1. 24.2 Europe Faces24.2 Europe Faces
RevolutionsRevolutions
Liberal and nationalist uprisingsLiberal and nationalist uprisings
challenge the old conservativechallenge the old conservative
order of Europeorder of Europe

2. Clash of PhilosophiesClash of Philosophies
Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s,Three Philosophies: In the early 1800s,
three schools of political thought conflict inthree schools of political thought conflict in
EuropeEurope
ConservativeConservative—landowners and nobles want—landowners and nobles want
traditional monarchiestraditional monarchies
LiberalLiberal—wealthy merchants and business—wealthy merchants and business
owners want limited democracyowners want limited democracy
RadicalRadical—believe in liberty and equality.—believe in liberty and equality.
They want everyone to have a vote.They want everyone to have a vote.

3. Nationalism DevelopsNationalism Develops
Nationalism and Nation-StatesNationalism and Nation-States
NationalismNationalism—loyalty to a nation of people—loyalty to a nation of people
with common culture and historywith common culture and history
Nation-StateNation-State—nation with its own—nation with its own
independent governmentindependent government
In 1815 Europe, only France, England andIn 1815 Europe, only France, England and
Spain are nation-statesSpain are nation-states
Liberals and radicals support nationalism, butLiberals and radicals support nationalism, but
conservatives do not.conservatives do not.

5. Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerNationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Greeks Gain IndependenceGreeks Gain Independence
BalkansBalkans—region of Europe controlled by the—region of Europe controlled by the
Ottomans in early 1800s.Ottomans in early 1800s.
Greece gets European help to gainGreece gets European help to gain
independence from the Turks.independence from the Turks.

7. Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerNationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1830s Uprisings Crushed1830s Uprisings Crushed
Belgian, Italian, Polish liberals andBelgian, Italian, Polish liberals and
nationalists launch revolts.nationalists launch revolts.
By the mid-1830s, conservatives are back inBy the mid-1830s, conservatives are back in
controlcontrol

8. Nationalists Challenge Conservative PowerNationalists Challenge Conservative Power
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
Ethnic uprisings in Europe, especially in theEthnic uprisings in Europe, especially in the
Austrian empire.Austrian empire.
Liberals hold power for short time, but lose toLiberals hold power for short time, but lose to
conservatives by 1849conservatives by 1849

9. Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France
Conservative DefeatConservative Defeat
In 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restoreIn 1830, France’s Charles X fails to restore
absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy
The Third RepublicThe Third Republic
In 1848, a Paris mob overthrows theIn 1848, a Paris mob overthrows the
monarchy and sets up a republicmonarchy and sets up a republic
Radicals split by infighting; moderates controlRadicals split by infighting; moderates control
the new governmentthe new government
1848 constitution calls for elected president1848 constitution calls for elected president
and parliamentand parliament

10. Radicals Change FranceRadicals Change France
 France Accepts aFrance Accepts a
Strong RulerStrong Ruler
 Louis-NapoleonLouis-Napoleon ——
Napoleon Bonaparte’sNapoleon Bonaparte’s
nephew—is electednephew—is elected
presidentpresident
 Louis-Napoleon laterLouis-Napoleon later
takes the title emperor.takes the title emperor.
 He promotesHe promotes
industrialization.industrialization.

11. Reform in RussiaReform in Russia
Serfdom in RussiaSerfdom in Russia
Czars fail to free the serfs because they fearCzars fail to free the serfs because they fear
losing the support of landowners.losing the support of landowners.

12. Reform in RussiaReform in Russia
 Defeat Brings ChangeDefeat Brings Change
 Russia’s lack ofRussia’s lack of
industrialization leadsindustrialization leads
to military defeat in theto military defeat in the
Crimean War.Crimean War.
 Alexander IIAlexander II —czar—czar
who determines towho determines to
make social andmake social and
economic changeseconomic changes
Alexander II was also called
“Alexander the Liberator.” In Finland
he is known as “the Good Czar.”
Why?

13. Photos and Portraits of Alexander IIPhotos and Portraits of Alexander II

14. Reform in RussiaReform in Russia
 Reform and ReactionReform and Reaction
 In 1861, Alexander IIIn 1861, Alexander II
frees the serfs, butfrees the serfs, but
debt keeps them ondebt keeps them on
the same land.the same land.
 Reform halts whenReform halts when
Alexander isAlexander is
assassinated byassassinated by
terrorists in 1881.terrorists in 1881.
 Driven by nationalism,Driven by nationalism,
Alexander IIIAlexander III
encouragesencourages
industrialization.industrialization.
The Church of the Savior on
Blood commemorates the place
where Alexander II was
assassinated.