Participatory context and needs analysis in transitional recovery by munas kalden

Participatory Capacity and Needs
Analysis in Transitional Recovery
The Case of Central Camp-1&2, Amparai, Sri Lanka

(This is a draft of the exercise held in Navithanveli DS of Ampara district during 27-29 of Oct, 2009 )

Designed and facilitated the exercise by Munas Kalden

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Participatory Need and Capacity Analysis, Navithanveli, Ampara-Dec2009

1. Contact Details:

Munas Kalden
Programme Officer-Social Transformation, Monitoring and Reporting
United Nations Development Programme - UNDP
63, Jayawardanapura , Ampara, Tel: +94 63 222 4917,22
munas.kalden@undp.org ; munas.kalden@gmail.com

1. Village Map

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2. Table of Content

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................................ 5
I. BACKGROUND OF THE PCNA ......................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................
VILLLAGE INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 7
VILLAGE SELECTION PROCESS .................................................................................................................................... 8
JUSTIFICATION FOR SELECTING THE VILLLAGE .............................................................................................. 9
COMMUNITY PROFILING ..................................................................................................................................... 9
CONFLICT SENSITIVITY CONTEXT ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................
STAKEHOLDERS' ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................... 12
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................................... 14
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ……………………………………………………………………………………….…………...15
NEED ANALYSIS
PROBLEM ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................................... 17
PRIORITIZED NEEDS ........................................................................................................................................... 19
PROBLEM WEB-GENDER .................................................................................................................................... 21
GENDER ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................................. 23
PROBLEM WEB-SOCIAL COHESION .................................................................................................................. 31
SOCIAL COHESION ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 33
PROBLEM WEB-LIVELIHOOD .............................................................................................................................. 34
PROBLEM WEB-INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................. 35
COMMUNITY PLANNING .........................................................................................................................................
GENDER................................................................................................................................................................ 36
SOCIAL COHESION.............................................................................................................................................. 37
COMMUNITY ACTION PLANNING ....................................................................................................................... 39
LESSONS LEARNT ............................................................................................................................................... 43
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION........................................................................................................... 44
ANNEX.................................................................................................................................................................45

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1 Abbreviation

CBOs-community Based Organizations
DSD- Divisional Secretariat Division
GN –Grama Niladari
IDPs-Internally Displaced Persons
LNGOs-Local Non Governmental Organizations
PLA- participatory learning and action
PRA-participatory rural appraisal
SDO-Social Development Organization
UNDP-United Nations Development Programme

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4. Abstract/Executive Summary

The humanitarian and development agencies willing to address the development needs of the people in Central
Camp, must take the „connecting‟ and „dividing‟ factors of the context, in which they are going to work. NGOs
and CBOs should develop a greater sensitivity to the dynamics of peace and conflict in the design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of their activities. This means being more mindful of both the
potential for programmes to exacerbate situation and the opportunities to support peace-building processes. The
PCNA exercise under taken by UNDP is the result of realization of this reality and ground requirement.

In this exercise, UNDP tried its best to listening to clients, social analysis and understanding the context that
would create as results of the intended intervention. It devotes more resources to analysis, examine context
through participatory process in order to strategize the intervention. The key actors, in the village are
intermediary organizations in the field of humanitarian and development. They, with the good intention, made
context more complex, without making context conflict analysis, before foraying into intervention. The
methodology employed was participatory, using the tools and techniques of PRA. The people are the centre in
the process.

Good governance aspect of conflict transformation is much needed and to be focused. People feel there is no
transparency in designing, implementing and monitoring the project related activities, in their words, „they just
come; select the person whom they are interested in‟ or „the computer will select the beneficiary, the
CBOs/NGOs say‟. This is long term practice on non following principle of good governance in the operation of
intermediary organizations. Another factor is effective coordination among them, which make the context not
favorable for development by leaving the grievance without transformed.

This is the core issue centered and surfaced during the PCNA in the village of Central Camp in term of social
cohesion. There are needs for livelihood, housing, drinking water, drainage/irrigation in terms of physical needs.
It is recommended of making physical needs as entry point to transform the context into a positive development
scenario where all actors live peacefully. The unilateral nature of the intermediaries‟ organizations‟ initiatives in
the village is not contributing to the enabling situation for social cohesion.

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To build confidence among the wider community in the village, the NGOs and CBOs must analysis the
context before the context. There are very few CBOs understand this approach and try to apply in their
operation. This should take place in the whole district rather in particular villages. The exercise arrived
at addressing the needs of the community. They are of Livelihood, SME , Micro Finance and
Environment: providing start up capital to generate livelihood activities, providing quality paddy seeds for
cultivation, creating seasonal job opportunities through SME initiatives, strengthening marketing facilities
and facilitating to provide technical knowledge.

Infrastructure and Housing: upgrading internal roads facilitating economic and social functioning, Gender
and Social Cohesion: engaging youth, boys and girls, in providing life skill development / enterprenious,
building capacity of service providers to deliver better services and solidify relationship between service
provider and receiver, addressing social issues affecting women., like alcoholism.

5. Background of the PCNA

Participatory Capacity and Needs Analysis, known as PCNA, is a consultative process in identifying the development
needs and the capacity of a village with the active participation of constituent members and stake holders of the
same. This has been (adopted) by UNDP, Sri Lanka to inquiry into the needs and to explore possible solution for
the problems identified. In practice of UNDP work, this was earlier known as participatory need analysis (PNA). This
has been reviewed, based on the field experience gained, and becomes as PCNA.

The objective of the exercise is to identify the capacity and need of the village and explore possible solutions for
development intervention, through a participatory process. This would lay the foundation for sustainable development
by undertaking conflict sensitivity analysis into serious consideration. In other word, this focuses three areas; namely,
sustainable development, durable peace and transforming the conflict. Furthermore, this process it self, helps to build
the capacity of the community and also creates a foundation to build cohesion among the stakeholders of the
particular village. This is building community capacity for development.

