1. ENERGYENERGY
Lead-Acid BatteriesLead-Acid Batteries
Lithium-ion BatteriesLithium-ion Batteries
SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors
N. KALAISELVIN. KALAISELVI
kalaiselvin@cecri.res.inkalaiselvin@cecri.res.in
ELECTROCHEMICALPOWERSYSTEMSELECTROCHEMICALPOWERSYSTEMS
Fuel CellsFuel Cells
Redox Flow BatteriesRedox Flow Batteries

2. ENERGY: WHY INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGIES?
Independent Indians possess Unassuming DEPENDENCE on e-gadgets : ADDICTION
(Modern youngsters – typical example)(Modern youngsters – typical example)
Nation’s self sufficiency in FOOD, WATER & ENERGY – Debatable……..
Life without FOOD - 1 week
Life without WATER - 1 day 118 Cr (91.7% of Population) – Mobile users
Life without AIR - 1 minute
LIFE without e– gadgets: IMPOSSIBLE (fraction of minute /seconds)
Today’s e-tools: Ornaments / (communication) Vehicles / Outlet / Asset
EnvironmentEnvironment : Biological & “e-enviro” ; Waste:Waste: Bio & e-waste [Bio sphere vs. e-sphere?]
ENERGY - Indigenous Energy - MANTRA of the current e-society
Industrial Conclave - Platform to showcase CSIR & CECRI’s contributions
towards CLEAN, GREEN & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

3.  Reduction in Carbon intensity (as per COP 21 & 22) – NEED OF THE HOUR
(E-mobility & Conversion of CO2 to value added products)
 300 million have no access to Electricity - Power for all in an Environment-friendly way
(Mapping/Tapping of energy & Waste-to-wealth: Electrochemistry offers Greener Strategies )
 Capability building for national self-sufficiency on Energy Generation, Conversion & Storage
(National Mission for Electric Mobility & CSIR’s ENERGY MISSION - Solution providers)
 Generation: Fuel Cells; Conversion: DSSC/ OPV; Storage: Batteries & Supercapacitors
 Fuel CellsFuel Cells: Adequate, affordable and clean energy for all
 Lithium Technology & Beyond LithiumLithium Technology & Beyond Lithium : e-gadgets & e-mobility
 Redox Flow BatteriesRedox Flow Batteries : Large scale storage and distribution applications
 SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors: Hybrid electric vehicles
 Lead acid batteriesLead acid batteries: Stationary and hybrid electric vehicle applications
ENERGY: NATIONAL PRIORITY & CSIR / CECRI’s CONTRIBUTION
CECRI’s CORE STRENGTH

4. ENERGY: AREAS OF EXPERTISE AVAILABLE @ CECRI
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS
BEYOND LITHIUM (R&D)BEYOND LITHIUM (R&D)
LITHIUM BATTERIESLITHIUM BATTERIES
ZINC-BROMINE REDOXZINC-BROMINE REDOX
FLOW BATTERIESFLOW BATTERIES
LEAD ACID BATTERIESLEAD ACID BATTERIES
SUPERCAPACITORSSUPERCAPACITORS
PEMFC, DMFC, SOFC & Microbial fuel cellsPEMFC, DMFC, SOFC & Microbial fuel cells
18650 cells, Pouch, Prismatic & Coin Cells18650 cells, Pouch, Prismatic & Coin Cells
100 W & 500 W stack level (scalable to 1 kW)100 W & 500 W stack level (scalable to 1 kW)
VRLA Batteries & NABL Testing FacilityVRLA Batteries & NABL Testing Facility
Prismatic & Cylindrical typePrismatic & Cylindrical type
Lab scale & Coin Cell levelLab scale & Coin Cell level

