3. A wound is a break in the integrity of the
skin or tissues often, which may be
associated with disruption of the
structure and function
Wound
Infection
The invasion and growth of
germs in the body is called
Infection
4. Classification of wound
Rank and Wakefield Classification
Classification based on Type of Wound
Classification based on Involvement of
Structures
Classification based on the Time Elapsed
Classification of Surgical Wounds
5. The infection of a wound can be defined as the
invasion of organisms into tissues following a break
down of local and systemic host defenses, leading to
either cellulitis, lymphangitis, abscess formation or
bacteremia.
Infection of wound
6. History of surgical
infection:
Surgical infection, particularly surgical
site infection (SSI) has always been a major
complication of a surgery and trauma and
has been documented for 4000-5000 years.
7. Koch’s postulate proving whether a given organism
is a cause of given disease:
It must be found in every case
It should be possible to isolate it
from the host and growth in culture
It should reproduce the disease
when injected into another healthy
host.
It should be recovered form an
experimentally infected host.
8. Advances in the control of infection in Surgery:
Aseptic operation theatre techniques have enhanced
the use of antiseptics
10. Delayed primary, or secondary closure remains useful
in heavily contaminated wound.
11. Sources of infection:
Endogenous: Present in or on the host e.g., SSSI
following contamination of the wound
from a perforated appendix
Exogenous : Acquired from a source outside the
body such as the operating theatre
(inadequate air filtration, poor antisepsis)
or the ward ( e.g., poor hand- washing
acquired infection (HAI))
13. The human body harbors
approximately 1014 organism. They can
be released into tissues before, during
after surgery, contamination being most
severe when a hollow viscus perforates
e.g. (fecal peritonitis following a
diverticular perforation)
15. Factors that determined whether a wound will
become infected:
Host response
Virulence and inoculum of infective agent.
Vascularity and health of tissue being invaded (including local
ischemia as well as Systemic shook)
Presence of dead or foreign tissue.
Presence of antibiotic during the ‘decisive period’ period.
17. Factors influencing SSIs
Surgical Risk Factors
Type of procedure
Degree of contamination
Duration of operation
Urgency of operation
skin preparation
operating room environment
Antibiotic prophylaxis
18. The decisive period:
The time when the invading bacteria may become
established in the tissues.
There is up to a 4-hour interval before bacterial growth becomes
established enough to cause an infection after a breach in the tissues,
whether caused by trauma or surgery.
………..27th edi; B&L
There is a delay before host defenses can become mobilized after a
breach in an epithelial surface, whether caused by trauma or surgery;
inflammatory, humoral and cellular defenses take up to 4 hours to be
mobilized.
………….26th edi; B&L
23. Presentation of surgical infection:
Major surgical site infection
- Significant quantity of pus
- Delayed return home
- Patient are systemically ill.
24. Minor surgical site infection
Discharge pus or infected serous
fluid but are not associated with
excessive discomfort, systemic
sign or delay in return home.
25. There are scoring systems to assess the severity of
wound infection which are particularly useful in
surveillance and research such as-
Southampton wound grading system
The ASEPSIS wound score
26. Southampton wound grading system:
Grade Appearance
O Normal healing
I Normal healing with mild bruising or erythema
Ia Some bruising
Ib Considerable bruising
Ic Mild erythema
II Erythema + other signs of inflammation
IIa At ome point
IIb at sutune
IIc Along wound
IId Around wound
27. Grade Appearance
III Clear or haemo-serous discharge
IIIa At one point only (≤ 2 cm)
IIIb Along wound (>2cm)
IIIc Large volume
IIId Prolonged (> 3 days)
Major Camplication:
IV Pus
IVa At one point only (≤ 2 cm)
IVb Along wound
V Deep or severe wound infection with or, without tissue
breakdown,
28. ASEPSIS wound score:
Criteria point
A= Additional treatment 10
Antibiotic 10
Drainage of pus L/A 05
Debridement G/A 10
S= Serous discharge Daily 0-5
E= Erythema Daily 0-5
P= Purulent exudate Daily 0-10
S= Separation of deep tissue Daily Daily 0-10
I= Isolation of bacteria from wound 10
S= Stay as in patient prolonged over 14 days as result of infection 05
Within
2
months
For
Forst
7
days
32. Specific Local wound infection:
Gas Gangrene:
Caused byt Cbotridium perfningens
Gas and small are chracterstics
Immunocmpromised patients are most at risk
Antibiotic prophylaxis are essential when performing
amputations to remove dead tissues.
