Dicofol, PFOA, SCCPs, c-decaBDE, HCBD

1. Chemicals under review by the POPRC
Intersessional work between POPRC-11 and POPRC-12
Kei Ohno 12 and 14 July 2016

2. Overview
Chemicals under review by the POPRC
• Dicofol
• PFOA, its salts and PFOA-related
compounds
• Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs)
• Decabromodiphenyl ether (c-decaBDE)
• Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)

3. Dicofol
Dicofol
• Decision POPRC-10/3: Annex D criteria fulfilled for dicofol
• Decision POPRC-11/2:
– Decided to defer its decision on the draft risk profile for
dicofol to POPRC-12
– Agreed that members who consider that additional
information may be available shall submit to the Committee
such additional information by 11 December 2015
– Established an intersessional working group to revise the
draft risk profile for dicofol

4. Dicofol
Draft risk profile for dicofol
• Manufactured from technical DDT by hydroxylation of DDT
• Used as miticidal pesticide in many countries around the
world and reported to be applied to food, feed, and cash
crops including apple, citrus, lichi, longan, pear, leafy
vegetables, tea, and cotton

5. Dicofol
Draft risk profile for dicofol
• Persistence: e.g. Half-life of dicofol’s main p,p’-isomer: 85
days at pH 5
• Bioaccumulation: e.g. Study with p,p’-dicofol in bluegill
sunfish: Bioconcentration factor 10,000
• Long-range environmental transport: e.g. Estimated
atmospheric half-life: 3 to 10.5 days
• Adverse effects: e.g. Adverse effects on human liver, kidney,
adrenal gland and urinary bladder; Lowest LC50 for fish: 0.053
mg/l; for crustaceans: 0.06 mg/l.

6. PFOA, its salts and PFOA-related compounds
• Decision POPRC-11/4:
– Annex D criteria fulfilled for PFOA (CAS No: 335-67-1)
– Decided that issues related to the inclusion of PFOA-related
compounds that potentially degrade to PFOA and the
inclusion of PFOA salts should be dealt with in developing
the draft risk profile
– Established an intersessional working group to prepare a
draft risk profile for PFOA, its salts and PFOA-related
compounds
– Invited Parties and observers to submit Annex E informaiton
PFOA

7. Draft risk profile for PFOA, its salts and PFOA
related compounds
PFOA
• Used as processing aids in the production of fluoroelastomers
and fluoropolymers (e.g. PTFE); surfactants and surface
treatment agents (e.g. in textiles, paper and paints, fire-fighting
foams), and for manufacture of side-chain fluorinated polymers
• Important properties: High friction resistance, dielectrical
properties, resistance to heat/chemical agents, low surface
energy, water/grease/oil/soil repellency

8. PFOA
• Persistence: e.g. PFOA is very persistent and does not
undergo any abiotic or biotic degradation under relevant
environmental conditions
• Bioaccumulation: e.g. PFOA in polar bear tissue and blood
indicated bioaccumulation
• Long-range environmental transport: e.g. PFOA detected in
sediment, water and pooled soil samples and various biota
sample from Norwegian Arctic
• Adverse effects: e.g. kidney and testicular cancer, disruption
of thyroid function and endocrine disruption
Draft risk profile for PFOA, its salts and PFOA
related compounds

9. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins
• Decision POPRC-2/8: Annex D criteria fulfilled for SCCPs
• Decision POPRC-11/3:
– Adopted risk profile for SCCPs
(UNEP/POPS/POPRC.11/10/Add.2)
– Established an intersessional working group to prepare a
draft risk management evaluation for SCCPs
– Invited Parties and observers to submit Annex F information
SCCPs

10. Draft risk management evaluation for SCCPs
SCCPs
• Produced in Brazil, China and the Russian Federation, and are
imported by Albania, Australia, Republic of Korea, Croatia,
Argentina, Dominican Republic, Ecuador and Mexico
• Used in metal working applications, polyvinyl chloride plastics,
paints, adhesives, sealants, leather fat liquors, rubber, flame
retardants and textiles and polymeric materials

11. Draft risk management evaluation for SCCPs
• Technically feasible alternatives are commercially available
for all known uses of SCCPs
• Information provided by most parties and observers does not
indicate that negative economic impacts are anticipated if
SCCPs are listed to the Convention
• A number of parties indicated that listing SCCPs is expected to
increase costs and result in negative impacts to the chlorinated
paraffin industry, as well as to the manufacturers of the raw
materials and the downstream products industry
SCCPs

12. Draft risk management evaluation for SCCPs
• SCCPs may be unintentionally produced during the
manufacture of other CP mixtures, and thereby contained within
other products and in articles.
• MCCPs and other CP mixtures are often used as alternatives to
SCCPs in many applications; therefore, as the use of SCCPs is
phased out the production and use of MCCPs and other CP
mixtures could increase.
• Need to minimize the amount of SCCPs contained in other
CP mixtures, which would reduce both human and
environmental exposures.
SCCPs

13. Draft risk management evaluation for SCCPs
• Conclusion:
Recommend that the COP consider listing and specifying the
related control measures for SCCPs in Annex A without
specific exemptions and consider control measures for
unintentional production
SCCPs

