2. Functions of Engine Oils
1. Reduce wear
2. Reduce friction
3. Seal Compression
4. Reduce noise
5. Cool engine parts
6. Reduce rust
7. Keep parts clean
3. Organizations Providing
Uniform Standards for Oil
S.A.E.
Society of Automotive Engineers
A.P.I.
American Petroleum Institute
A.S.T.M.
American Society of Testing & Materials
American Automobile Manufacturers
Association
Engine Manufacturers Association
I.S.O.
International Standards Organizations
4. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.
5. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.
6. Viscosity
Measure of the "flowability“
Kinematic
Dynamic
Property –
Resistance to flow
Shearing stress
High viscosity - thick oils
Too high viscosity may not reach all parts
Low viscosity – thin oil
Too low viscosity may not provide enough
strength to keep parts from wearing
10. Weight of oils
Common term identifying viscosity for oils
Numbers assigned by the S.A.E.
correspond to "real" viscosity, as measured by
accepted techniques.
These measurements are taken at specific
temperatures.
Oils that fall into a certain range are designated 5,
10, 20, 30, 40, 50 by the S.A.E.
The W means the oil meets specifications for
viscosity at 0 F and is therefore suitable for Winter
use.
13. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.
14. Viscosity index
The measure of an oil's ability to resist
changes in viscosity when subjected to
changes in temperature.
As temperature increases
viscosity decreases.
Low temperatures –
High viscosity
High temperature –
Low viscosity
15. Multi-viscosity/Multi-grade Oil
Oil meeting SAE requirements for
both low-temperature
requirements of light oil and high-
temperature requirements. Also
know as multiweight oil.
Oil that meets certain low-
temperature and high-
temperature requirements
simultaneously
(e.g., SAE l0W-40).
16. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Minimum sample temperature at which vapor is
produced at a sufficient rate to yield a combustible
mixture.
Pour Point
The lowest temperature at which oil will pour.
Per cent sulfated ash
Per cent zinc.
17. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Percent sulfated ash
how much solid material is left when the oil burns.
A high ash content will tend to form more sludge
and deposits in the engine.
Low ash content also seems to promote long
valve life. Look for oils with a low ash content.
Per cent zinc.
18. Properties of Motor Oils
Viscosity
Viscosity Index (VI)
Flash Point
Pour Point
Per cent sulfated ash
Percent zinc
the amount of zinc used as an extreme pressure,
anti-wear additive.
The zinc is only used when there is actual metal to
metal contact in the engine. Hopefully the oil will
do its job and this will rarely occur, but if it does,
the zinc compounds react with the metal to
prevent scuffing and wear.
A level of 0.11% is enough to protect an
automobile engine for the extended oil drain
interval, under normal use.
19. Common motor oil additives
Viscosity index improvers
used to enhance the base qualities of the
oil, and to keep the oil from thinning too
much as heat increases.
Pour-point depressants
prevent crystals from forming in extreme
cold conditions, and consequently lower
the oil's pour point (temperature at which it
pours).
20. Common motor oil additives
Oxidation inhibitors
help prevent the oil from oxidizing (in other
words, burning). When oil oxidizes, it loses
its ability to protect the engine. It also
produces sludge deposits and traps
corrosive acids.
Rust-corrosion inhibitors
help prevent and neutralize water and
oxygen from acid-etching the metals in the
engine and forming rust particles. If this
corrosion were to happen, some complex
acids would form and other sludge
problems would occur.
21. Common motor oil additives
Dispersants
help the oil to absorb and retain contaminants
such as dirt or tiny metal particles (from
engine wear) until the oil passes through the
oil filter, where the contaminants are trapped.
Detergents
help to remove contaminants from the engine
components and hold them in the oil until it
reaches a filter, or until it is changed the next
time. They don't only clean up a dirty engine.
22. Common motor oil additives
Friction modifiers/wear inhibitors
"stick" to engine surfaces better, reducing
friction and improving fuel economy. Oils with
the "energy conserving" labels contain friction
modifiers.
Foam inhibitors (Antifoamants)
prevent the oil from being whipped into many
tiny air bubbles. Air bubbles don't lubricate.
This also helps prevent sludge formation when
the emulsion process is a possible threat in an
engine.
23. Types of Motor Oils
Petroleum Based
Refined from crude oil
Supplemented with additives
Synthetic
Lubricants chemically engineered from pure chemicals
rather than refined from crude oil.
Can provide significant advantages over refined oils.
Longer oil change intervals
Longer engine life
Increase gas mileage
More expensive
24. What the h___ is he talking about?
Items that tell us about selecting an oil!
25. What the h___ is he talking about?
How to select an oil for different
purposes.
What to look for on an oil container.
42. Changing oil and filters renews
engine protection
Dirty oil reduces life of an engine.
Reduce maintenance and increase engine life
by changing engine oil and filters on a
regularly scheduled basis.
Interval between changes depends on
operating conditions.
Oil analysis provides management of oil
change intervals
Recommend for fleet operations.
43. Oil Pressure – Important Sensor
Low pressure light indicator
44.
45. Lubrication Links on the Web
Motor oils and more
Motor Oil Functions & Properties
Selecting motor oils
API Starburst and Donut
Motor Oil Additives
Lubrication Systems
Filtration Systems
Sources of oil contaminants
Filters & filter media
Synthetic oil base stocks
Synthetic oil history
Oil Analysis –
Example 1
Example 2
