Organizational behaviour lecture two - perception & cognition

1. Organizational behaviour
Sensory Perception & Cognition
Lecture 2

2. Sensory Perception and
Cognition

3. What is reality? Its relative not absolute

4. External Stimuli Perceptual Cognition
Environmental energy Inputs
Conversion of
environmental
energy to neural
Receptors Eye-electromagnetic energy,
impulses photoreceptors (primary visual
cortex)
Various parts of Ear-air waves, mechanoreceptors
memory that (Auditory cortex)
Sensory Store
hold unanalyzed Tactile/haptic-tissue distortion, skin,
receptor input. (somatosensory cortex)
Tongue-aromatic chemicals,
mechanoreceptors, (organoleptic
and olfactory cortex)
The attention
Attention
mechanism selects
and blocks Mechanism
Visual/spatial, auditory, haptic,
perceptual olfactory, organoleptic and
information for motoristic
pattern recognition.
Pattern
Recognition
Recognizes and
determines which
Also includes
information a
smell, taste and
person will use and Visual Phonological
sensations.
remember.
Perception
Selection Where information is patterned
recognition and and sequences in a way our mind
interpretation. self organizes.
Patterning Bias A working limited capacity memory
carrying out the functions of rehearsal,
coding, decisions and strategies.
Temporary Mental Cognition
Decision
Psychotic, Working (Short Output
Making
Behavioral and Term) Memory Responses
Processes
Cognitive
Distortion
Heuristics,
Long term storage memory
where short term memory
Overview of the
Long Term
biases and
other
Memory
retrieves and deposits
information.
cognitive process
influencing
mechanisms. (Arrows represent neural transmissions)

5. Out brain can only
process one piece
of information at
a time

6. Yellow Blue Orange
Black Red Green
Purple Yellow Red
Orange Green Black
Blue Red Purple
Green Blue Orange
Try to say each colour ignoring what is written you will find a cognitive conflict between the
word and the colour.

8. Neural Cell Structure

9. Visual Input
Feature Word level Letter Level
Level
Memory
Three cognitive strategies to determine the
meaning of writing

10. • Teh tree fell dwon the side of teh hill
• Evrybody msut stduy to pass the exams
This is why we can still comprehend the sentences above

11. Emotions influence our decisions before reasoning,
a leftover from our primal existence.

12. Is it rationality or emotion you that
makes you decide to buy a car like
this?

13. Perceptual Information
Perceptual Biases
(Discussed in
chapter)
Memory
Reasoning

14. Memory
Truth Knowledge Belief
Imagination
Figure 4.5. Our Prior knowledge is made up of
both truth and beliefs.

15. Why do we buy fine
fragrances?

16. Figure 1. The olfactory interpretation process from input to response.

19. Heaven Strategy (Dan Hill 2010)
High
More More
negative/high positive/highe
response r response
Response
Rate
More
More
negative/lower
positive/lower
response
Low response
Negative Positive
Emotional Response

20. Mental Cognition

21. Working Memory Function Control
(Controlled Attention)
Maintains task goals in working memory, selects actions,
maintains task information during distraction and
suppresses irrelevant information.
Controlled attention of information blocks interference
and prevents decay.
Activates retrieval of information from long term memory
Encodes and sends information for storage in long term
memory
Plays major role in logical reasoning and decision making
Working Memory Store
Visual-spatial Interface between environment and long term memory Phonological
Processing Maintains information above the threshold Processing
Allows loss or decay of information below threshold
Long Term memory

22. “Run Throughs” Fix Start Blocks Change shoes
Jogging
Fast sprints Size up
Warm up competitors
Practice starts
Pre-Start
Stretching
Call up
Take off
Relax track suit
Running a
100m race
Wait for
Dip at line Stand behind
call up
blocks
Final acceleration Slow Attention
to finish line down
Get on marks
Whistle
Race
Call to marks
Accelerate hard Start
first part
Call to set
Run relax and coast
Script ‘Explode off Gun Set position
blocks’

