A surface level study on the sport we all know and love as volleyball.

1. VOLLEYBALL:
A STUDY
PRESENTED BY: Siddiq Rafi, 22000227, Foundation Of Science In AppliedChemistry

2. ORIGINS
After the being introduced to the new
sport named “basketball” a number of
1895 businessmen thought it to be too
vigorous. Among them, a Physical
Education Director at the YMCA who later
introduced a tamer option to the sport.

3. WILLIAM G. MORGAN,
PHYSICAL EDUCATION DIRECTOR,
YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIANASSOCIATION (YMCA)
History has it that as the director of physical education, William G.
Morgan found that basketball was not well suited for the non-
athletic crowd and strived to find a sport which had similar levels of
depth while being able to garner an equal amount of participation
and still be accessible to everyone. In short, he wanted to create a
athletically skillful game which everyone could play, no matter their
age or physical ability. William proceeded to invent the game of
“Mintonette", a name derived from the game of badminton, in
1895, as an alternative physical activity for people who found
basketball’s ‘bumping’ or ‘jolting’ too strenuous to fall back on. Later
Alfred S. Halstead, a professor from Springfield College
in Massachusetts, noted the volleying nature of play and proposed
the name of “volleyball”.

4. THE IDEA
Morgan decided it was best that he use ideas from
various sports such as handball, tennis, and
badminton, and his own knowledge from sports
training methods and experience.
The ball came from basketball, the net from tennis
and the use of hands from handball. While this made
up a game of volleyball, it was lent some competitive
tone with the introduction of innings - later to be
called sets - that was borrowed from baseball.

5. GAME EQUIPMENT
Volleyball needs very little setting up
and does not require a lot of items to
be played. The only important
equipment needed to play a game of
volleyball are a proper volleyball court,
a net, and a volleyball ball.

6. THE COURTAND NET
Indoor volleyball court surfaces are made of resilient wood flooring
or poured with a synthetic urethane. The size of an indoor volleyball
court is the same as an outdoor court. Volleyball courts are 18m in
length with have a width of 9m. Attack lines dividing the front and
back rows are marked 3m parallel to the net. Free zones at a
minimum of 3m are required around the entirety of the court with
generous clearances up to 5m on the sides and 6.5m in the back.
Volleyball nets are typically made with black nylon netting with
white headbands. Volleyball nets span a width of 9m and are held
rigid by outer poles typically set 0.91m from the court. The center
height of a volleyball net differs for men’s and women’s play at a
height of 2.43m and 2.24m respectively. The dimensions of the
playing court are often identified on the net surface by two antenna
extending 80cm above the net. Volleyball nets have a surface height
of 1m from top to bottom and are constructed with a polypropylene
or nylon netting with a mesh size of 10cm and capped with stiff
headbands along the perimeters.

7. THEVOLLEYBALL BALL
A Volleyball has a sphere form and has 18
rectangular panels that are made of synthetic or
genuine leather. The panels are arranged in 6
identical sections of 3 panels each. The Volleyball
has a valve that allows its internal air pressure to
be adjusted. Volleyballs have a diameter of
20.7-21.3 cm and circumference of 65-67 cm. The
mass of a Volleyball is between 260-280 g with a
pressure between 29.4-31.8 kPa.

8. REGULATIONS
Like any other sport, volleyball has its
very own set of rules, which although
may vary across variations of the
game, govern how the sport is to be
conventionally played.

9. ROTATIONSAND SCORING
1. Team will rotate each time they win the serve.
2. Players shall rotate in a clockwise manner.
3. There shall be 6 players on each side.
4. Game will be played to 25 points.
5. Must win by 2 points.
6. Rally scoring will be used.
7. There will be a point scored on every score of the ball.
8. Offense will score on a defense miss or out of bounds hit.
9. Defense will score on an offensive miss, out of bounds hit,
or serve into the net.

10. SERVING
1. Server must serve from behind the end line
(dark green/blue) until after contact.
2. Ball may be served underhand or overhand.
3. Ball must be clearly visible to opponents
before serve.
6. First game serve is determined by a volley, each subsequent
game shall be served by the previous game loser.
7. Serve must be returned by a bump only. No setting or
attacking a serve.
8. Served ball may graze the net and drop to the other side for a
point.

