persons who are carriers of staphylococcus,
contact with oils or grease, diabetes, poor habits of personal
hygiene, immunosuppression, alcoholism, obese, malnutrition
etc.
• The lesion begins in the opening of hair follicle or
sebaceous gland
• Sites can be back of the neck, face, buttocks, thighs, breasts,
axilla, nose, genitalia, etc
81
7.
8. Sign and symptoms
• Hard nodule initially then fluctuant abscess with centrally
yellow pustule, then ruptures in to an ulcer.
• It can be isolated single lesion or few multiple lesion
• Hotness and pain at the site.
KHAWAJA TAIMOOR SHAHID
9. 3. Carbuncles
(multiple furuncles)
- Is an aggregation of interconnected furuncles that drain through
multiple openings in the skin.
• Exposure to grease and oil increase the risk.
• Occurs mostly where the skin is thick
• Microorganism mostly: Staph. Aureus
Sign and symptoms
• Sites are back of the neck, shoulder, buttock, outer aspect of the
thigh and over the hip joints.
• Develop slowly than furuncle.
• They can reach the size of an egg/small orange.
• Fever, chills, extreme pain.
• Because of the large size of the lesion and its delayed drainage the
patient is much sicker
11. 11
4.Folliculitis
• Is inflammation of the hair follicle
Sign and symptom
– Single or multiple papules or pustules
– Commonly seen in the beard area of men and
women’s legs from shaving
13. 13
5. Impetigo
• Is an acute, contagious, rapidly spreading cutaneous
infection and is a very common bacterial infection of
the superficial skin
• Causative agents are stap. aureus or a B-hemolytic
streptococcus or both
Sign and Symptom
• Superficial pustules or blisters which becomes oozing with
yellow crusts
• Contagious
• Blisters break easily and form golden crusts
16. 16
Fungal skin disorder
1. Dermatophytoses (Mycoses)
• Is a fungal infection of the skin, hair and nails
Types
a. Tinea pedis (Athlete’sfoot)
• Is itchy, whitish scaling lesions and inflammation of the
superficial skin of the feet and interdigital spaces of the toes
• Common between the 4th and 5th toe.
• Often seen in people wearing rubber
boots/shoes
18. 18
b. Tinea corporis (Tinea circinata)
• A fungal infection that affects the trunk, legs, arms/neck,
excluding the beard area, feet and hands.
– Is fungal infection of the skin most common on the
exposed surfaces of the body.
– Sites are face, arms and shoulders.
– Intensive itching is there
• Frequent causes of tinea corporis is the prescence of
an infected pet in the home
KHAWAJA TAIMOOR SHAHID
20. 20
c. Tinea capitis (ring worm)
• Is a contagious fungal disease of the scalp and hair shaft
Sign and symptom
• One or more round patches with scaling
• alopecia
• Lymphnodes in the neck swell and the patient may have fever
and headache
22. 22
d. Tinea unguium
- Is a chronic fungal and sometimes mixed yeast
infection of the toe/finger nails
• Is commonly occurs in people who frequently wet the hands
such as domestic workers, cleaners, kitchen and laundary
staff.
Sign and Symptom
• Nail become thickened, friable (easily crumbled),
lusterless.
• Accumulation of debris under the free edge of the nail
• The nail may be destroyed.
24. 24
e. Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)
• Is a common chronic superficial fungal infection which is caused
by the unicellular yeast pityrosporum ovale or orbiculare which is
normally present on the trunk as a commensal.
• Often there is cosmetic complaints.
Sign and Symptoms
• Appears commonly when there is warm and humid air,
pregnancy, and serious underlying disease.
• Hypo-pigmented macule on the trunk
• Disturbance of the pigment of the skin (versicolor)
• Recurrences are common especially after in adequate
treatment or re-infection.