The specific objectives of the PCNA were to:

The primary objective of this assessment is to understand better the community-level dynamics that
strengthen or undermine social cohesion and the prospects for peace and reconciliation in Central Camp -01 and 02.
This inquiry was also intended to identify concrete opportunities for supporting “pro-peace” dynamics, in particular
those that have previously escaped the attention of external agencies.

Specifically, this assessment aimed to:
 Identify the current patterns and nature of social segregation and cohesion and to analyze the linkages
between these and conflict/peace dynamics in each village.
 Map key institutions, issues, networks and individuals who contribute to social cohesion and reconciliation
with specific attention being given to women, young people and community leaders.
 Identify potential approaches and partners for strengthening social cohesion including capacity building
through livelihood and infrastructure means.

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 Provide recommendations and options (focus, priorities, entry points, strategies, activities and potential
partners) for programming to strengthen intra and intercommunity/group bonds and informal mechanisms to
resolve disputes, build trust and thereby increase community resilience to conflict in these villages.
 identify problems, needs and solutions/strategy recommended by the community for
 livelihood , SME, Micro Finance and environment
 social cohesion and gender equality
 infrastructure and housing
 Provide the basis for participatory planning for community development(village planning)
 Record and document information as a base-line against which to measure project intervention and change.

At the outset, social cohesion was understood by the assessment team as being seen in terms of trust and
association between and among disparate groups. Honesty and fairness were seen as the key aspects of trust.
Villagers, village and community leaders, and CBOs/NGO staff were interacted about their perceptions of a range of
different players with influence on social cohesion. Associations among and between villages were observed during
the transect walk.

The process employed was of community consultation and active participation. For this purpose, participatory rural
appraisal (PRA) tools were utilized. Now, this has been known as participatory learning and action (PLA). In all steps
of the exercise, the community‟s voice has been reflected and captured. The involvement of the UNDP was limited to
facilitation.

6. Introduction:

6.1. Village Introduction

The village selected for this exercise is Central
Camp-01 and02 which falls under Navithanveli
DS division of Ampara district. It is a hamlet
within the DS division. The village has been
occupied by the constituencies during the Galoya
Scheme. At the beginning, there were 6,000
people resettle from other parts of the district.

It features a Tamil-speaking majority split equally
between ethnic Tamils and Muslims, as well as a
smaller number of Sinhala families, who mostly
moved there from the south under state irrigation
and resettlement schemes. Lying at the
intersection of competing Tamil and Muslim
nationalisms, the village had seen some of the
worst of Sri Lanka‟s inter-ethnic violence and
remained at risk for longer.

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The means of livelihood are agriculture, inland fishing, animal husbandry, handloom and poultry making
among other available in the village.

6.2. Village selection and
process

The village has been selected based on
the criteria set by the UNDPi for
development intervention. Of those, the
following are applied.

Table 1: Male and Female in Central Camp-01 &
02

1. Social criteria
 Multi-ethnic/religious composition in a location or multi-ethnic/religious community living closely to the
location
 Social dimensions (weak community interaction, mistrust, high community tension, existence of
excluded or less integrated social groups, ex-combatant etc…),
 Health (poor nutritional level, low health services, accesses to facilities etc…),
 High percentage of recently resettled community ( 2007 – 2009)
 Percentage of families living in temporary shelter facility, and percentage of houses destroyed during
displacement
 Lack of adequate social service providers / social institutions
 Literacy (school drop outs, less school facility, poor access to basic services etc…),
 Lack of basic community infrastructure intervention (common wells, internal access roads, sanitations
etc…)

2. Economic criteria
 Poor economic conditions (Gender differentiated income, lack of access to and control over resources,
high unemployment rate, and poor support services, etc…)
 Resettled communities, who have received no/less assistance from other external sources
 Lack of basic livelihood infrastructure facilities (Small irrigation channels, agro-wells, storage facilities
etc.)
 Poor natural resource management and conflict over resource sharing

3. Conflict-related criteria (To be ascertained through community consultations)
 Weak social communication mechanisms
 Lack of mechanisms to express/ share ideas
 Lack of community decision making mechanisms or set up
 Interference of power/ politics / influence in common activities or in sharing resources
 Community stress derived from past conflict experience
 Different cultural practices and beliefs

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 Composition of IDP and host families or resettlers (%), and more families with women headed
households (%)

4. Other requirements
 Statistical information, documents and analysis to support the vulnerability and the status of the
community.

6.3. Justification for Selecting the village

The village has been selected in keeping the criteria set by UNDP. Social cohesion in the villages of Central Camp
01 and 02, within a specific social context that is distinguished by each village history, its social diversity and the
experience of violence and social conflict. The nature of the conflict, the intensity and extent of the violence and
associated events strongly influenced the relationship between social cohesion, conflict and peace.

The vulnerability is visible. The infrastructure needs reconstructed. Livelihood ought to be revitalized. The social
fabric is needs to be strengthened. All f those sections in the presents socio-economic setting could be strategized
through addressing their needs.

This section of the intervention will address the issues through identified needs within the social and demographic
setting the two villages and relates this to the experience of conflict and efforts to facilitate reconciliation, through
community identifies needs and intervention strategy.