23. A Metaphoric View of a Relational Memory Network.

24. Learning
New Experience
Present feelings & New feelings & emotions
emotions
Created Interpretation
Experience unable
Existing Schema to coordinate new Modified Schema
experience with
(Prior Knowledge)
existing schema
Use of metaphor to
understand and
solve problems
If solved will lead to
reinforcement of
existing schema
Time
The cognitive process of learning

25. Experience introduces feeling & emotion
to learning

26. Cognitive Tools
Personal
Desires
The ongoing story construct
Perceptual Biases
Environmental Potential Scenarios
1
Information Narrative
2
3
Prior Knowledge 4
Concept
+
+
Organizational
Goals Visual
Spatial
Consistent with personal
and organizational goals,
New in accordance with prior
knowledge, enhanced
Knowledge
Developed Idea with new knowledge and
developed and verified
with various cognitive
tools.
The Cognitive Thinking Process and Idea Evolution

27. Experience
Attribute
Substitution
Increasing Availability
Word of
Heuristics
Mouth
Media Reports Fallacies
Intuition
Misconceptions
Data
Potential
Creativity
Information
Abstract Process
Inferences (Circumvents
knowledge logic &
perception)
Faulty or invalid
premises Cognitive
Wisdom
Biases Ideas
Decision
Reasoning
Making
Strategy
Increasing Usefulness
Summary of factors influencing our thinking

28. Narrative gives meaning – without
narrative there is no meaning

29. World and work experience, education, culture, family upbringing, etc. Personal Paradigms
Skills Behavior
Alertness Influencers
Motivation
The Psych
Prior
Knowledge
Sense of self. ego,
encoded
Perception
Strategic
Outcomes
assumptions,
Outlook beliefs and values. Personality Feedback
Creativity Expectations, goals, Traits
self regulating
Propensity restraints, etc.
to Action
Talents and Motivational
Abilities Trigger
Interpersonal
Idea GAP
“What I do” “How I feel”
“Who I am”
A Trigger
External event or
Situation
internal feelings
Figure 3.32. The Potential Socio-psycho Factors that Influence Opportunity
Discovery and Behavior.

30. Creativity Tool Cognitive Skill
Knowledge
(vocabulary) of
odorous substances
Imagination Olfactory
sensitivity
Knowledge of
potential strengths,
weaknesses and
applications of
odorous materials
Knowledge of Curiosity, enquiry
outstanding and Perfumer
fragrance creations experimentation Excellence
within the domain
Practical knowledge
& experience Process &
Interest and Product
passion
Time, patience,
perseverance
Emotion
Knowledge Base
Figure 4.1. Creativity is Domain Specific: The elements of creativity for a
perfumer

31. Field Dependence-Independence
Perception
Embedded Figures Test (EFT)
Witkin 1954, 1973, 1977

32. New Economic Pollution
Paradigms Growth Fossil Fuels
Export/Import
Transport
Farm
Raw materials
Transport
Government
Power
Production Transport
Diversity generation
Warehouse
Management
Supermarket
Conflict
Research & Community
Development
Consumption Education
Regulation
Competition &
Tension
Air Transport
Poverty &
Unhappiness Development Waste
Health
Uncertainty
Do we view the environment as a system or focus on something?

33. What can you remember with once
glimpse?

34. We view the world through field dependence or independence

36. Left Hand Side
Sequential processing, A to b to C Right Hand Side
Looks at facts and detailed information
Splits the world into concrete and Holistic processing, big picture
identifiable categories orientated
Logical cause and effect reasoning Visual and spatial
Linear thinking from task to task Looks at the whole rather than pieces
Follows on pre-existing fixed rules Analogic: sees similarities and
Maths and science resemblances
Statistically inclined Feelings and emotional thought
Systematic appraisal Philosophy and religion
Thinks in words and language Thinks in images
Utilizes the concept of time, past and Transformative
present Intuitive
Objective reality based Looks for relationships, patterns, makes
Logically strategizes associations
Splits things apart Looks for unbounded connections
Knows Lumps things together: connector
Acknowledges Imagination
Reality based Present and future orientated
Realistic Looks at possibilities
Safety, risk adverse Uses symbols and images
Believes
Appreciates
Fantasy based
Impetuous
Adventurous, risk taker