26. 26
f. Tinea cruris (Jack itch)
• A fungal infection of the pubic region and thighs
• Sign and symptom
• Scaling at the periphery
• A patch that may spread to buttocks
• Itching and irritation
27. 27
g. Tinea barbae
• Is a fungal infection involving the beard
• Affects males only
• More common in farmers
Sign and symptom
• Pruritis
• Tenderness and pain
• Pustular folliculitis around the hair follicle
• Involved hairs are loose and easily removed.
29. 29
h. Candidiasis /moniliasis/
• Candida albicans is a resident of the mucus membranes,
it becomes pathogenic under favourable host condition
these are:
– When host immunity is decreased, such as HIV, cancer, steroid
use, cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy, chronic disease, pregnancy
and contraceptive pill use
– Warm and moisture (under breasts, b/n toes)
– Use of broad spectrum antibiotics which kills resident non
pathogenic bacteria
KHAWAJA TAIMOOR SHAHID
31. 31
Sign and Symptom
• On the oral (oral candidiasis/thrush)- white cheesy
adherent plaque that can be painful
• When oral lesions extend to the throat and esophagus, they
can cause anorexia, nausea, dysphagia, and vomiting
• On the vulvo-vagina (candidia vulvovaginitis)- vaginal
irritation, soreness and a thick creamy discharge
32. 32
Parasitic skin disorder
a. Scabies
• Is an infection of the skin caused by a parasite called mite
sarcoptes scabiei, a mite which lays its eggs in burrow in the
stratum and induces an intensively itchy allergic respons.
Sign and Symptom
• Small blisters and papules
• Sever itching, when warm particularly at night
• Scratch marks and very common secondary
infection with pustules
• Common sites are between fingers, sides of the hands, sides
of the wrists, buttocks
33. 33
b. Pediculosis
• Is an infestation with a louse which may be found in the:
• Scalp-
• Body-
• Hair bearing region-
Sign and symptom
• Itching (excoriation)
• The presence of lice
• Over crowding, poor personal hygiene, prolonged wearing of the
same clothes.
35. f.Viral skin disorders
• It is an acute contagious short lived (7-12 days) infection of the
skin or mucus membrane caused by virus
Types:
a. Herpes simplex
• Is an infection which is caused by herpes simplex virus that
causes vesicular eruption (cold sore or fever blister) on lip
(herpes labialis), and on genitalia (herpes genitalia)
Sign and Symptoms
- Few days of burning sensation at the site initially.
- Then a group of blisters appear which quickly break down to
form superficial ulcer
- Highly contagious when the lesions are visible.
37. 37
b. Herpes zoster (shingles)
• Is an acute unilateral and segmental inflammation of the
dorsal root ganglia of a nerve by a latent varicella zoster
infection in the partially immune host.
Sign and symptoms
• A localized vesicles in cluster form on one side of the
body/unilateral.
• Itching, tenderness and severe pain on the site.
• The thoracic, cervical and ophthalmic nerves are frequently
affected.
• After 1-2 weeks crusts begin to fall off with residual scaring.
• Over 10% of patients develop a persistent burning
sensation.
• Much more common in HIV patients, old patients and
malignancy cases.
39. 39
c. Verrucae /Warts/
• Are common benign skin tumors caused by infection with the Human
Papilloma Virus.
Types:
1. Plantar warts- warts on the sole of the foot
2. Plane (flat/Juvenile) warts- warts on the face of children
3. Genital warts/condylomata acuminate/- warts that appear on genital
organs
4. Molluscum contagiosum- a wart which appear on small children which
has typical characteristics of dome shaped papules.
Sign and symptom
• Found at any age but most common in children and teenagers
• They can spread by contact
• The infected person immune system clears the warts with in 2
years in 2/3 cases
41. 41
G. Skin cancer
• Cancer is a disease of the cell in which the normal mechanism of
control of growth and proliferation are disturbed.
• The malignant cell is able to invade the surrounding tissue and
regional lymph nodes.
• Metastasis is the secondary growth of the primary
cancer in another organ.
• Skin assessment-20-39 age-every 3 years
• >40 age-annually
KHAWAJA TAIMOOR SHAHID
SUPERIOR COLLEGE
M.B.DiN