7. Community Profiling
Tools Utilized for data collection:
I. Transect Walk Diagram of Central Camp 1 and 2 Villages of Navithanveli DSD
II. Social Mapping

Land use Road Home garden Highland Lowland
Soil type Tar and gravel Sandy - Sandy Clay –sandy
Crops Chilli, brinjol Green gram, Paddy - Paddy
cowpea, gourd, land around 250
groundnut, cassava acres in Central
Camp 1 and 600

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acres in central
camp 2
Fruit trees Banana, papaya, Banana, papaya,
mango, pineapple, mango, pineapple,
cashew,
Other trees Neem –Kohomba, Kohomba, jack, Kohomba, jack,
Palmyra, and other coconut, arecanut, arecanut, gilicidia
bushes gilicidia Coconut tree,
Mango, Palmyra,
Livestock Poultry (local birds), Cattle and goat in
goats and cattle off seasons
Problems observed No proper road, not It is difficult to find Land available for Irrigation channels
maintained well. water in the drought housing and other need to be
Transport problem season infra structure in renovated
makes the people Division-02 but no
more vulnerable Due to several government lands
Displacement available in div-01
instability of
livelihood is much
obvious specially in
Tamil community

Participants : Munas Kalden, Dimuthu Bogahawaththa, Mohamed Shakeen, Abdul Jaleel, Subanjini Rajendram, GNs
of both villages and community people who were in near to transect walk route ( 24th October 2009)

Ecosystem:

The whole land area is almost a flat surface. No big
forest in the village but it is obvious that there are
plenty of Neem/Vembu –Kohomba trees and some
bushes. The soil type is almost sandy in home gardens
and lowland and it becomes clay texture in paddy
lands, underlying soil is mostly hard. Some common
buildings are available in villages like community
centers; government services delivery offices (GN and
SDO), school building and cooperative society etc.
Social Mapping
The main road system made up with tar road and
interior roads are of graveled. The average land area
owned by each family varies from 1 to 6 acres and resettled families usually own 1 acre of highland and 4 acres of
lowland, on an average. A considerable part of paddy lands are owned by the outside business community. The main
livelihood of the both villages, Central Camp -01 and 02, is paddy cultivation. Seasonal labor, livestock farming
(cattle, goat, and country poultry etc), home gardening, upland cultivation and a few SMEs (retail shops, sewing and
short-eats making etc) are also practiced by both community.

Environment:

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The environmental landscape of the village looks good, though there is no much forestation. It was observed that
some farmers used to add paddy straw as an organic matter for making the soil fertile. Human –elephant conflicts
rarely happen especially in between cultivation seasons.

Climate:

A common drought period is experienced in between July to mid September in every year. However, in this year it
has extended up to late October. During this period, all common, individual and tube wells get dried off and people
have to walk 4-5 km to find the water for drinking and other purposes. In both Maha and Yala seasons the community
cultivates paddy in lowland and other field crops in home gardens and uplands. Live fencing (Gliricidia) can be
observed in most of home gardens and no any cultivation practiced in draught season due to scarcity of water. The
Gliricidia is not been utilized properly.

Social Cohesion:

With respect to social cohesion, both Tamil and Muslim community live together with a few Sinhala families. The
demography of the community is pocket by pocket; mostly Muslims are in a pocket and Tamils in another pocket.
Some serous ethnic conflicts have been experienced in 1990 decode especially in between Tamil and Muslim
communities, due to the outside village influence.

The Muslims in the village perceive that the
humanitarian and development assistance are being focused on delivering to the Tamils community. They, Muslims,
perceive themselves as marginalized from those assistance benefited. This depicts of space to be addressed on
reconciliation perspective through equally distributing the humanitarian and development assistance. This leaves the
message for the development actors and agencies of making conflict analysis prior to the intervention.

Family disputes and domestic violence have increased and the liquor consumption of men has been identified as
one of the main reasons for this issue... Women and children are the most vulnerable group under this circumstance.
There were incidences of Sexual harassment reported in the Central Camp 02; therefore mobility of women is
restricted with existing insecurity situation. A few religious institutions Churches, Kovils and mosques) are available
in addition to the village level CBOs and LNGOs that serve for establishing and stabilizing social cohesion.

Some land owners, in the both villages, have blocked the road and made fence claiming their land ownership. This
has blocked the path. According to the villagers, it was open for public some time age. There are four instances
where the road has been blocked. The people, to get the services, are compelled to walk long distance.

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Table 2: Labour Force in Central Camp-01 & 02

8. Conflict Sensitivity Context Analysis
8.1. Stake holders’ Analysis

In the village called the Central camp 01, there are considerable actors involved in contributing to the
development process of the village. The following are of influential, according to the people participated in
the PCNA exercise.
o Rural Development Society(RDS)
o Kovil Administration
o Grama Nildhari
o Samurdhi Officer
o Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta Vithanai)
o Women Society
o Sports Club
Actors outside the Village
o Divisional secretariat
o Sri Lanka Transport Board
o Irrigation Department
o World vision
It is worthy to mention here that the personnel, working for a Minister who turned to politics from fighting
force and opened a political office in the village. There is no evident, from the villagers, for making presence
of “Pillayan”, the Chief Minister of Eastern Province who was in the same camp of fighting and joined the
government. Now he is the. These two factions always go for registering their presence by opening political
officers with the intention of serving their constituencies. The later has no office opened so far. If it comes to
surface, this may create tension among the intra community as well as inter communities.
In addition, in the post conflict of changing context, the intermediary community/civil organizations, that are
distributing humanitarian and development assistant, working in Central Camp-01 and -02 are the key

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actors. There many such organizations. Some are within the village. They have to improve their
understanding on peacebuilding and conflict transformation with conflict analysis concern.
Analysis:
In the said village, there many actors involved. Of them, the politicians who turn as so after being in the
camp of fighting are main forces. They have political voices. But, different ways. Both elements are part of
ruling governing. Both are trying to register their political presence in the community.
The community is divided on this line though this is not much visible. This has been filtered into the
community. Some of them are not ready to say anything fearing for anything may happen to them.
The rest of them, actors, are from the community. They are traditional, as one could see same anature of
the actors in the east part of the country. They are development oriented, for instance: Rural Development
Society(RDS), Kovil Administration , Grama Nildhari,Samurdhi Officer, Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta
Vithanai),Women Society, Sports Club.
With the good intension of going good for the community development, make the situation unhealthy. There
is no coordination among their activities, and priorities.

Actors Services to the community

o Rural Development Society(RDS)  Administrating the village development by utilizing the
resources available in the village.

