Sustainable Tourism Chapter 2

DTM 6033
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
CHAPTER 2 :
ENVIROMENT AND ECOTOURISM
By : Aklimima & Azamrul

Introduction
• Environment is often used in its
widest concept to and includes
different aspects such as cultural,
economic, political, social, and
physical or natural type.
• Physical environment is often
referred as the key element of
tourism.
(Theobald,1998)

Types of Environment…………..
Source : John I Richardson & Martin Fluker, Understanding and Managing Tourism, 2004.
Types of
Environment
The Natural
Environment
The Built
Environment
The
Sociocultural
Environment

 The Natural Environment
This includes the air, land, sea,
lakes, rivers, climate, flora and
fauna.

 The Built Environment
This includes building,
infrastructure such roads
and bridge, and element of
townscape.

 The Sociocultural Environment
This includes the values, beliefs,
behaviours, morals, arts and history
of communities.

Relationship
Between
Environment
and Tourism

Relationship Between Environment and Tourism....
The environment
is the most
fundamental
ingredient of the
tourism product.

Introduction
 Ecotourism became
popular in 1980’s.
 Is one of the popular form
of Alternative Tourism.
 Usually use to describe
tourism activities which are
conducted in harmony with
nature.

Introduction…………..
 Focused on wildlife, nature or
exotic culture
 Ecotourism is growing faster
than any other form of
tourism throughout the world.

“Ecotourism is a purposeful
travel to natural areas to
understand the culture and
natural history of the enviroment,
taking care not to alter the
integrity of the eco-system, while
producing economic
opportinities that make the
conservation af natural resources
beneficial to local people”
(World Wildlife Fund,1990 /World Wide Fund For Nature)

“Ecotourism is environmentally
responsible travel to relatively
undisturbed natural areas in
order to enjoy and appreciate
nature, promotes conservation,
has low visitor impact and
provides for beneficially active
socioeconomic involvement of
local populations..”
( World Conservation Union )

“Ecotourism is an
enlightening nature travel
experience that contributes
to conservation of
ecosystem, while
respecting the integrity of
the host community”
( The Candian Enviroment Advisory Council )

Criteria of Ecotourism
1
• Environmentally friendly
2
• Appreciate nature and cultural
features
3
• Promotes conservation
4
• Low visitor impact
5
• Contribute to socio-economic of
local communities

1. Environmentally friendly
 Tourism activity is carried out in a relatively
undisturbed natural setting
2. Appreciate nature and cultural features
 Education/appreciation/interpretation must be
present.
 Increase awareness & protection of cultural
heritage

3 Promotes conservation
 Tourism activity assists in conserving the natural
and cultural heritage
4. Low visitor impact
 Negative impacts of tourism activity are minimized
5. Contribute to socio-economic of local communities
 Activity involves local communities in the process,
providing benefits to them, community
participation.

DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
ECOTOURISM
AND NATURE-
BASED
TOURISM

The Difference between Ecotourism and Nature-based Tourism....
While nature-based tourism is just
travel to natural places, ecotourism
provides local benefits -
environmentally, culturally and
economically.
A nature-based tourist may just go
bird watching; an eco-tourist goes
bird watching with a local guide,
stays in a locally operated eco-
lodge and contributes to the local
economy.

Issues of Ecotourism....
I. Due to the large movement of
people and unplanned tourism
development, the environment,
ecology, and the host community
are greatly affected.
II. Participation by local community in
tourism industry is low.

Issues of Ecotourism....
• ‘Eco’ Products? Local Participation?
• Despite the fact that ecotourism stresses the importance of
strong community involvement in the tourist business,
locals continue to be mere ‘objects’ or ‘products’ to be
gazed by the visitors. In Taman Negara Malaysia
(Malaysia National Park), visiting aboriginal villages and
observing their lifestyle have been prominent features in
the tourism activities in the park. Seldom, they become
owners or run businesses related to tourists. But this is
also due to the fact that the aborigines are not realiable (as
workers, according to one park’s managers) and their
academic background is relatively lower.

• Malaysia is one of the twelve mega-
biologically diverse countries in the
world.
 which boasts at least 15,000
species of flowering plants
300 species of mammals
150,000 species of invertebrates
4,000 species of fishes
Ecotourism in Malaysia....

• Malaysia has 54 protected areas, totaling
1, 483 million ha. Or about 4.5 % of the
land surface of the country.
• They include 28 district nature reserve,
where 90,070 ha. are not opened to
tourism activity (Norizan, 2000)
• Some of these national parks, wildlife
reserves and sanctuaries, nature parks,
birds’ sanctuaries and marine parks have
been established since 1930's.

Role of Government
• The establishment of parks and protected areas.
• The Ministry of Culture, Arts and Tourism
(MOCAT) also has taken steps to introduce
tourism as a core subject in local universities as
well as introducing tourism in the schools.
• There are also Wildlife Department which has
ecotourism division, also Forestry Department
which manages the forests.

Role of Government
• The National Ecotourism Plan which has been
prepared by the Ministry of Culture, Arts and
Tourism in 1996, consists of 25 guidelines
among others things, cover the aspects of:
Categorizing sites and activities
Carrying capacity and limits of acceptable change
Marine parks and island
National parks and reserves
Mangroves
Use of local accommodation
Accreditation of ecotourism products
Visitors’ roles and responsibilities, etc

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