Muhammed Fuad Rashid Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya Universiy Fluid Mechanics Laboratory 2020

1. Erbil Polytechnic University
Koya Technical Institute
Petroleum Technology
Operation and Control
Report
Fluid Mechanic Lab.
Test no: (10)
Test name:
(Minor Losses)
Supervised by:
Karwan A. Ali
Date of Test: 12/04/2018
Date of Submit: 3/05/2018
Prepared by: Muhammed Fuad Rashid

2. Title Page No.
Introduction 3
Aim of the experiment 3
Unit description 3-6
Calculation 7-16
Discussion 16-17
Table of Calculation 18

3. -Introduction:
Pipe system which include valves, valves (Bends),
enlargements, contractions, inlets, outlets, and other fittings
that cause additional losses, each of these devices causes a
change in the magnitude or the direction of the velocity
vectors and hence results 1n a loss. A minor loss is
expressed in terms of a loss coefficient (K), defined by:
𝑉2
2𝑔
=eH
In this experiment we will calculate the minor losses due
special pipe component such as pipe bends or valves, pipe
branches, changes in cross-section, valves, and flaps
-Aim of experiment:
Calculating the loss coefficient (K) for pipe bends or
valves, pipe branches, changes in cross-section, valves, and
flaps.
-Unit description:
The unit as shown in the figure consists of a square tubular
steel frame with a Powder-‘coated back wall, on which a,
pipe system is mounted with sections which can be.
Individually shut off. The back wall also features two level-
tube pressure gauges attached using star-type nuts. The

4. gauges can be fitted in two positions on the back Wall.
Various Measurement objects can be accommodated in an
adjustable Measurement system“
Water is supplied either-by way of the HM 150
Hydraulics Bench or via the laboratory mains. The HM
150 permits construction of closed water Circuit.
-gauge:PressureDouble
-The double pressure gauge is suitable for measuring both
differential pressures and gauge pressures in mm w.g.;
these can then be converted into absolute pressures with
allowance for the atmospheric pressure. -The measuring
range is O-1000mm w.g.
-The gauge consists of two glass level tubes backed by a
metal mm scale. -The two level tubes are interconnected at
the top and have a joint vent valve. -Differential pressure is
measured with the vent valve closed and gauge pressure
with the valve open.
-The measurement points are connected to the lower end of
the Level tubes using rapid-action hose couplings with
automatic shut-off.
-A drain valve 13 provided at the bottom of each level tube.
-of experiment:Performance
*The following instructions for experimentation and the
performance of the experiments A, B are based on the HM

5. 150 Hydraulics Bench. Position test set-up on the HM 150
Hydraulics Bench with drainage via volumetric tank.
* Loosen star-type nuts for pressure gauge attachment on
back of unit and move gauges down a hole. Then retighten
nuts
* Make hose connection between HM 150 and unit.
*Open drain of HM 150.
* Switch on pump and slowly open main coke of HM 150.
* Connect pressure gauges to desired measurement points.
* Slowly Open ball cock of appropriate measurement
system and vent pressure gauges; see Section of double
pressure gauge.
* By simultaneously adjusting vent and drain valve on
pressure gauge, set water level such that both water
columns are in the measuring range.
*Determine volumetric flow. To do so, establish time t
required to raise the level in the volumetric tank of the HM
150 from 10 to 20 or 30 litters. The drain cock beneath the
tank is to be closed for this purpose.
-experiment:ValvePipe
For pipe valvs, the loss coefficient (K) depends on the
angle of deviation of the flow and the ratio of the valve
radius to the pipe diameter. In addition, the coefficient of
resistance is influenced by the shape of the valve. For this
special case of a pipe valve with 90° deviation, the