 Coordinating with the DS and GS

o Kovil Administration o Maintaining the religious activities in the village.

o Promoting spiritual well being of the community
members.

o Resolving the community disputes

o Promoting cultural values

o Promoting inter faith dialogues

o Providing moral education for children

o Grama Nildhari o The focal for all government and non governmental
activities in the village.

o Government authorized representative in the village
linking the DS of the area.

o All development, humanitarian and emergency activities
are coordinated through him/her

o Samurdhi Officer o Promoting village livelihood and economic well being

o Taking initiatives on poverty eradication activities.

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o

o Farmer‟s Representative(Vatta Vithanai) o Voicing farming related issues.

o Mobilizing the farmers to get the services of authority for
village relating to farming.

o Looking after watering and irrigation needs of farming
and farmers.

o Representing forum at village and DS level related to
farming

o Women Society o Working for women welfare in the society.

o Sports Club o Youth physical well being

o Societal activities, like sramadana

o Promoting cultural activities in the village.

8.2. Structural Analysis

The structural analysis makes the present situation and pattern of the village that move beyond direct
relationship, to relational pattern that involve and affect whole groups, a scope of inquiry that includes
structural pattern- the way things happen over and over again- and existing structures. In other words,
the time horizon includes both present and historical dynamics, between or among groups, particularly
where one group has been privileged and others marginalized. This part of the report, analyzes
structural patterns under Social Condition, Procedural Pattern, and Institutional Pattern.

Social condition of Central Camp-01 and 02 is of case with disparity in accessing services and
resources. Due to the protected war and its negative impact, the people of both villages experienced in
early 90, disparity in accessing to the power and resources. This was mainly when one of the main
actors, of conflicting party, in de-facto sate of governance and influence in the villages.

During the same period, the Muslims felt of marginalization in equally distributing humanitarian and
development assistance. In the prevailed setting, the Tamils perceived of victimized by the actors of
conflict and rehabilitation process, so far they did not rehabilitated or reconciled. This situation made
both communities mutually perceive of disadvantaging and ethnically marginalizing. The impact of the
prolong conflict in the east and main actors influence, in the village administration ethnically
marginalized; one over the other is palpable. The room for reconciliation is vital.
Having analyzed the social condition, procedural pattern also could be observed in the both villages
particularly lack of transparency, inequality access, non participation and fairness. The people from
both communities had no equal access to information and understanding of decision making. Both
communities perceive they are consistently left out of political and economic decisions and process that

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affect them. Mostly cited instance, government facilitated housing project, during the post tsunami
setting, could be recalled here. The people perceive that they were not aware of the decision process
how was the beneficiaries selected. Participation and fairness element of procedural pattern is
observable.
Another analytical aspect of structural focus is Institutional Pattern. The function and maintenance of
key social, political and economic organization, particularly established to serve the wider public did not,
according to the participants, serve in a neutral manner. The people have no trust in those institutions.

A. Related information:
 Two different communities separated from norms and culture
 having lot of grievances between two communities
 government support not equally distributed
 war victims still suffering
 enough rooms for livelihood activities

B. Analysis in Points:
 Having own priorities of needs
 Communication gap between two community exist
 Better income generation among the villagers will
restore the harmony if equally distributed
 War victims and family need more support from
villagers
 Sharing source and power according to the needs
will minimize the conflict between the communities.
 Need more support from government ,in policy
level.
8.3. Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic analysis tries to gain a better
understanding of the dynamics, relationship
and issues of the situation at different stages of
conflicts prevailed in the East where Ampara Time Line Exercise facilitated by the UNDP staff, Mohamed Jaleel and Sunera Edrisuriya
district constituted part of it. This helps the
practitioners in the field of development to plan and carry out better actions and strategies.
Understanding the dynamics will help supporting or undermining peace efforts in a transition situation.

The relationship and dynamic communication among Tamils and Muslims in Central Camp-01 and 02
depicted in the below given chart analyzed based on the stages of conflict. The information gathered
through the Time Line and Focus Group Discussion during the PCNA exercise

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No Period Stage of conflict Nature of the relationship between Muslim and Main Actors in the conflict
Tamil
01. 1980s Pre-conflict Incompatibility of goal among the Tamil speaking  Tamil armed groups
youths. Tamil armed group influenced positively on  Tamil speaking youths
Tamil Speaking Communities including Muslim. The  Government Forces
youth attracted by these groups and developed into
incompatibility in their goals.
02. 1980-90 Confrontation Conflict is more open; Tamil armed groups supporters  Tamil armed groups
began to engage in confrontational behavior on  Government forces
Muslims. In turn, Muslims engaged in the same  and Indian Peace Keeping
behavior. Tit for tat. Occasional fighting among Tamil Forces
Armed Groups and Government Forces which formed
alliance among the communities-Muslims and Tamils.
Low level violence among Muslims and Tamils. Both
Muslims and Tamils mobilized their resources and
strengthen their allies. The relationship between
Muslims and Tamils was very strained, lead to
polarization.
There were cases of mutual killings.
03. 1990-2000 Crisis Tension and violence is most intense between the  LTTE
Tamils and Muslims. People from all sides were killed.  GoSL
Normal communication between Tamils and Muslims
ceased.
04. 2000-2002 Out Come Ceasefire agreement. Relationship between Muslims  LTTE
and Tamils started restoring. Less tension. The  GoSL/Forces
agricultural activities restarted. Tamils and Muslims
communication improved. Relationship rebuilt.
05. 2005-08 Again Crisis Tensions among Tamils youths. Relationship between  Karuna Faction
Tamils and Muslim remained same.  Pillayan Faction
 LTTE
 Government Forces
06. 2009 Post Conflict LTTE defeated. Tension among Tamils youth remains  Development agents
to limited degree.  Aid Distributing Intermediary
The relationship between Tamils and Muslims is CBOs
improving. Communal approach is reducing.  Karuna Faction (less influence at
this stage)

The following analytical remarks are worthy to be noted.
 During different stages of conflict, the relationship among and between the communities
(Tamils and Muslim) changed.
 During the pre-conflict stage, the youths were on the same camp.
 During 2005-08, Again Crisis Period (ACP), tension increased among and between Tamils
youths who were in the same camp of thought.
 There was a clear ethnic demarcation during the crisis stage of conflict.
 During the post conflict stage, the actors have been changed. The key actors are development
agents out side the villages and Aid distributing intermediary CBOs inside the villages.