33. Specific Local wound infection:
Clostridium Tetani:
This is another anaerobic, terminal opore-
bearing, gram pobitive bacterium, which can
cause tetenus following implantation in tissues or
a wound. The spores are wide spread in soil and
manure, and so the infection is more common in
traumatic civilion or military wound.
34. Prevention of surgical infection:
Preoperative Preparation:
1. A short preoperative hospital stay.
2. Medical and nursing staff always wash their hand often any patient
contact.
Alcoholic hand gels can act as a substitute for hand washing.
3. Clean Hospital
4. Staff with open, infected skin lesion should not entering the
operating theatre
5. preoperative skin shaving should be undertaken in the operating
theatre
immediately before surgery.
37. Prophylactic
antibiotics:
The principles of antibiotic prophylaxis are:
Identify patient at risk
Select an appropriate antibiotic according to
the type of operation
Take account of the patient allergies and cost
involved.
Administer the antibiotic, either I/V at
induction or I/M with the premedication;
ensure adequate serum and tissue levels at the
time of surgery .
Repeat the administration of antibiotic in
operations lasting longer then 4 hour.
38. Choice of
Prophylactic
antibiotic:
Emperical cover against expected pathogens.
Single- shot intravenous administration at
induction of anaesthesia.
Repeat only in prosthetic surgery, long
operations or there is excessive blood loss.
Continues as therapy if there is unexpected
contamination.
Benzylpenicillin should be used if clostridium gas
gangrene infection is a possibility.
Patient with heart valve disease or a prosthesis
should be protected from bacteremia caused by
dental or, urethral instrumentation or visceral
surgery.
39. Approach of a
patient with SSI
Clinical presentation
Redness
Pain
Swelling
Temperature
Discharging pus
Wound gapping/ popping
40. Naked Eye Examination
• Staphylococci - thick creamy pus
• Strep. Pyogenes -straw colored & watery
• Proteus -fishy smell
• Pseudomonas - sweet, musty odor & a blue
pigment
• Anaerobes – offensive, putrid smell
• Actinomycosis -Sulphur granules
• Mycetoma - black or brown granules
• Amoebic abscess -anchovy sauce
41. MICROSCOPY
• Presence of relative numbers of polymorphs and
bacteria
• Morphology and arrangement
• Wet film - fungi or motile bacteria
- fluid aspirated from inflamed joint
resembling septic arthritis may show uric
acid crystals
-Dark ground microscopy
• Ziehl Neelsen or Fluorescent staining: - AFB
• lmmunofluorescent staining- Clostridia species
• Hematoxylin & Eosin - viral inclusions
42. CULTURE
• Blood agar - aerobic
- anaerobic
• MacConkey agar or CLED Agar
• Cooked Meat Broth
• PNPG Blood Agar
• Firm agar
• Special media
43. Treatment of SSI
• Surveillance
• Drainage of pus
-Culture and sensitivity
• Debridement
• Antibiotics
• Removal of Implant
Notes de l'éditeur
Endogenous or Patient-related Factors
1. Duration of preoperative hospitalization—If the patient is hospitalized
preoperatively for few days, the chance for SSI is more.
2. Presence of remote infection—More chance for SSI.
3. Diabetes mellitus—More chance for infection.
4. Age >50 years and <1 year—Infection chances are more.
5. Abdominal operation is associated with more SSI.
6. Malnutrition: More chance for infection.
7. Tobacco use—More chance for SSI.
8. Altered immune response—More chance for infection.
Exogenous or Perioperative Factors
1. Length of operation—if more than 3 hours, more chance for infection
and additional dose of prophylactic antibiotic required.
2. Operating room ventilation—laminar flow will prevent SSI.
3. Hair removal—it is ideal to clip the hair on the morning of the day of
the surgery. Preoperative shaving the day before surgery, there is more
chance for infection.
4. Foreign materials in surgical site—more chance for infection.
5. Preoperative showering with antiseptic solution will reduce the chance
for surgical site infection.
6. Surgical drains—it is preferable to avoid surgical drains or they should be
kept for minimum number of days.
7. Proper skin antisepsis is important.
8. Duration of surgical scrub—for the first time, 2–5 minutes and in
between 2 minutes is enough. It is better to avoid brushes for skin, if at
all, it should be used only for the nails.
9. Sterile dressings are required only for 24–48 hours.
10. Use sterile techniques for dressing and wash the hands before and
after dressing change.