37. Ways to Develop Left and Right
Hemisphere Skills
Left Hemisphere Skills Right Hemisphere Skills
1. Step by step planning 1. Using metaphors &
of your work and life activities analogies to describe things
2. Reading philosophy 2. Taking off your watch
3. Establishing timetables when you are not working
for all your activities 3. Listening to music
4. Using and working with 4. Suspending your
a computer program initial judgment of ideas, people
TV shows etc
5. Recording your hunches,
feelings, and intuitions and
calculating their accuracy
6. Detailed fantasizing and
visualising things and
situations in the future
7. Drawing faces, caricatures and
landscapes

38. The Four Part Brain
3. Rational
4. Emotional
1. Sensory
2. Visual

39. The concept of creative
intelligence New Ideas
Unknown Opportunities
Surrounding Developing Strategies
Environment Solving Problems
“Domain” &“Field”
Environmental
Environmental Factors conducive
Factors that to creativity
hinder creativity
Internal Influencing Perception
Factors
Motivational
Focus & Attention Trigger
Creative Patterning
Awareness
Sensitivity
Energy Source of
Emotion Prior
intelligence &
Curiosity Knowledge
Thinking Patterned Thinking
Empathy Processes Processes
Confidence (Self Organizing
Discipline System)
Interest
Memory
Passion
Heuristics
Applied Thinking Belief
Tools, Imagination
Manifestations & Fantasy
Elaborations Domain & Field Experience
Acceptance/ Tacit Knowledge
Rejection
Creative Product

40. Personality

41. Thinking
Introversion
Sensation
Intuition
Extroversion
Feeling

42. Table 3.20. Some Traits and Characteristics of the Ego-Functions.
Extroversion Introversion
Expressive, outgoing, energized by things, people Quiet, shy, energized by ideas, feelings and
and events, act or speak before they think, share impressions, think before they speak, reluctant to
information easily, prefer the company of others, share information, prefer to be left alone, can
easily distracted, have a lot of friends, uninhibited, concentrate well, have a small close group of
like working in groups, easily approachable, like friends, inhibited socially, like to work alone, prefer
meeting new people, develop ideas through to keep to themselves, ideas come from thinking
discussion. alone.
Thinking Feeling
Value facts and figures, look for the truth, use logic Value harmony, use personal feelings in making
and reasoning to make decisions, driven by decisions, passionate about issues, empathetic with
rationality, notice wrong reasoning and illogical people, merciful, takes things personally, subjective,
thinking in arguments, speak their mind, firm with prefers a warm friendly atmosphere, thin-skinned.
people, use justice in speaking with others, can be
seen as cold and heartless, impersonal, objective,
critical, prefers a logical impersonal atmosphere,
thick-skinned.
Sensation Intuition
Focused on the physical world, live by their senses, Focused on the mental or spiritual world, uses
concrete, interested in ‘what is’, realistic, practical, hunches and gut feeling, abstract, interested in what
understands details and particulars, sees only the can be, idealistic, imaginative, understands meaning
obvious, down to earth, uses words literally, lives in and generalities, looks beyond the surface, head in
the present, needs evidence and facts, traditional and the clouds, deep thinker, uses metaphors, analogies
simple, sees the trees instead of the forest. and hidden meanings, lives in the future, speculative
and theoretical, original and complex, and sees the
big picture.