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9. Need Analysis
9.1. Problem Analysis
Tool – Force field analysis

No Sector Problem-Supporting Factors Problems-Hindering Elements

01.  Organized group of people to engage in livelihood activities 1. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity
Livelihood, SME , Micro

 Availability of land for livelihood activities 1. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation
 Willingness of motivated young in working for livelihood activities 2. Lack of land for agricultural cultivation
Finance and
Environment

2. Inadequate seasonal job opportunities
3. Inadequate external services (extension services)
4. Lack of marketing facilities
5. Inadequate technical knowledge
6. Water scarcity
02. Problem-Supporting Factors Problems-Hindering Elements

o Women involvement of livelihood activities/ Small scale income  Insecurity and sexual harassment
generation activities
o Anti alcoholism activity of women societies  Absence of PHI service
o Existing police service and its usage on handling domestic violence  Dowry problem
cases
o Women ownership on properties (land and houses)  Irregular reproductive service
o Joint ownership (Husband and wife)  High degree of war affected women (women Headed
Households)
Gender Empowerment

o Women as bread winners in the Women headed House hold(WHH)  Lack of transport facilities and difficulties in access to
clinic, specially for pregnant mothers.
o Skilled/trained women on civil society management /leadership etc  Alcoholism and domestic violence.
o Existing active women‟s society(SWORD ,WRDS)  High degree of school drop outs of girls caused by
poverty

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o Meeting basic needs and getting services formally and informally  Partiality among humanitarian and development
strengthen intercommunity relationship (fetching water, and during intermediary organizations
transportation for instance).
o Religious, cultural and recreational gathering among all three religious  Non engaging of multi communities in the community
Social Cohesion

communities foster the relationship. development activities
o Education fosters relationship among students of all ethnic and  No coordination among the CBOs working in the
religious communities. villages.
o Community development activities connect among and between the  Non participatory way of selecting beneficiaries for
communities. development and humanitarian activities by the
authorities.
o Very good rapport among religious leaders in the villages.  Insecurity for girls students on the way to schools

Infrastructure and environment 1. Land availability for housing & roads  No fund for make lift irrigation

2. Availability of main electricity distribution lines along the main roads  Lack of drinking water
3. Availability of irrigation distribution channels  Lack of sufficient income for housing construction
4. Availability of reasonable amount of water in Kittanki  Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels
Kulam (for any purpose)

5. Availability of bus stand facilities
6. Land availability for school construction.

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9.2. Prioritized Needs
No Sector Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set
05.  Lack of capital generate livelihood activity 1. Lack of capital to generate livelihood activity 1. Benefiting as much as many
Livelihood, SME , Micro Finance people
 Non availability of quality paddy seeds for cultivation 2. Non availability of quality paddy seeds for 2. important and urgency
cultivation
 Lack of land for agricultural cultivation 3. Lack of land for agricultural cultivation 3. Cost effectiveness
 Inadequate seasonal job opportunities 4. Inadequate seasonal job opportunities
and Environment

 Inadequate external services (extension services) 5. Inadequate external services (extension
services)
 Lack of marketing facilities 6. Lack of marketing facilities
 Inadequate technical knowledge 7. Inadequate technical knowledge
 Water scarcity 8. Water scarcity
06. Problems Identified Problems Prioritized Criteria Set
 Insecurity and sexual harassment 1. Tension due to sexual harassment /murders 1. Most families benefited

 Absence of PHI service 2. Early marriages and poverty 2. Urgency
 Dowry problem 3. Sexual harassment and lack of security 3. Cost effectiveness I
measures to prevent the situation
Gender Empowerment

 Irregular reproductive service 4. Lack of awareness on health related issues 4. Positive social impact
 High degree of war affected women (women Headed 5. School dropouts among girl students
Households)
 Lack of transport facilities and difficulties in access to clinic,
especially for pregnant mothers.
 Alcoholism and domestic violence.
 High degree of school drop outs of girls caused by poverty

 Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary 1. Partiality among humanitarian and 1. Benefiting as much as many
oh
oc

es
ial

io
C
S

n

people

19

organizations development intermediary organizations
 Non engaging of multi communities in the community 2. Non engaging of multi communities in the 2. important and urgency
development activities community development activities
 No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages. 3. Insecurity for girls students on the way to 3. Doing no harm
schools
 Non participatory way of selecting beneficiaries for 4. No coordination among the CBOs working in 4. Rebuilding Cohesion
development and humanitarian activities by the authorities. the villages.
 Insecurity for girls students on the way to schools 5. Non participatory way of selecting
beneficiaries for development and
humanitarian activities by the authorities

 No fund for lift irrigation 1. No fund for lift irrigation 2. Benefiting as much as many
people
Infrastructure and

 Lack of drinking water 2. Lack of sufficient income for housing 2. important and urgency
Housing

construction
 Lack of sufficient income for housing construction 3. Lack of drinking water 4. Cost effectiveness
 Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels 5. Problems in rehabilitating irrigation channels
 Issues associated in rehabilitation or upgrading internal roads 6. Issues associated in rehabilitation or
upgrading internal roads
 State servicers are not properly reached the constituents 7. Non availability state land for preschool and
recreation
 Insufficient fund to construct or build toilets 8. State servicers are not properly reached the
constituents
 Non availability state land for preschool and recreation 9. Non availability of emergency treatment unit
at the hospital
 Non availability of emergency treatment unit at the hospital 10. Insufficient fund to construct or build toilets

20

9.3. Problem Web

9.3.1. Gender:
Tool used: Focus Group Discussion

Facilitator: Ms.Subajini Rajendram

Objective: To identify the women and gender related issues in the specific villages among Tamil and Muslim communities.