11. MISCELLANEOUS RULINGS
1. Maximum of three (3) hits per side.
2. Player may not hit the ball twice in
succession (a block is not considered a hit).
3. Ball may be played off the net during a
volley and on serve.
4. A legal hit is contact with the ball by a
players’ body above and including the waist
which does not allow the ball to visibly come
to a rest.
1. If two or more players contact the ball simultaneously, it is
considered one play and the players involved may not
participate in the next play.
2. A p l ay e r m u s t n o t bl o c k o r at t ac k a s e r ve .
3. Switching positions will be allowed only between front line
players. (after the serve only).
4. A b a l l t o u c h i n g a b o u n d a r y l i n e i s g o o d .

12. GAMEVARIATIONS
Over the years, many variations of the
game have emerged. The following
are the most prominent versions of
the sport.

13. WATERVOLLEYBALL
Played in teams of 4 or less, this variation sets two
teams against each other in a 6mX5m area of water
on both sides of the net. Matches consist of 5 rounds
with the team reaching 11 points first winning the
round. In cases of a deuce, rounds max at 15 points. .
A flip of a coin is used to see who serves, or else the
person in the deep end serves first.
Each team serves twice per turn, and play continues
in this fashion. The server must hit the ball upwards,
within arms length of the receiver when standing still.
The serve is not allowed to be a spike and the receiver
can not spike of the serve.

14. SITTINGVOLLEYBALL
Played in teams of 4 or less, this variation sets two
teams against each other in a 6mX5m area of water
on both sides of the net. Matches consist of 5 rounds
with the team reaching 11 points first winning the
round. In cases of a deuce, rounds max at 15 points. .
A flip of a coin is used to see who serves, or else the
person in the deep end serves first.
Each team serves twice per turn, and play continues
in this fashion. The server must hit the ball upwards,
within arms length of the receiver when standing still.
The serve is not allowed to be a spike and the receiver
can not spike of the serve.

15. ECUA-VOLLEY
Played in teams of 4 or less, this variation sets two
teams against each other in a 6mX5m area of water
on both sides of the net. Matches consist of 5 rounds
with the team reaching 11 points first winning the
round. In cases of a deuce, rounds max at 15 points. .
A flip of a coin is used to see who serves, or else the
person in the deep end serves first.
Each team serves twice per turn, and play continues
in this fashion. The server must hit the ball upwards,
within arms length of the receiver when standing still.
The serve is not allowed to be a spike and the receiver
can not spike of the serve.

16. 9-MAN
Played in teams of 4 or less, this variation sets two
teams against each other in a 6mX5m area of water
on both sides of the net. Matches consist of 5 rounds
with the team reaching 11 points first winning the
round. In cases of a deuce, rounds max at 15 points. .
A flip of a coin is used to see who serves, or else the
person in the deep end serves first.
Each team serves twice per turn, and play continues
in this fashion. The server must hit the ball upwards,
within arms length of the receiver when standing still.
The serve is not allowed to be a spike and the receiver
can not spike of the serve.

17. SEPAKTAKRAW
Played in teams of 4 or less, this variation sets two
teams against each other in a 6mX5m area of water
on both sides of the net. Matches consist of 5 rounds
with the team reaching 11 points first winning the
round. In cases of a deuce, rounds max at 15 points. .
A flip of a coin is used to see who serves, or else the
person in the deep end serves first.
Each team serves twice per turn, and play continues
in this fashion. The server must hit the ball upwards,
within arms length of the receiver when standing still.
The serve is not allowed to be a spike and the receiver
can not spike of the serve.

18. PLAYER ROLES
Volleyball is played with a six-man
team. With each player usually
holding a special role or position.
These roles are usually more to
default instructions but all players
should be able to execute basic moves
like digging or setting.