44. There are so many ways to
define personality

45. The External World
The Conscious World Usually seen as
one
The Personal Unconscious
The Collective Unconscious
Archetypes
Anima/Animus (opposite sex
qualities)
The Shadow (Denied and Suppressing
Psychic Material) Patterning
The Persona (Self Image)
The Ego Consciousness
Jung’s personality
The Transcended Self Archetypes

46. Personality Situation/Life
Experience
Sense and view of the
world & reality
Inner drive
- aggressive/destructive
- sensitive/appreciative Filter External
Obtainment strategies Ego Mechanism Stimuli
Libidinal love for outside
world/internal world Concept
Self confidence
Responsibility Influences
Accountability Attention
Drive/Courage
Capacity to
Synthesize Discipline
Motivation
Feelings & Defense
Thoughts Emotions Mechanisms Desires
The role of ego in cognition

48. Based on experience, awareness,
Thinking Typologies reflection, mixed emotion and
imagination, very intuitive based
The basis of our skills and
thinking. Useful for strategic and
abilities used alone or
Wisdom visionary thinking and solving
supplement other thinking
(emotion & problems based on past patterns.
typologies (our most primitive
experience) Can be and is influenced by G and
type of thinking) – wider than
MI – more right hemisphere but
Gardner’s MI
uses both
Memory
Emotive
General
Multiple Instinctive Knowledge
Intelligence
Intelligences
Solution Application (Memory & I)
Connective
Fluidity
Frontal lobe and coordinated
right/left hemisphere thinking. Can
be greatly enhanced using specific Mainly developed academic
cognitive tools that can be learned. Cognitive processing learning which creates formal
Can be supplemented by other (creativity) knowledge. This formal
thinking typologies. Heavy use knowledge can supplement
imagination/metaphor/symbolic. other thinking typologies as it is
Problem solving & creating new fairly useless on its own. – left
ideas hemisphere

49. Empathy Exercise
Some people don’t realize we are doing destructive things that hurt
others [67]. Sometimes this hurt can lead to grave and serious
illness. If we switch our self from the usual “I am” to a different
viewpoint, i.e., the feeling of being superior, equal, or inferior to
another, from one of these viewpoints we can generate new sets of
emotions. For example, if we take a superior view point to others
we may generate intensive highhandedness. If we view others as
equals we may generate feelings of jealousy and competitiveness,
and if we view others from an inferior position, we may generate
feelings of jealousy and envy. This helps us see the perspectives of
our false sense of ourselves and the source of our behaviours. If we
can substitute humility for our emotions (humility does not mean
subservience or inferiority), we can see our relationships without
the emotional intensities that existed before. We can see our inter-
connectiveness, how our actions hurt people, and how we stray
from our innate morality.

50. Listening Exercise
• The simple act of listening shows how we sometimes wander through life with a
low level of awareness. How many times when someone is speaking to you, are
you preoccupied with other things? How often do we daydream when others are
speaking? How often do you believe that what you think is right and what the
other has to say is not worth listening to? How often are you just waiting for an
opportunity to espouse what you think? How often are you just thinking of
rebuttals, arguments against what a person is saying rather than actually listening
to the content of what they are actually saying? How often are you making
judgments about the person speaking or what they are saying? How often are you
looking for an opportunity to disagree, agree, or run away? How often are you
evaluating and comparing what a person is saying against what you believe? How
often do you fail to seek clarification about something you don’t understand? Do
you try and control the interaction by trying to dominate the conversation? Our
listening habits usually show that our level of personal awareness is low and we
are influenced by so much of our own emotion just in the act of listening to
someone. This is at the cost of seeing new perspectives and exercising our ability
to empathize with others.

51. • The ability to listen effectively is a powerful tool in developing
awareness, empathy, humility, and consequently understand new
perspectives. Listening is much more than hearing, it involves being
attentive to what others say, observing emotion, behaviour and
body language, facial expressions, and fighting off our own internal
distractions that lessen of ability to listen. Listening requires much
more discipline, attention, and concentration than we expect. Think
about it, how much self discipline do we need to really effectively
listen to someone? Once we have achieved the discipline, attention,
and concentration really needed to listen, we realize how powerful
a tool listening is in understanding what a person has to say, and
from where emotionally a person is saying it. Listening skills can be
developed and refined through active and reflective listening
techniques, where the listener repeats, paraphrases and reflects
upon what the speaker is saying as a means of clarifying the
message that the speaker is intending to convey to us [92].