Focus Group: Women from both Tamil and Muslim communities with the different age groups.

Key focusing area: The tool was used to draw a real
picture of the existing status of women in the both GN
divisions and among the two vulnerable communities.
The discussion was based on the followings.

 Women and Livelihood
 Women and societal engagement in relation to
Focus Group Discussion on gender empowerment by Suba Rajendram from UNDP development
 Women and social security (within and out side the
family)
 Women, how do they respond to issues faced
 Women and health
 Women and social cohesion
 Women and accessibility
 Women and housing
 Women and water and sanitation
Identified key issues by the women:

1. Women insecurity caused by the incidents such as rape and murder happened in the village (in the mid of
this year, 2009, there was the above incident.)
2. Marketing facilities and promotion of the locally made products and lack of transport facilities to the out side
markets
3. Lack of awareness on Reproductive health and service availability in the division
4. Instable capital for Livelihood generation specially for women
5. Liquor consumption and increased of domestic violence
6. Early marriage system caused by poverty
7. School drop out of girl children due to poverty

21

Expected outcome: Identified many women related issues that reverse the women development and stable the
women vulnerability high

 Many women came out with their own and community experience to address the problem without any
hesitation
 Throughout the discussion with the existing poverty situation, limited access to resource and considerable,
repeated displacement due to the civil war make the rural women further vulnerable.

Daily Routing:

Tool used: Daily Routine

Facilitator: Ms.Subajini Rajendram and Mr.Mahendran

Objective:

To identify and differentiate the gender based division
of labor and daily routine chart of children in the
division in a daily routine basis

Focus Group: Men , women and children (from both Tamil and Muslim community with the different age group)

Key focusing area: Identified key issues by the women:

Expected outcome:

To be identified the gender based division of labor in a daily routine
basis and to be revealed that how are women and men engaged in
the productive activities/ reproductive activities and to know the daily
routine activities of children

22

Analysis: Introduction

FOCUS MEN WOMEN CHILDREN
GROUP

MORIN Time 4 to 9 AM Time 3 to 9 AM 4 to 7.30 AM
G

/

AFTERN Time 12 to 02 Time 12 to 02 PM Time 12 to 02 PM
OON

EVENIN Time 3 to 6 PM Time 3 to 6 PM Time 3 to 6 PM
G

NIGHT Time 6 to 10 Time 6 to 11PM 6 to 10 PM
PM

23

Data Analysis Women

 Women are involving in small scale income generation activities which is mostly attached
to the house hold premise. They are mostly engaged in the house hold related / reproductive activities
 Women invest more time in the household related task
 In the village women twice in a month meeting the women society to develop/share their
common interest with the women group
 In the draught season women get up early to carry the water far away fro their house (Early
morning 3 go for collect water for all household usages)
 It shows the double burden based task
Men …………………………………………………………………………………………..

 Men are the bread winners of the family
 Most of the time engage in the earning
 Most of the time spend in the out side
Children…………………………………………………………………………………
Daily routine Analysis of PCNA Navidanveli DS division

Daily routine was selected to highlight the gender division of labor of the men and women in the society. It was a
shared activity with men and women through participatory way. Find the analysis of the same.

According to the mapping men and women are spending their time from early morning 5.00 to night 11.00 PM.

The working understanding is women as an unpaid worker in the house spend their whole time with the reproductive
activity and small scale livelihood engagement. . Compared to women, men spend more time on productive works
which is out side the house and in wider context of community development.

24

Daily Routine of Women & Men
7
6
5
No of hours

4
3
2
1
0
Suppo
Leisur LH
rting Integr
e time Public works
Produ Carryi to ation
& Cookin Sleepi Washi Cleani shere to
ctive ng study Rest of
entata g ng hrs ng ng involv fullfill
work water of relativ
inmen ement HH
childre es
t needs
n
Women 1 6 4 1 6 2 2 1 1.5 0 4 1
Men 5 1 0 0 6 0 0 1 0 3 0 0

Key realization and recommendations:

 It clearly pointed out the gender inequality within house hold. There are specific gender role.

 Over burden of women. Taking the role of reproductive and productive as well, due the changing context in
the post conflict.

 Women as working unpaid for long hours. Their contribution has not been quantified.

 Make realization for gender sensitization program to be balanced the task within family. Ex: Share the house
hold responsibilities with the other member, and contribute for the family harmony and cultivate shared
responsibility.

 Compare to men, the gender lacuna is self care of women. Ex: continues work of women for 18hrs without
rest.

 Having livelihood activity initiatives by women for their family support. This will, in future, could lead to
possible multi layered empowerment of women. . Utilizing livelihood as a tool to empower women. . It
creates space for women to gradually move to economic empowerment. Then she can have control over
their earnings. So it reduces the economic dependency on men/husband/father.

25

9.3.2. Gender: Liquor Consumption & Domestic Violence –Causes and
Effects

Women migration as housemaids Child Age
marriage

Severe effect in Family
Split of Family structure
Economy Children sexually made harassment & addicted
/Divorce
to the habit

Increase no. of school
Committed / attempted to
Drop out of children
suicide

Wife Physically assaulted + Children psychologically affected
Psychologically affected

Liquor Consumption &
Domestic Violence

The believe of having liquor for muscle No stable income
Family dispute/ problem due to
10. Community Planning
poverty pain of wage labors Waglabors generation
10.1. Objective Tree
Men are the bread winners and taking the authority in their
hand

Patriarchic ideological influence of Women
is the property of men

26

Gender: Poor Transportation-Causes and Effects Analysis

Malnutrition of mother Poor mothers'
& child health condition

No proper care of mother and child
–Health related issues: nutritional No proper care of mother and child –
issues /vaccination/family planning Health related issues:
system nutrition/vaccination/family planning

Irregularly attend of
Pregnant mothers
clinic and mothers
/women face difficulties
dropout from clinic
in access to clinic Selling the product locally for
low prices

Pregnant mothers /women
face difficulties in access to
Restricted access to market specially affect
clinic
women mobility to market their product

Poor Transportation

No proper awareness
on the issues by the Lack of Resource
managers of
transportation services

27

10.1. Gender : Poor Health Services –Causes and Effects Analysis

Analysis: Introduction

Women easily become vulnerable in a society where gender quality not maintained. Navidanveli DS division in
Ampara district is of testimonial. The high level of vulnerability affects the women further specifically in the division
on the ground of prolonged displacement, poverty, limited access to resources, cultural limitation, prevailing sexual
harassment and cultural acceptance of women as subordinate.