19. THE SETTER
Orchestrating the offence by placing the ball in a
position where the hitters can ‘spike’ the ball into the
opponent’s court for a point, setters control a team’s
tempo and work together with the hitters. Setters
need to have a swift and skillful appraisal and tactical
accuracy and must be quick at moving around the
court.
At elite level, setters used to be the shortest players
(before liberos were introduced), not being typically
required to perform jump hits, nowadays however,
taller setters are more common as tactics require
critical points to be more effective blocked.

20. REAL LIFE EXAMPLE/S
Bruno Mossa de Rezende
The son of the legendary Brazilian coach Bernardo
Rezende, he is one of the most accomplished setters
and volleyball players in the world. Bruno Mossa de
Rezende (born 2 July 1986) is a Brazilian volleyball
player who is currently a member of Brazil men's
national volleyball team and Italian club Modena
Volley.
Accomplishments: 2016 Olympic Champion, double silver
medalist of the Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London
2012), 2010 World Champion, double gold medalist of the
World Grand Champions Cup (2009, 2013), South American
Champion (2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2021),
multimedalist of the World League, Pan American Games,
Brazilian Champion (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013),
Italian Champion (2016, 2019).

21. THE LIBERO
Liberos are not permitted to block or perform
attacks, meaning they never play at the net, which
allows shorter players with strong passing and
defensive skills to excel in the position and play an
important role in the team's success.
Meaning ‘Free’ in Italian, Liberos are defensive
players who are responsible for receiving the attack
or serve. They are usually the players on the court
with the quickest reaction time and best passing
skills. A player designated as a libero for a match may
not play other roles during that match. Liberos wear
a different color jersey than their teammates.

22. REAL LIFE EXAMPLE/S
Jenia Grebennikov
Jenia Grebennikov is a French volleyball player of
Russian descent. He is part of the French national
team, and professionally plays for the Russian team,
Zenit Saint Petersburg. He’s well known for defending
much closer to the attack line than where most liberos
will stand when defending in their first base position.
He also adopts an extremely upright stance when digging.

23. THE (MIDDLE) BLOCKER
Often times the tallest players on the team, these
players stand near the setter to execute fast attacks
and also help set up a 2-man block on a defensive
turn.
In professional teams, it isn’t uncommon to see 2
middle blockers on a side. Being the tallest, these
players are usually limited in terms of agility, this is
however countered by their impressive vertical ability
to perform effective blocks against enemy attacks.

24. THE OUTSIDE HITTER
In proper competitive play, outside hitters are found
to be relatively shorter to the other hitters but have
the better defensive capabilities. This enables them
to ‘replace’ the middle when in the back row.
Usually playing on the left side of the net, outside
hitters are the most consistent hitters and receive the
bulk of sets. Since most sets to the outside are high,
these players often take a longer approach from
outside the court sideline.

25. THE CROSS HITTER
Sometimes called the opposite hitter, these players
are often found on the right side of the net and carry
most of the front row’s defensive workload.The cross
hitter is usually the better hitter since sets to the
right side usually require a higher technical skill to
receive.
The role often doubles as a secondary setter in case
the first ball isn’t ideal. Back in the early days of
volleyball, this role was one and the same with the
middle blocker, however in time, specialization into
the role started.

26. ROTATIONS
After each alternating point, a team
must rotate their rotations clockwise
by 1 position. We will look into further
detail of how this works in the next
slides.

27. THE FOUR-TWO
This rotation involves using 2 setters who set from
the front row.
The 4-2 volleyball rotation is the simplest strategy
and is ideal for beginners.

28. THE SIX-TWO
The 6-2 volleyball rotation is another fairly common
strategy used primarily by intermediate teams.
It’s characterized by having 2 setters who set only
from the back row which allows teams to maximize
offensive options.

29. THE FIVE-ONE
This strategy involves using a single setter who
rotates all the way around the court, playing in both
the front court and the back court.
The 5-1 volleyball rotation is a more advanced
strategy which is most common at higher levels of
volleyball.

30. THE FIVE-TWO
The 5-2 volleyball rotation is a lesser known
approach which is somewhat of a hybrid between a
6-2 and 5-1 strategy.
It uses 2 setters, 1 of which plays only in the front
court (and is usually tall), and the other plays only in
the back row (they’re usually quite short).