5. • PEMFC for low humidity and elevated temperaturePEMFC for low humidity and elevated temperature
(i) Series of Nafion- inorganic composite self-humidifying membranes(i) Series of Nafion- inorganic composite self-humidifying membranes
(ii) SPEEK-Carbon nanostructure composite for high performance PEFC(ii) SPEEK-Carbon nanostructure composite for high performance PEFC
(iii) Wick based internal humidification process(iii) Wick based internal humidification process
• Electro catalysts and supports
(i) Pt based, non-precious metal and non-metallic catalysts for ORR;(i) Pt based, non-precious metal and non-metallic catalysts for ORR;
(ii) Porous carbon, carbon from waste, graphite nanofiber, graphene based support(ii) Porous carbon, carbon from waste, graphite nanofiber, graphene based support
materials for fuel cell catalyst developmentsmaterials for fuel cell catalyst developments
(iii) TiO(iii) TiO22 based nanostructures for ORRbased nanostructures for ORR
• DMFC components and systems
(i) Membranes for low methanol crossover, methanol oxidation / tolerant catalysts(i) Membranes for low methanol crossover, methanol oxidation / tolerant catalysts
(ii) Alternative aromatic and biopolymer composite membranes(ii) Alternative aromatic and biopolymer composite membranes
(iii) Anion exchange membranes for alkaline DMFC(iii) Anion exchange membranes for alkaline DMFC
• High performance MEAs, performance evaluation, durability, testing protocols, etc.
• Fuel cell assembly, stack engineering, standard operating testing protocols , trouble
shootings etc.
Process know-how for FUEL CELL stack / components
FUEL CELLSFUEL CELLS

6. Development , Demonstration & Technology Transfer
•H2/air 3 kW water cooled PEMFC systems for stationary, automotive
and telecommunication applications (Demonstrated at Reliance
Industries Ltd., Mumbai)
•H2/air 1 kW air cooled stack - Demonstrated and delivered to
IGCAR, Kalpakkam
•4.5 kW HT-PEMFC stack – Delivered to M/s. TVS Auto, Hosur
•2 (TWO) Technologies - Transferred to M/s. Genex Pvt. Ltd.,
Mumbai, on PEMFC and DBFC.
POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLSPOLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS

7. 1 kW self-sustained PEFC
45 W self-sustained DMFC
PEMFC single cell to Stacks
MEA fabrication CCM MEA
In-house developed components & PEMFC stacks

8. 4.5 kW HT PEMFC stack to M/s. TVS Motors, Hosur
TVS Motors, Hosur

9. 1.1. Silicon padSilicon pad
2.2. Graphite plateGraphite plate
3.3. GDL (CC-35)GDL (CC-35)
4.4. Kapton gasketKapton gasket
5.5. CCMCCM
MEA Process, Testing and Validation at IndustrialMEA Process, Testing and Validation at Industrial
(Reliance) Site and Durability Data(Reliance) Site and Durability Data
3 kW PEMFC stack Validation at PATHALA GANGA site

10. No. of cells: 20; Active area: 160 cmNo. of cells: 20; Active area: 160 cm22
; T; Topop: 60: 60oo
C; HC; H22 & Air stoichiometry: 1.2:3.0& Air stoichiometry: 1.2:3.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0
200
400
600
800
1000
StackPower(W)
20 CELL STACK POLARIZATION CURVE (H2
- Air )
StackVolatage(V)
Stack Current (A)
Stoichiometric ratio 1.2 : 3
Current at 0.6V = 81A
Current Density at 0.6V = 506mA/cm
2
Power at 0.6V = 966W
Peak Power = 1018W (at 0.54V)
Cell Temperature = 55
0
C - 60
0
C
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Stack Current (A)
Stoichiometric ratio 1.2 : 1.2
Current at 0.6V = 115A
Current Density at 0.6V = 718mA/cm
2
Power at 0.6V = 1384W
Peak Power = 1404W (at 0.59V)
Cell Temperature = 55
0
C - 60
0
C
StackPower(W)
StackVoltage(V)
20 CELL STACK POLARIZATION CURVE (H2
- O2
)
1 kW H2-air PEMFC stack Demonstration

11. 1. TVS Motor Company Limited
P B No. 4, Harita, Hosur – 635 109,
Tamilnadu, India
2. Sainergy Fuel Cell India Pvt. Ltd.
Aleena Towers, No 288 Burma Colony
Perungudi, Chennai 600 096, India
3. Ingsman Energy and Fuel Cell
Research Organization Private Limited
Plot No.246, 3rd Link Street,
Nehru Nagar, Kottivakkam,
Chennai - 600 096, Tamilnadu, India
4. Reliance Corporate Park
5 TTC Industrial Area, Thane-Belapur Road,
Ghansoli, Navi Mumbai - 400701, Maharashtra
5. KPIT Technologies Ltd.
Plot No. 35 & 36, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park
Phase 1, MIDC, Hinjewadi, Pune - 411 057
6. Thermax Limited
D-13, MIDC Industrial Area
R D Aga Road, Chinchwad,
Pune - 411019
Industrial Partners / Collaborators
Flow field design

