The document discusses the field of tissue engineering and its potential applications. It describes how tissue engineering could help transplant patients by growing organs and help burn victims avoid disfiguring scars by growing new skin and tissues. The key aspect of tissue engineering is developing biomaterials that can act as scaffolds for cell growth and regeneration of tissues and organs as needed by the body.
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Tissue Engineering: A Future of Regenerative Medicine
1. “Imagine a world where transplant patients
do not wait for a donor or a world where burn
victims leave the hospital without disfiguring
scars. Imagine implant materials that can
"grow", reshape themselves, or change their
function as the body requires”
-Professor M.V. Sefton
4. Year: 2090 AD
Patient’s age: 85 years
Problem: liver failure, renal failure with valvular
heart disease
He was sent to central tissue bank, where his
tissue samples were preserved.
There his liver, kidney and heart valve was
engineered and replaced
He was cured and got back to normal life
6. What is Tissue engineering?
It is the application of engineering and life
science towards the development of
biologic substitute to restore, maintain or
improve functions.
7. History of TE
1987: Definition
1997: Dolly (Somatic cell nuclear transfer)
1998: Geron corp. figures out how to extend telomeres
2006: invention of iPSC
10. Where this concept came from
Tissues have ability to repair
themselves
Some tissues have
extraordinary power to
regenerate & replace old/
diseased tissue
– Bone,
– Skin
– Gut mucosa
– Blood cell
– Endothelium
12. Goal of tissue engineering
Replacement or repair of diseased
or traumatized tissue or whole organ
Models to test therapeutic efficacy
& toxicity
13. Sources of cells for Tissue
engineering
1. Somatic cell
2. Stem cell
14. Somatic cell
Fully differentiated
Obtained from normal
tissue
Cells may be autologous or
allogeneic
Examples:
– Epidermal cells
– Chondrocyte
– Bladder wall
15. Stem cells
Stem cells are
undifferentiated or non
specialized cells that are
able to renew themselves
indefinitely , through cell
division
Also able to differentiate
into one or more types of
specialized cells in tissue
after appropriate stimuli.
16. Stem cell related terms
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Unipotent
Reprogramming
– Nuclear transfer
– Gen manipulation
– Viral transduction
23. Induced pluripotent stem cell
Discovered in 2006 by Yamanka
Somatic cell reprogrammed to stem cell by genetic
manipulation
Embryonic stem cell like
Using retroviral / lenti viral transfection
Cells taken from skin biopsy or blood sample
Autologous
Pluripotent
May lead to activation of oncogenic genes to
prevent Adeno / Sandi virus vector used
24. Material science and engineering
Where these tissues are
cultured?
– In vivo
– In vitro
Cells
Signal
molecules
Scaffold
Tissue
Engineering
Tissue
Regeneration
In vivo
In vitro
26. Component of Material science
Material science involves 2 components
1. Scaffold :where cells are seeded
2. Bioreactors : which provide appropriate
physical environment
28. Scaffold
Scaffold , that gives physical support and shape
to the engineered tissue, mimicking extra
cellular matrix.
Allows cells to attach, delivers cell signals
necessary to guide cell growth, migration &
differentiation to form a functional tissue
Rigid/ semi rigid, 3 Dimensional & porous.
29. Scaffold
This animation of a
rotating Carbon
nanotube shows its 3D
structure.
They are biocompatible,
biodegradable and
bioreabsorbable
38. Risk of cell based therapy
Tumour formation
Genetic abnormalities
Transmission of infection
Poor viability & loss of function
Differentiation into undesired cell type
Rejection
Side effect of immunosuppression
39. Future directions
Tissue engineering and regenerative strategies
hold our great hope for effectively repairing or
replacing tissue in a wide number of human
diseases.
Those patients who suffer from some form of
presently incurable disease, injury or birth
defect can get benefit from tissue engineering
40. Future directions………….cont.
Some of those may be…….
One million children with juvenile diabetes
8.2 million people with cancer
58 million with heart disease
Four million suffering from Alzheimer's disease
10 million with osteoporosis
43 million arthritis sufferers
250,000 people paralyzed by spinal cord injuries
500,000 with Parkinson's disease
www.stemcellresearchfoundation.org/WhatsNew/Benefit.htm