2. What is ODS ?
“ Difficulty in evacuation, which may or
may not be associated with constipation“
“ Difficulty in evacuation or emptying the
rectum which may occur even with frequent
visits to the toilet and even with passing
soft motions”
3. What is Constipation?
“Constipation is a symptom, not a
disease characterized by infrequent
bowel movements, usually less than
3 stools per week or hard to pass”.
4. Common causes of
constipation
Diet
Medications
Medical conditions
slow movement of stool within the colon, irritable
bowel syndrome, and pelvic floor disorders
associated diseases:
hypothyroidism, diabetes, Parkinson's, celiac
disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, colon
cancer, diverticulitis, and IBD
Psychological
Congenital
6. Pathophysiology of ODS
ODS has been shown to be the result of an
abnormal function of the muscles involved in
defecation or an anatomical abnormality of the
pelvic organs
ODS is a complex and multifactorial condition
which is often referred to as an “Iceberg
Syndrome”
7. Why Obstructed Defecation
occurs?
One review stated that the most common
causes of disruption to the defecation cycle
are associated with pregnancy and childbirth,
gynaecological descent or neurogenic
disturbances of the brain-bowel axis. Patients
with obstructed defecation appear to have
impaired pelvic floor function
8. Specific causes of Obstructed
Defecation
Anismus and pelvic floor dysfunction
Rectocele
Rectal invagination/ intussusception
Internal anal sphincter hypertonia
Anal stenosis
Fecal impaction
Rectal or anal cancer
Descending perineum syndrome
9. Correlation with ODS
Obstructed defecation is one of the cause of-
1. Chronic constipation
2. Incomplete evacuation of bowel
3. Chronic large bowel obstruction and
4. Tenesmus
10. Classification
Outlet obstruction can be classified into 4 groups
1. Functional outlet obstruction
2. Mechanical outlet obstruction
3. Dissipation of force vector
4. Impaired rectal sensitivity
13. Signs and symptoms
incomplete or unsuccessful attempts to
evacuate
prolonged episodes on the toilet
rectal pain
posturing
digitations or perineal massage to aid
defecation
enema dependency
14. Key features of obstructed
defecation
1. An inability to voluntarily
evacuate rectal contents
2. Normal colonic transit time
15. Five Questionnaire to diagnose &
grading ODS
1. Excessive straining?
2. Incomplete rectal evacuation?
3. Use of enemas and/or laxatives?
4. Vaginal-anal-perineal digitations (needing to
press in the back wall of the vagina or on the
perineum to aid defecation)
5. Abdominal discomfort and/or pain?
18. Interpretations
Each point is scored according to frequency of
the symptom. Questions 1-6:
0 =never, 1 = less than once weekly, 2 = 1–6
times weekly, 3 = every day; question
7:0 = less than 5 min, 1 = 6 – 10 min, 2 = 11–20
min, 3 = more than 20 min; question
8: 0 = no alteration of lifestyle, 1 = mild alteration,
2 = moderate alteration, and 3= significant
alteration of lifestyle.
The total score is in the range of 0 (best) to 24.
19. Defecography
• Salient phases of Conventional / MRI
Defecography Image captured
– During rest with filled anal bulb
– During maximum contraction of anal
sphincter and pelvic floor muscles
– During straining without evacuation
– During evacuation
– During rest when evacuation is
completed
20.
21. Management
Specific to the cause:
Conservative:
Dietary fiber
Plenty of water
Laxatives
Rectal enema/ irrigation
Biofeedback for anismus
Psychotherapy
Avoid chocolate and constipating
foods
23. Manual technique
I. to perform a kind of “surgical” irrigation;
II. to perform either a resection or a plication or
a pexy in case of internal mucosal prolapse;
III. to reinforce the rectovaginal septum and/or,
again, resect the redundant mucosa, in case
of significant rectocele; and
IV. to perform miotomy in case ODS is due to a
muscular disorder.
25. Full thickness resection of the anterior rectum wall by stapler
after longitudinal stitches at 10, 12 and 2 o‘clock positions.
Similar approach at the posterior wall with stitches at 4, 6 and
8 o‘clock positions.
Suturing of the overlapping dog ears at 3 and 9 o‘clock
positions.
27. Conclusion
ODS is a problem that is
frequently encountered in the
elderly females, and the
management should be tailor-
made to each clinical scenario.
Notes de l'éditeur
Iceberg Syndrome : The acute condition is what we call the tip of the iceberg. There is a lot going on below it.
Dr longo’s score :
Biofeedback therapy is a non-drug treatment in which patients learn to control bodily processes that are normally involuntary, such as muscle tension, blood pressure, or heart rate.
There are three common types of biofeedback therapy:
Thermal biofeedback measures skin temperature
Electromyography measures muscle tension
Neurofeedback, or EEG biofeedback
When a person is stressed, their internal processes such as blood pressure can become irregular. Biofeedback therapy teaches relaxation and mental exercises that can alleviate symptoms.
During a biofeedback session, the therapist attaches electrodes to the patient's skin, and these send information to a monitoring box. The therapist views the measurements on the monitor, and, through trial and error, identifies a range of mental activities and relaxation techniques that can help regulate the patient's bodily processes