Culturally accepted domestic violence and women vulnerability

Daily waged laboring and liquor consumptions are interred linked. In the selected division, highest numbers of men
are engaged in daily labour waging. Those who go for daily wage, simply addicts to locally available liqueur
conception. The wide spread belief of such consumption smooth the pain resulted by the physical involvement,
induces this practice. The consumers of liquor, most of them, lost their control and simply involve in the violence
behavior. By the time when the time passes, this becomes an accepted norm in the relationship between the bread
winner and the other members of the family. The unexpected end bad result of this practice is becoming women
victim of that. In the most of the cases, surfaced during the discussion, this leads to domestic violence and family
dispute.

Women and livelihood engagement

Most of the Tamil and Muslim women do their „house premise- based sub livelihood activities‟ to boost or to get
sufficient income for their survival. Most of the women engage in domestic poultry farming and home gardening.
Some are engaged in cattle farming and goad rearing. Further some have skills in sawing and weaving. Specially,
during the draught season women are the bread winners in most of the families. Even though, they do not raise their

28

voices against their husband. The bread winner takes the domestic authority has not been practiced by the women.
In some house, there are cases; both husband and wife do share the means of survival. In many, the bread winner
uses the domestic authority in his hand and shoots it for his own direction. But, the women are no, if they are the
bread winner of the family.

Women willingness and engagement in a proper income generation activity is on the high but lack of capital and no
proper small scale marketing facilities is their main problem. This is due to restricted access to other
(Sinhalese/Muslim) community which is caused by prolonged civil war, according to the Tamil Women participated in
the exercise and another course is, no proper transport facility. Selling the products of home garden, for instance,
and non availability of proper milk collecting center. This situation compelled them to utilizing the products for their
own consumptions and for family usages. Some time, this condition reduced their bargaining power in pricing the
products, which results in a very low price. Most of the women, in the said division, do similar kind of products. They
find difficulties in marketing their product within the village.

The gap between producing local products and finding local market is widening. This is palpable. Reducing this gab
leads to promoting healthy family condition and shared domestic responsibilities. This will, ultimately, reduce the level
of domestic violence.

In relation to lack of capital, women are not in a position to generate with any income generation activity. The main
cause is prevailing rural poverty, which is associated with and resulted from protected war. The war always induces
displacement. Displacement makes adverse the poverty. It becomes true in the villages of Central Camp -01 and
02..For example, Tamils from 1983 and until the post-war stage, which start from the May of 2009, on the ground of
ethnic tension and displacement made their live and livelihood instable and made extreme vulnerable. This is
common for both men and women. On women perspective, this should be addressed separately.

Women association and works for development

Certain women as members in the society like, WRDS, SWORD & Samurdhi society are engaged in the community
development. A very limited circle of individuals are engaged in the field to develop their community and of own
mobility. According to some experience gained, in terms of conducting series of workshop to transform liquor
consumption to a meaningful activity, with the support of women members. In this connection, women work to
mitigate the negative impact in the village. This needs well planned strategy with peer group change management
approach, while introducing alternative to the well routed practice. This is socially challenging task. The door is open
for intervention.

Impact of poverty

29

Rural poverty is the main cause for the economic and social vulnerability of women in the society. This contributes to
child poverty. Schooling girls and boys become the victim. They are being compelled to stop schooling and suspend
learning. This contrarily, contributes again to the cycle of unhealthy domestic condition and very week family ties. The
poverty level among Tamil community is high compare to Muslim community which is the caused of war.

Domestic violence

Domestic violence cases are, in many instances, tolerated by victim women. In the case of extremity, they attempt to
suicide. This leads their dependants without parental care. They become the victim for ever.

Some recommendation from women side

While it was discussed with the team of participants, they do option of having strong women advocacy team/forum
should be formed and net worked to address these issues to avoid severity of continuation.

Draught and women

During the draught season women does shouldering the totality of family burden such fetching water for all
household needs which is a foremost problem, especially women used to carry the water far away from the home.
They are compelled, in some instances, to find the water for their livelihood means a like.

30

11. Social Cohesion: Partiality among humanitarian and development intermediary
organizations

The communities in the villages of Central Camp-01 and 02 consist of all three communities, with large
constituencies are of Tamils and Muslims and Sinhalese with very few. They are living together, after facing the bitter
experience of protected war divested their soils and hearts. The problem, in the changed context of post conflict is
analyzed and visualized here.

Reducing trust in the official of Increase in disease caused by Increase in the social evil
authority that leads to mistrust improper environmental and immoral acts
&conflict management

Land not utilized for cultivation
grievances
Increasing Grievances and
and becoming jungle
relative deprivation Non participation and
corporation in the
community development

The suitable and needy does Less willingness to return to the
not receive development village who displaced during the
assistance crisis

Partiality among humanitarian and
development intermediary
organizations

Non corporative village
organizations in community
development Improper monitoring by the Less seriousness in selecting
government top officials proper and relevant
beneficiaries

Personal priority CBOs were not
rather properly guided Partiality Selecting the beneficiaries
programmatic through non transparency
benefit 31 manner

1. 12.Social Cohesion: No coordination among the CBOs working in the villages.