12. GLOBAL MARKET FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
Lithium-ion Batteries: DEMAND vs. SUPPLY
Indian ScenarioIndian Scenario
Manufacturers: ???
End Users: 118 Cr (91.7% of Population)
Raw Material Availability: Satisfactory (Except Li)
Co : 44.9 million tonnes
Mn: 475184 thousand tonnes
Ni: 189 metric tonnes
Technology Readiness
Level (TRL) of CECRI
CSIR & CECRI cater to this requirement : Indigenous Li-ion
Technology
6

13. PROPERTIES
PAPER-BASED
CERAMIC
SEPARATOR
CELGARD
Composition Paper/SiO2/PVDF PP
Support matrix Cellulose based
paper matrix
Polymer
Thickness (μm) 40 ± 6 25
Gurley value (s) 35 488
Porosity (%) 55 ± 5 40
Temperature
stability (°C)
220 135
Thermal
shrinkage (%)
< 1 > 1
Tensile
strength (MD)
MPa
> 3 130
Wettability Excellent Moderate
CECRI Cathode NPL Anode CGCRI Separator
Capacity: 175 mAh/g &
GBM: 140 mAh/ g
WO2012052810A1;WO2012052810A1;
EP 2630686;EP 2630686;
US 2014/0087257 A1;US 2014/0087257 A1;
JP5707499; JP5765644JP5707499; JP5765644
Capacity: 450 mAh/g
GBM: 225 mAh/ g
US2014/0087257A1 &US2014/0087257A1 &
US2015/0364750 A1US2015/0364750 A1
(Patent Filed; 2016)(Patent Filed; 2016)
LiMgLiMg0.030.03CuCu0.170.17CoCo0.80.8OO22 CathodeCathode
Flexible MWCNT Based AnodeFlexible MWCNT Based Anode
Paper based Ceramic SeparatorPaper based Ceramic Separator
TAPSUN - LIB
Indigenous Lithium-ion Battery [TAPSUN]

14. DRY ROOM FACILITYDRY ROOM FACILITY
LIB PROTOTYPE FABRICATION PLANT
18650 Cylindrical Cells
INDUSTRIAL PARTNERS
 Enerrsto Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Chennai
 SAIL Corporation, USA
 BHEL
Indian Oil Corporation
Hindustan Petroleum Corporation
Ampere Vehicles, Coimbatore
Indigenous Technology for PoweringIndigenous Technology for Powering
IndiaIndia

15. pouch test-1 LiCoO2 vs MCMB_50 mA current_CONT 1_C10.mpr
Ewe vs. Capacity
Capacity/mA.h
2,0001,5001,0005000
Ewe/V
4.2
4
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3
2.8
2.6
1500 mAh Pouch cell
1500 mAh 18650 cell1500 mAh 18650 cell
DRY ROOMDRY ROOM
POUCHCELLSPOUCHCELLS
18650 Cells
Dry Room Facility for manufacturing Li-ion batteriesDry Room Facility for manufacturing Li-ion batteries

17. Cell Characteristics of 3.6 V/ 650 mAh (18650)
for 2 W Solar Lantern
Commercial
Cell
CSIR CELL
Anode Graphite Carbon Paper
Cathode LiCoO2 LiMgXCuYCoO2
Electrolyte 1M LiPF6
in 1: 1 EC:DEC
1M LiPF6
in 1: 1 EC:DEC
Separator Polypropylene Polypropylene
Cell Weight 35 g 24 g
Indigenous Li-ion Technology & MoU
M/s. Aroma Clean India (P) Ltd., HyderabadM/s. Aroma Clean India (P) Ltd., Hyderabad
M/s. Ennersto Solutions (P) Ltd., ChennaiM/s. Ennersto Solutions (P) Ltd., Chennai

18. 3 W
4.8 W
20 W single cell
10 W (STACK), demonstrated at IIT Chennai
100 W Cell stack100 W Cell stack
GRID energy corresponds to 1.5% of the country’s GDP
Zn-Br2 Technology for distributed power supply- Cost effective & Economical
Zinc-Bromine Redox flow batteries
FTTPFTTP

19. CECRI developed Components of cell stackCECRI developed Components of cell stack
Cell stack (O-ring model)Cell stack (O-ring model)
Zinc-Bromine Redox flow batteries: FTTP @ CECRI
Cross Sectional ViewCross Sectional View

