1. 24.3 Nationalism24.3 Nationalism
Nationalism contributes to theNationalism contributes to the
formation of two new nations andformation of two new nations and
a new political order in Europea new political order in Europe

2. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or DisunityNationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
 Two Views of NationalismTwo Views of Nationalism

Nationalists use their common bonds to buildNationalists use their common bonds to build
nation-statesnation-states

Rulers eventually use nationalism to unifyRulers eventually use nationalism to unify
their subjectstheir subjects

Three different types of nationalistThree different types of nationalist
movements:movements:
• unification merges culturally similar landsunification merges culturally similar lands
• separation splits off culturally distinct groupsseparation splits off culturally distinct groups
• state-building binds separate cultures into onestate-building binds separate cultures into one

4. Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
 The Breakup of theThe Breakup of the
Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire

Austria includesAustria includes
people from manypeople from many
ethnic groupsethnic groups

1866 defeat in Austro-1866 defeat in Austro-
Prussian War (SevenPrussian War (Seven
Weeks War) andWeeks War) and
Hungarian nationalismHungarian nationalism
forces emperor to splitforces emperor to split
the empire into Austriathe empire into Austria
and Hungaryand Hungary
• still ruled by emperorstill ruled by emperor
Flag of Austria-Hungary
representing two kingdoms,
but ruled by one emperor.
This was a concession to
Hungarian nationalism.

5. Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
 The Russia Empire CrumblesThe Russia Empire Crumbles

After 370 years, Russian czars begin losingAfter 370 years, Russian czars begin losing
control over their empirecontrol over their empire

RussificationRussification—forcing other peoples to adopt—forcing other peoples to adopt
Russian cultureRussian culture
• policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnicpolicy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalismnationalism

6. Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
 The Ottoman Empire WeakensThe Ottoman Empire Weakens

Internal tensions among ethnic groupsInternal tensions among ethnic groups
weakens the empire.weakens the empire.

Rulers grant citizenship to all groups,Rulers grant citizenship to all groups,
outraging Turks.outraging Turks.

7. Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy
 Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy

Italy forms territoryItaly forms territory
from crumblingfrom crumbling
empiresempires

1815-1848 Italians1815-1848 Italians
want independencewant independence
from foreign rulersfrom foreign rulers

9. Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy
 Cavour Leads ItalianCavour Leads Italian
UnificationUnification

Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour——
prime minister of theprime minister of the
Kingdom of Sardinia inKingdom of Sardinia in
18521852

Gets French help toGets French help to
win control of Austrian-win control of Austrian-
controlled Italian landcontrolled Italian land

10. Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy
 Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity

Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi——
leads nationalists wholeads nationalists who
conquer southern Italyconquer southern Italy

Cavour convinces GaribaldiCavour convinces Garibaldi
to unite southern Italy withto unite southern Italy with
SardiniaSardinia

Garibaldi steps aside,Garibaldi steps aside,
allowing the king ofallowing the king of
Sardinia to ruleSardinia to rule

Control of Venetia andControl of Venetia and
Papal States finally unitesPapal States finally unites
ItalyItaly

11. Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
 Bismarck Unites GermanyBismarck Unites Germany

Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German statesBeginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states
form the German Confederationform the German Confederation
 Prussia Leads German UnificationPrussia Leads German Unification

Prussia has advantages that help it to unifyPrussia has advantages that help it to unify
GermanyGermany
• mainly German populationmainly German population
• powerful armypowerful army
• creation of liberal constitutioncreation of liberal constitution

12. Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
 Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control

JunkersJunkers—conservative—conservative
wealthy landowners—wealthy landowners—
support Prussian Wilhelm Isupport Prussian Wilhelm I

Junker realpolitik masterJunker realpolitik master
Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck
becomes prime ministerbecomes prime minister

RealpolitikRealpolitik—power politics—power politics
without room for idealismwithout room for idealism

Bismarck defies PrussianBismarck defies Prussian
parliamentparliament

13. Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
 Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands

Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain twoPrussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two
provincesprovinces

Quick victory makes other German nationsQuick victory makes other German nations
respect Prussiarespect Prussia

14. Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
 Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War

Bismarck creates a border dispute withBismarck creates a border dispute with
Austria to provoke a warAustria to provoke a war

Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northernPrussia seizes Austrian territory, northern
GermanyGermany

Eastern and western parts of PrussianEastern and western parts of Prussian
kingdom are joined for the first time.kingdom are joined for the first time.

15. Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
 The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck provokes war with France to uniteBismarck provokes war with France to unite
all Germansall Germans

Wilhelm is crownedWilhelm is crowned KaiserKaiser—emperor of a—emperor of a
united Germany—at Versaillesunited Germany—at Versailles

Bismarck creates a Germany united underBismarck creates a Germany united under
Prussian dominance.Prussian dominance.

17. To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and
noblest of Germany’s statesmen. They say he almost
singlehandedly unified the nation and raised it to
greatness. To others, he was nothing but a devious
politician who abused his powers and led Germany into
dictatorship.
His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be
both crafty and deeply religious. At one moment, he
could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be
devoured by the strong.” At another moment he might
claim, “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war,
ambitious war, a war of conquest.”

18. A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power
 Balance Is LostBalance Is Lost

In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established fiveIn 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five
powers in Europe:powers in Europe:
• AustriaAustria
• PrussiaPrussia
• BritainBritain
• FranceFrance
• RussiaRussia

By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) haveBy 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have
gained much powergained much power

Austria and Russia are weaker militarily andAustria and Russia are weaker militarily and
economicallyeconomically