Unhealthy relationship
between the people and
CBOs

Element of conflict
embedded without
Grievances among the reconciled
people

Less progress in the
community
development
Improper selection of the
location and
beneficiaries Funds and assistances
Dispute among the CBOs were not utilized
efficiently

No coordination among the CBOs
working in the villages.

Securing the fund Strengthening the position
and survival of the CBO staff
within the system

32

Analysis of Social Cohesion:

It is clear that the conflict has resulted in the loss of social cohesion among the people and communities of Central
Camp-01 and 02. Less obviously, it is apparent that the nature of the impacts on social cohesion and its resilience
varies from village to village in Navithanveli Ds division and independent on a range of factors.. It paints picture of the
diversity of experience and potential for strengthening social cohesion, recovery and reconciliation in the future.

Generally, Central Camp is marked by social segregation rather than cohesion. This has been fostering by CBOs and
NGOs working in their villages. Through the use of religious identity during the conflict, religions have been polarized
and religious identity has hardened on both sides, Tamils and Muslim. There has been reconciled through the socio-
economic interaction. There are few evident to suggest that more strategies to be employed to sustain what already
reconciled. In general, people are confident that violent communal conflict will not re-emerge again in Central Camp
in the foreseeable future. People through the PRA exercise gave the example of the latest violence of August 2009
relating to rape. There has no link with ethnicity or religion. , which did raise tension in the village. A strategy to over
come social conflict is to be employed from gender perspective.

In particular, the DS-level dialogue of Navithanveli where the village Central Camp falls, an important strategic option
that will play an important role in reducing tensions and preventing conflict as well as transforming the context
conducive for social cohesion and social co-existence. In villages in Central Camp, where both religious groups lived
together before the conflict, they are now divided. Central Camp, there was a strong distrust of the youth, a result of
previous conflict where certain youth acted as provocateurs and combatants. In the case of Central Camp, for
example, people spoke of high levels of trust, association and joint activities after the agreement in 2004 and in the
post LTTE context. but social relations and trust, among the youth of Muslims and Tamils, are no longer as before
even though many peacebuilding initiative taken place.

Sports, for example, cricket in Central Camp were popular forms of cross community association but unfortunately,
there is no common ground in Central Camp-02. Interestingly, in villages where traditional sports and customary
ritual remains strong, trust and inter-group association can still be found and social cohesion has been maintained
even after the conflict. Customary mechanisms tend, however, to have their limitations and only work for internal
community matters. Evidence from those met during the exercise in these two villages, indicates that there is a lack
of integration upon returning and that the building of social relations between groups involved in the conflict has not
received sufficient attention. As one experienced community worker put it, “things look normalized in most places, but
it is not back to normal, because of the CBOs and NGOs working in the village. ”. IDPs have, on the whole, returned
to their areas, but often they moved to city where they feel comfortable in living there in terms of job opportunity,
education and other facilities. Their land remains without occupation. In some place big trees are occupied. This
leads to social issues including rapes. In the rape case where a student raped took placed in the close proximity of
such jungle. Social problems have developed.

The following sections provide a more fine-grained view of social cohesion in each of the villages visited by the
transect walk team in order to understand better the impacts of the conflict and efforts for recovery and
reconciliation. The relationship between Muslims and Tamils is good in the post LTTE context.

33

Moreover, the CBOs and NGOs are misusing the issue of recovery and development. There is increased mistrust
between the people of Central Camp02 where Muslims come and between the people from Central Camp 01 where
the majority is Tamils. The CBOs must work as connecting factors between these ethnic communities.

The people in the village are living or tying to live together, with reconciliation of bitterness of the war repercussion on
their hearts. During post conflict period or the context in which the NGOs, CBOs and other organizations are working
for the community development are of the source of generating element in polarizing the community in terms of social
cohesion. The main reason is not making conflict sensitivity and context analysis. At the absence of such analysis,
aid distribution becomes the genesis of promoting misunderstanding among multi ethnic communities. The people by
their nature wanted to live peacefully. Those organization needs to be understood the context in which they operates.

Livelihood: Insufficient capital to generate livelihood activities: Causes and Effect of Infrastructure

34

Infrastructure

Increase in crime
Hindering to the
community
development
Dispute within the
family Increase in medical
expenses Less confidence in
future
Increasing poverty

Spread of disease
Not schooling
Reduction in income

Could not make
hygienic meals
Waste of time and
Burden in caring
not using
child
productively Scarcity of drinking
water

Dry wells No water in Increased
irrigation channel population

High lands Scarcity of water in Deforestation
catchment areas

No seasonal rain

Unexpected drought
35

Community Planning

A. Gender: Objective
Tree

36

37

1. Social Cohesion: Objective Web -Neutrality among humanitarian and
development intermediary organizations

Coexistence and peaceful at
the personal and relational
level Maintaining respect to
the gender, elderly,
Healthy life through green
Increasing trust in the youth and multi cultural
environment
official of authority coexistence

Land utilized for
Balancinggrievances
the psychological
Active participation and cultivation and economic
environment and promoting
corporation in the well being promoted
coexistence

The suitable and needy IDPs living out side returned
receives development and contributing to the
assistance community development

Neutrality among humanitarian and development intermediary
organizations

Active Corporation and participation of
Proper monitoring system Proper mechanism followed in
village organizations in community established for CBOs’ works by selecting relevant beneficiaries
development the government officials

A. SocialCBOs were properly guided Web - Proper coordination among the CBOs working through
Cohesion: Objective Impartiality
Selecting the beneficiaries
in the
Prioritization based on the transparency manner and with
villages.
community agreed criteria based on the Standard
community participation
Operational Procedures (SoP)

38

Healthy relationship between the
people and CBOs Element of peaceful relationship
promoted

Happiness and amity among the
people
Expected progress in the

proper selection of the location and
beneficiaries
Unity among the CBOs
Funds and assistances were
utilized efficiently

Proper coordination among the CBOs working in the
villages.

Working for the community Consolidating by committing for the
community development and
promoting healthy relationship

39

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