20. Demonstration of 500 W Zn-Br2 to Hon. S & T
Minister on 26th
February 2017 @CECRI
Commercialization & Business PlanCommercialization & Business Plan
September
October Business Plan

21. Redflow Energy Storage,Redflow Energy Storage,
AustraliaAustralia
Luminous Power TechnologiesLuminous Power Technologies,,
GurgaonGurgaon
Central Electronics Limited,Central Electronics Limited,
SahibabadSahibabad Future Green Technology, MysoreFuture Green Technology, Mysore
Our StakeholdersOur Stakeholders

22. CECRI’s 6 V / 4.5 Ah VRLA battery vs. 6 V / 4.5 Ah National Panasonic VRLA battery
TAPSUN Panasonic
Capacity [ Ah ] 6 V / 4.5 6 V / 4.5
Positive grid
material
Lead calcium (cast) Lead calcium
(Expanded mesh)
Negative grid
material
Lead coated plastic
grid
Lead calcium
(Expanded mesh)
Parameter TAPSUN Panasonic
Nominal Voltage ( V ) 6.0 6.0
Rated capacity ( 20 h rate ) ( Ah ) 4.5 5
Dimensions (mm)
Length 70 70
Width 48 48
Height 100 102
Total height 106 108
Weight ( g ) 760 720
Specific energy (Wh/ Kg ) 36 37
Battery TAPSUN PANASONIC
Capacity (25OC) (Ah)
@different rates
20h 4.5 4.5
10h 4.3 4.0
5 h 3.8 3.6
1 h 2.64 2.8
Internal Resistance
(mΩ) 32 20
Lead coated plastic grid
2 V / 3.0 Ah
2 V / 15 Ah
50 100 150 200
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Capacity(Ah)
Cycle No
Cell configuration - 1 N + 2 P
I
dis
- 0.150 A @ 20 h rate
Specification:
Voltage : 6 V; Capacity : 4.5 Ah @ C / 20, 25◦
C
Cell Configuration : 2 P + 3 N; Separator : AGM
Electrolyte sp.gr : 1.3; Sp. Energy : 42 Wh/kg
LIGHT WEIGHT LEAD ACID BATTERY [TAPSUN]

23. IS 13369: 1992
IS 14257: 1995
IS 7372: 1995
IS 15549 : 2005
IRS 88/2004
IRS S 93/96
JIS C 8702-1: 2009
Accredited specification
LEAD ACID BATTERY @ BPTEC
CSIR- Battery Performance Testing & Evaluation Centre (BPTEC)

24. NABL ACCREDITED TESTING FACILITIES

25. Industry Status
M/s Gowell Industries , Hyderabad On-going
M/s Exide, Hosur On-going
M/s Mahindra Completed
M/s Microtex, Bangalore On-going
M/s Exide, Hosur Completed
Industry Status
M/s TVS Motors, Hosur.
Development of 12 V/5Ah battery for on-
board charging
Proto type battery
handed over to TVSM
M/s Reliance Industries, Mumbai
Development of advanced lead acid batteries
for stationary application
Starting Sep 2017
M/s Exide Industries, Hosur
Characterization of Exide Pasted plates
On-going
M/s Livguard, Delhi
Development of advanced lead acid batteries
On-going
R & D
TESTING
OUR CLIENTS FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

26. Wilson Kipsang - KenyaWilson Kipsang - KenyaUsain Bolt - JamaicanUsain Bolt - Jamaican
Power densityPower density vsvs. Energy density. Energy density
SUPERCAPACITORS @ CECRI
Non - Aqueous electrolyteNon - Aqueous electrolyte
Aqueous Asymmetric SupercapacitorAqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitor
SupercapacitorsSupercapacitors vs. BatteriesBatteries

27. Aqueous (Asymmetric) SupercapacitorAqueous (Asymmetric) Supercapacitor

28. Non-Aqueous SupercapacitorNon-Aqueous Supercapacitor

29. GG
(PVA/H(PVA/H22SOSO44))
Gel ElectrolyteGel Electrolyte

30. ENERGY MISSION : OUTLAYENERGY MISSION : OUTLAY
FUNDING AGENCY : CSIR
APPROVAL AWAITED

31. Thank you…
Thank you…
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CECRI Team & CSIRCECRI Team & CSIR
Funding Agencies & Valuable ClientsFunding Agencies & Valuable Clients