1. Energy Efficiency and
Energy Use
Nico Beute
Energy Institute
Cape Peninsula University of Technology
National Foundry Technology Network
7 April 2011
2. Overview
• Global Energy Issues and Energy
sources
• The South African Energy Situation
• Why must we be Energy conscious
• Who must do what
• Conclusion
3. Yearly Solar Power from sun and
human energy consumption
• Solar 3 850 000 EJ (Exa Joules = 1018 J)
– solar energy per m2 = a bit more than 1 kW
• Wind 2 250 EJ
• Biomass 3 000 EJ
• Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ
• Electricity (2005) 57 EJ
5. Energy supply and demand : SA
Geothermal, Combustible
Solar, etc. Renewables
0.07% and Waste
Hydro 10.02%
0.14%
Nuclear
2.19% Coal
Electricity
23.44%
26.57%
Gas Crude Oil Combustible
2.70% 16.50% Renewables
Coal and Waste
15.36% Petroleum
68.39% Products
31.71%
Gas
2.91%
IEA, Energy Balance 2005 IEA, Energy Balance 2005
Total=134.4 Mtoe Total=64.2 Mtoe
Total Primary Energy Supply Total Final Energy Consumption
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7. Energy intensity of selected countries
Japan
UK 2005
Italy
Germany
France
U.S.A.
Australia
Singapore
Taiwan
Korea
Canada
Africa
India
Middle East
Indonesia
South Africa
China
F.U.S.S.R
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
000’s BTU intensityGDP
Energy / US$ (Thousand Btu/USD)
Source: EDMC, 2008
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8. Maximum Demand
1988 to 2008
25%
Average increase app. 3.5%
1993 First DUE Nearly doubles in 20 years
Reserve Margin
36%
10. Present Condition in South Africa
Various Scenarios
for growth and supply capacity
GAP
DEMAND SUPPLY
► Mitigation Plan ►Build Plan ►Mitigation Plan
• DSM • RTS - Co-generation
• DMP • Medupi - Imports
• Ingula - Self generation
• OCGT - Standby generation
• CCGT - Independent Power
If Demand + Reserve Margin > Supply Producers (IPPs)
(Demand includes capacity & energy)
DEMAND REDUCTION OPTIONS
Load shedding
Rolling blackouts
Prioritisation of new load
Intensified Demand Side Management
Power rationing
Dramatically increase Notified Maximum Demand penalties
11. Strategies
Short Term Long Term
• Energy Efficiency • Energy Efficiency
– Demand-side Management
– Demand Side Management
• Power Conservation
• Co-generation • Renewable Energy
• Outages – Biofuel
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydroelectricity
Medium Term Tidal power
Wave power
Wind power
• Build Conventional
Power Plants
12. The 3 E`s
Energy and Energy and Environment and
Environment
Technology Natural Resources
3E`s
Energy
and Environment
Economics and Economics
Economics
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15. System Saving Opportunity
• Both markets and policymakers tend to
focus on equipment within systems, which
typically offer 2-10% efficiency
improvement potential
• The optimal design integration of systems
as a whole offers 20-50% efficiency
improvement potential
• Large savings opportunities exist for motor
driven and steam systems
16. Demand Side Management
• DSM is a process whereby the supplier
attempts to influence the consumer in their
level and pattern of use of energy.
Types of DSM include:
– Load shift
– Energy Efficiency
– Strategic Energy Conservation
17. Objectives of DSM
• To provide cost effective energy and
generating capacity resources
• Enhance Customer Service
• Environmental issues
– Energy Efficiency
• Reduction of Carbon emission
• Depletion of energy resources
– Use renewable energy
18. COST OF POWER CAPACITY
Power source Cost in R/kW to
build/subsidise
Open Cycle Gas Turbine 5 000
Coal-fired (Medupi) 17 333
Nuclear 33 333
DSM subsidies : 3 500
19. Are we successful in our efforts to
Reduce Energy Consumption?
Some statistics from an IEA report:
Worldwide Trends in
Energy Use and Efficiency
Key Insights from IEA Indicator Analysis
2008
21. TOWARDS ENERGY MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AND STANDARDS
FOR ENERGY (MSSE) WILL SUPPORT GLOBAL
AND NATIONAL COMMITMENT TO ENERGY
EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY?
22. WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK
(IEA) REFERENCE
SCENARIO
150%
ALTERNATIVE
100% POLICY
SCENARIO
CARBON
EMISSIONS
(ENERGY
RELATED)
2004 2030 2050
23. LESS THAN 40% OF PRIMARY ENERGY ENDS
UP DOING USEFUL WORK
Quelle: BWK Bd. 58 (2006) Nr. 1/2
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24. Visualize the Big Picture
Power plant losses
70%
Motor
losses
Transmission and 10%
Distribution losses Drivetrain
Fuel Input = 100
9% losses
2%
Pump losses 25%
Throttle losses
30%
Pipe losses
20%
9.5 units of
energy
output.
25. Example: Throttle-/speed
control of a pump system
Controlled by a throttle valve Speed controlled
Savings potential: 44%
Quelle: „Energiesparen mit elektrischen Antrieben“, ZVEI, 1999
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26. MANAGEMENT BARRIERS TO
IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
•lack of management commitment to provide resources for
energy efficiency,
•lack of awareness and workforce engagement in achievement
of the cost- effective savings potential,
•lack of skills and competence to continuously improve energy
performance,
• split incentives and lack of life cycle cost optimization e.g.
those who procure energy using systems have different
incentives to those who pay for the energy,
•the fact that energy efficiency is often a minor determinant of
capital-acquisition decisions and is bundled-in with more
important decision factors.
27. TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION
OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• lack of user-friendly information on best practices for energy efficiency,
• missing or partial information on energy efficiency performance,
• lack of common metrics (key performance indicators),
• lack of consideration of system and process energy efficiency optimization
issues,
• lack of harmonized calculation methods
28. THE CONTINUOUS ENERGY
IMPROVEMENT CYCLE
ACT PLAN
Summary Information
Management
Exception Reports & Budget
Control
Supervisors DO
Information
Data
Collection & Operator &
Analysis Maintenance CHECK
“People in the
Measure
(feedback) loop”
Action
Energy Consuming System
29.
30. Assessing the Organisation
Six energy
management
functions
Five Levels of
development
An organisational
profile