14. Decabromodiphenyl ether (c-decaBDE)
• Decision POPRC-9/4: Annex D criteria fulfilled for decaBDE
• Decision POPRC-10/2: Adopted risk profile for decaBDE
(UNEP/POPS/POPRC.10/10/Add.2)
• Decision POPRC-11/1:
– Adopted risk management evaluation for decaBDE
(UNEP/POPS/POPRC.11/10/Add.1)
– Recommended listing of decaBDE (BDE-209) of c-decaBDE
in Annex A with specific exemptions for some critical spare
parts, to be defined, for the automotive and aerospace
industries
– Established an intersessional working group to strengthen
the recommendation
c-decaBDE

15. Decabromodiphenyl ether (c-decaBDE)
c-decaBDE
• Used as an additive flame retardant in plastics, textiles,
adhesives, sealants, coatings and inks.
• Plastics: electrical and electronic equipment, wires and cables,
pipes and carpets; Textiles: upholstery, window blinds,
curtains, mattresses, transportation sector.

16. • For the automotive industry, the production and use of c-decaBDE could
be limited to parts for use in legacy vehicles, defined as vehicles that have
ceased mass production prior to July 2018, and be in one or more of the
following categories:
– Powertrain & under hood applications for example: battery mass
wire, battery interconnection wire, mobile air-conditioning (MAC) pipe,
powertrain, exhaust manifolds bushings, under hood insulation, wiring
and harness under hood (engine wiring etc.), speed sensors, hoses, fan
modules, knock sensors;
– Fuel System applications for example: fuel hoses, fuel tank, fuel tank
under body;
– Pyrotechnical devices and applications affected by pyrotechnical
devices for example: air bag ignition cable, seat cover/ fabric (only if
airbag relevant), airbags (front and side).
c-decaBDE
Assessment of additional information on decaBDE

17. • For the aerospace industry, possible phase-out of all parts of new air craft,
or possible continued use of c-decaBDE in all spare parts for existing aircraft
types for the remainder of their product lives
• The available information does not indicate any use of c-decaBDE in the
textile production in small and medium size enterprises in developing
countries
• A key obstacle towards a complete phase-out of c-decaBDE within 2018 in
vehicles and in aircrafts appears to be the costs. In addition, the industry
have concerns regarding technical- and practical challenges related to the
substitution including the testing and certification scheme that has to be
applied
• Labelling of newly produced articles containing c-decaBDE could be useful
when articles become waste, noting the implementation challenges.
c-decaBDE
Assessment of additional information on decaBDE

18. Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD)
• Risk profile: UNEP/POPS/POPRC.8/16/Add.2
• Risk management evaluation: UNEP/POPS/POPRC.9/13/Add.2
• Decision SC-7/12: Decided to list HCBD in Annex A without
specific exemptions
• Decision SC-7/11: Requested POPRC to further evaluate
HCBD on the basis of the newly available information in relation
to its listing in Annex C and make recommendation to the COP
• Decision POPRC-11/5:
– Established an intersessional working group to further
evaluate HCBD for listing in Annex C
– Invited parties and observers to submit information
HCBD

19. Evaluation of new information for the addition
of HCBD to Annex C
HCBD
• Currently, there is no known intentional use or production.
• Historically used as a solvent for rubber and other polymers,
as a scrubber to recover chlorine-containing gas or to remove
volatile organic components from gas, etc.

20. Evaluation of new information for the addition
of HCBD to Annex C
HCBD
• HCBD is unintentionally formed and released from
industrial processes and other sources.
• Relevant sources are:
a) Production of certain chlorinated hydrocarbons,
b) Production of magnesium, and
c) Incineration processes e.g. motor vehicle emissions,
incineration processes of acetylene, uncontrolled
incineration of chlorine residues, incineration of
hazardous waste and plastic containing waste

21. Evaluation of new information for the addition
of HCBD to Annex C
HCBD
• Currently, important releases of HCBD originate from the
production of certain chlorinated chemicals particularly
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and carbon
tetrachloride.
• In many countries, production and use of those chemicals
have been phased out or strictly controlled. In some countries,
carbon tetrachloride remains of interest due to its use as an
intermediate feedstock in the manufacture of
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) compounds.
• Continued use of carbon tetrachloride, without appropriate
management, may represent a significant emission of HCBD.

22. Evaluation of new information for the addition
of HCBD to Annex C
HCBD
• Releases can be minimised by alternative production
processes, improved process control, emission control
measures, or by substitution of the relevant chlorinated
chemicals.
• Listing of HCBD in Annex C would subject this substance
to the measures under Article 5 and establish the goal of
continuing minimization and, where feasible, ultimate
elimination of HCBD releases, including by promoting
BAT/BEP.

23. Evaluation of new information for the addition
of HCBD to Annex C
HCBD
• Although incineration of HCBD containing waste may be utilized
in some developed countries, it may not be the most cost-
effective option in all countries.
• It is important to ensure monitoring capacity for HCBD in
developing countries and countries with economies in transition.
• Application of BAT and BEP have strong beneficial effects to
further control and reduce emissions. Listing of HCBD in Annex
C would help to further manage this issue at a global level.

24. Other technical work
Other technical work
• Consolidated guidance on alternatives to
PFOS and its related chemicals
• Process for the evaluation and review of
BDEs purusant to para 2 of parts IV and V of
Annex A

25. Please contact the Secretariat for more information:
Kei Ohno
E-mail: kei.ohno-woodall@brsmeas.org
Tel: +41 22 917 8201
Thank you