1. FOURIER TRANSFORM IN
IMAGE PROCESSES
Arranged by:
Nabaa Badeea
Ryiam Abd -Aljabar
Alaa Zaki
Sundus Ali
Shahad Saad
Aula Maad

2. INTRODUCTION
Fourier Transform :
It is convert a function from one domain to another with no loss of
information (converts a function from time domain to the frequency
domain).
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), a French mathematician
and physicist.

3. THE DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM IN
I M AG E P RO C E S S I N G . .
 The Fourier Transform is an important image processing tool
which is used to decompose an image into its sine and cosine
components.
 The output of the transformation represents the image in the
Fourier or frequency domain, while the input image is the spatial
domain equivalent.

4. CONT…
 In the Fourier domain image, each point represents a particular
frequency contained in the spatial domain image.
 In image processing, The Fourier Transform is used in a wide
range of applications, such as image analysis, image filtering, image
reconstruction and image compression.

5. HOW DOES IT WORK?
 From the variants of the Fourier Transform Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT) is the variant used in digital image processing.
 The DFT is the sampled Fourier Transform. That is why DFT does have
all the frequencies which form the image, but only a set of samples which is
large
enough to fully describe the spatial domain image.
 The number of frequencies corresponds to the number of pixels in the
spatial
domain image, i.e. the image in the spatial and Fourier domain are of the same
size.

6. CONT…
 For a square image of size N×N, the two-dimensional DFT is
given by:
 f(i,j) is the image in the spatial domain and the exponential term is the
basis function corresponding to each point F(k,l) in the Fourier space.
 The equation can be interpreted as: the value of each point F(k,l) is
obtained by multiplying the spatial image with the corresponding base
function and summing the result.

7. CONT…
 The basis functions are sine and cosine waves with increasing
frequencies, i.e. F(0,0) represents the DC-component of the image
which corresponds to the average brightness and F(N-1,N-1)
represents the highest frequency.
 In a similar way, the Fourier image can be re-transformed to the
spatial domain. The inverse Fourier transform is given by:

8. CONT…
 To obtain the result for the previous equations, a double sum
has to be calculated for each image point. However, because the
Fourier Transform is separable, it can be written has:
Where:

9. CONT…
 Using those last two formulas, the spatial domain image is first
transformed into an intermediate image using N one-dimensional Fourier
Transforms.
 This intermediate image is then transformed into the final image, again
using N one-dimensional Fourier Transforms.
 Expressing the two-dimensional Fourier Transform in terms of a
series of 2N one-dimensional transforms decreases the number of
required computations

10. CONT…
 The ordinary one-dimensional DFT still has complexity which can
be reduced with the use of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to compute
the one dimensional DFTs.
 It is a significant improvement, in particular for large images.
 There are various forms of the FFT and most of them restrict the
size of the input image that may be transformed, often to where n is
an integer.

11. H OW D O E S I T WO R K ? . . . M AG N I T U D E A N D
PHASE
 The Fourier Transform produces a complex number valued output
image which can be displayed with two images, either with the real
and imaginary part or with magnitude and phase.
 In image processing, often only the magnitude of the Fourier
Transform is displayed, as it contains most of the information of the
geometric structure of the spatial domain image.

12. CONT…
 The Fourier image can also be re-transformed into the correct
spatial domain after some processing in the frequency domain...(both
magnitude and phase of the image must be preserved for this).
 The Fourier domain image has a much greater range than the
image in the spatial domain. Hence, to be sufficiently accurate, its
values are usually calculated and stored in float values.

13. FA S T F O U R I E R T R A N S F O R M
How the FFT works?
 1) Decomposed an N point time domain signal into N time
domain signals each composed of a single point.
 2) Calculate the N frequency spectra corresponding to these N
time domain signals.
 3) The N spectra are synthesized into a single frequency spectrum

14. FOURIER TRANSFORM
APPLICATIONS
Used in many scientific areas
1) Physics
2) Number theory
3) Signal processing (inc. image processing)
4) Probability theory
5) Statistics
6) Cryptography
7) Acoustics
8) Optics
,Etc, etc…

15. FOURIER TRANSFORM IN SIGNAL
PROCESSING
 Includes: (for example) audio and image signal processing
 Audio and image signal are very alike (1D vs. 2D):
1) Both can be continuous (analog) or discrete (digital)
2) Same kind of filters can be used
 Fourier transform is used for a easier way to apply different kind of filters to the
signal
 Filters are used for:
1) Removing unwanted frequencies from signal
 2) Removing noise from signal
 3) Altering signal somehow

16. FEW FILTER
EXAMPLES
Low pass filter = Image blur

17. CONT…
High pass filter = Edges
* Can be used in edge
detection

18. CONT…
Sharpening = boosting high
frequency pixels

19. CONT…
Removing unwanted
frequencies

20. THANKS…