6. following diagram is applicable for smooth and rough
pipes.
For pipe angles, i. e Valve radii less than the pipe diameter
(R/d<1) the losses coefficients for knee pieces are
approximately applicable. For example, for a 90° knee
piece / kink, with a smooth pipe, the K is 1.13 and for
rough pipes the K 18 1. 68, while for a 45 piece
= 0.36.rough=.0.24 and KsmoothK
-ng:Table of readi
Time
second
Volume
liter
Qrotameter
Valve
Regulation
Valve
Ball
Valve
Gate
Vale
No.
28.41090080631011
22.561012001771031922
18.831014002922222703

7. -Calculation:
3
Volume=10000cm2
A=3.14cmD=20mm
Gate valve
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
28.24
/s3
Q=354.1 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
354.1
3.14
V=112.77 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(10.1)
112.772
K=1.558

8. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
112.772
2∗981
= 1.558eh
10.098=eh
2
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
22.56
/s3
Q=443.262 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
443.262
3.14
V=443.26 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(19.2)
443.26 2
K=1.890

9. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
141.162
2∗981
1.890=eh
19.194=eh
3
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
18.83
/s3
Q=531.06 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
531.06
3.14
V=169.129 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(27)
169.129 2
K=1.851

10. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
169.1292
2∗981
= 1.851eh
26.986=eh
Ball Valve
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
28.24
/s3
Q=354.1 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
354.1
3.14
V=112.77 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(6.3)
112.772
K=0.9719

11. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
112.772
2∗981
= 0.9719eh
6.299=eh
2
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
22.56
/s3
Q=443.262 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
443.262
3.14
V=141.16 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(10.3)
141.16 2
K=1.014

12. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
141.162
2∗981
1.014=eh
10.298=eh
3
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
18.83
/s3
Q=531.06 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
531.06
3.14
V=169.129 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(22.2)
169.129 2

13. K=1.522
𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
169.1292
2∗981
1.522=eh
22.189=eh
ValveDiaphragm
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
28.24
/s3
Q=354.1 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
354.1
3.14
V=112.77 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(8)
112.772
K=1.234

14. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
112.772
2∗981
= 1.234eh
7.998=eh
2
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
22.56
/s3
Q=443.262 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
443.262
3.14
V=141.16 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(17.7)
141.16 2
K=1.7428

15. 𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
141.162
2∗981
1.7428=eh
17.699=eh
3
Q=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Q=
10000
18.83
/s3
Q=531.06 cm
V=
𝑄
𝐴
V=
531.06
3.14
V=169.129 cm/s
K=
2𝑔∆ℎ
𝑉2
K=
2(981)(29.2)
169.129 2

16. K=2.002
𝑉2
2𝑔
= Keh
169.1292
2∗981
2.002=eh
29.187=eh
Table of Calculation:
V
(cm/s)
Pipe elbow
No.
Diaphragm ValveBall ValveGate Valve
he
(cm)
K
Δh
(cm)
he
(cm)
K
Δh
(cm)
he
(cm)
K
Δh
(cm)
112.777.9981.23486.2990.97196.310.0981.55810.11
141.1617.6991.742817.710.2981.01410.319.1941.89019.22
169.1229.1872.00229.222.1891.52222.226.9861.851273
-Discussion:
* Which valve has minimum loss coefficient and why?
A/ Ball Valve
./2g2
* Draw the relating between Ah & velocity head V

17. 6237724.257
9773774.417
14029072.24
6237724
6937724
7637724
8337724
9037724
9737724
10437724
11137724
11837724
12537724
13237724
13937724
14637724
4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6
V2/2g
Δh
Gate Valve
6237724.257
9773774.417
6237724
6937724
7637724
8337724
9037724
9737724
10437724
11137724
11837724
12537724
13237724
13937724
6.3 7.3 8.3 9.3 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.3 17.3 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.3
V2/2g
Δh
Ball Valve
6237724
6937724
7637724
8337724
9037724
9737724
10437724
11137724
11837724
12537724
13237724
13937724
14637724
8 9.4 10.8 12.2 13.6 15 16.4 17.8 19.2 20.6 22 23.4 24.8 26.2 27.6 29
V2/2g
Δh
Diaphragm Valve