This document provides an overview of solar energy, including its history, development, technologies, applications, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses how solar cells work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Different types of solar cells and panels are described, as well as the process of installing a solar energy system. Opportunities and challenges of solar power in Pakistan are highlighted, along with various uses of solar energy from heating to transportation.

2. Prepared by
13BSM214 (Group Leader)
13BSM203
13BSM225
13BSM233
13BSM236
Prepared for
Engineer Zakriya Umar

3. History and Overview
Development and Deployment of Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Solar Energy System
Manufacturing of Solar Cell
How Photovoltaic Cell Works
Types of Solar Cells
How Solar Panel works
Types of Solar Panels
Installing a Solar System
Opportunities and Challenges of Solar Energy in Pakistan
Solar Energy Application
Advantages of Solar Energy
Disadvantages of Solar Energy
References

5. Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, is
harnessed using a range of ever-evolving
technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic,
concentrated solar power (CSP), concentrator
photovoltaic (CPV), solar architecture and artificial
photosynthesis. Solar technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert and
distribute solar energy.

6. It dates back to the mid 1800s to the industrial
revolution when solar energy plants were developed to
heat water.
In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered
the photovoltaic effect which explains how electricity
can be generated from sunlight.
Over 100 years later, in 1941, Russell Ohl
invented the solar cell, shortly after the invention of
the transistor.

8. The energy emitted by the sun in the form of heat
and light (i.e. radiation) is known as solar energy.
The sun is the ultimate source of all forms of energy
available on the earth.

10. Solar Thermal
Solar thermal technology uses the sun's energy, rather than
fossil fuels, to generate low-cost, environmentally
friendly thermal energy. This energy is used to heat water or
other fluids, and can also power solar cooling systems.

11. Direct Conversion to electricity (Solar PV)
Heat gain by the solar cells and conversion of it
into electricity

12. A photovoltaic system converts light into
electrical direct current (DC) by taking
advantage of the photoelectric. Solar PV has
turned into a multi-billion, fast-
growing industry, continues to improve its cost-
effectiveness, and has the most potential of any
renewable technologies together with CSP.

13. The basic element of a PV System is the
photovoltaic (PV) cell, also called a Solar Cell. An
example of a PV / Solar Cell made of Mono-
crystalline Silicon.

14. A PV / Solar Cell is a semiconductor device that can
convert solar energy into DC electricity through the
Photovoltaic Effect (Conversion of solar light energy
into electrical energy).

15. To increase the utility of PV Cell, a number of individual
PV cells are interconnected together in a sealed,
weatherproof package called a Panel (Module). To
achieve the desired voltage and current, Modules are
wired in series and parallel into what is called a PV Array.

16. The cells are very thin and fragile so they are sandwiched
between a transparent front sheet, usually glass, and a
backing sheet, usually glass or a type of tough plastic.
This protects them from breakage and from the weather.
An aluminum frame is fitted around the module to enable
easy fixing to a support structure.

17. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made of a special class
of materials called semiconductors. Of all the
semiconductor materials, silicon is most commonly
used because of its availability (it’s the second-most
abundant element in Earth’s crust) and its special
chemical properties.

18. Polycrystalline silicon ready to manufactured into photovoltaic cell.
Polycrystalline wafers: uncoated (left) and with the telltale blue
antireflective coating (right).

19. Densely spaced traces on the back of a PV cell help transfer
electrons to the P-layer.
R&D technicians inspect a monocrystalline wafer at a Sun tech
Power PV plant in China.

21. Making a Better Carrier
Scientists found they could improve silicon’s electron
carrier ability (conductivity) by adding other atoms in a
process know as “doping.”
Electrons & Efficiency
Too little energy and too much energy in incoming
photons—account for the loss of about 70% of the
radiation energy incident on our cell.

22. Imperfect Junctions
Polycrystalline solar cells have joints between crystals,
resulting in an imperfection in the P–N junction—holes
in the deck, so to speak, that allow electrons to slip
back into the pool before they can be collected.
The Reality of Efficiency
If you have limited space on your roof or a small solar
window, using more efficient modules can often make
sense.

23. Photovoltaic generation of power is caused by
electromagnetic radiation separating positive and
negative charge carriers in absorbing material.
The conversion efficiency of a solar cell is defined
as a ratio of output power from the solar cell with unit
area (W/cm2) to the incident solar irradiance.

26. Atoms
Atoms are believed to be the basic building blocks
of matter.
An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus
together with a number of negatively charged
electrons.
Inside the nucleus there are protons and neutrons
that carry positive charge and no charge
respectively.

27. Photons
A quantum of electromagnetic energy having both
particle and wave properties.
A photon has no electric charge or mass but
posses momentum, energy and spin.

28. Photons
In the present context, the focus is on the
interaction of electromagnetic waves (photons) with
electrons to understand the creation and absorption
of light.
Electromagnetic waves have wavelengths ranging
from 1 nm (10-9 m) for x-rays to 1 km for radio
waves.

29. Doping
Controlled quantities of specific impurity ions are
added to the very pure (intrinsic) material to produce
doped (extrinsic) semiconductors.

30. Photovoltaic (PV) cells are made up of at least 2
semi-conductor layers. One layer containing
a positive charge, the other a negative charge.

32. Amorphous Silicon solar cell (a-Si)
Bio hybrid solar cell
Buried contact solar cell
Cadmium telluride solar cell (Cd Te)
Concentrated PV cell (CVP and HCVP)
Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells (CI(G)S)
Crystalline silicon solar cell (c-Si)
Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
Gallium arsenide germanium solar cell (Ga As)
Hybrid solar cell
Luminescent solar concentrator cell (LSC)
Micromorph (tandem-cell using a-Si/μc-Si)
Monocrystalline solar cell (mono-Si)

33. Multi-junction solar cell (MJ)
Nano-crystal solar cell
Organic solar cell (OPV)
Perovskite solar cell
Photo electrochemical cell (PEC)
Plasmonic solar cell
Plastic solar cell
Polycrystalline solar cell (multi-Si)
Polymer solar cell
Quantum dot solar cell
Solid-state solar cell
Thin-film solar cell (TFSC)
Wafer solar cell, or wafer-based solar cell (synonym
for crystalline silicon solar cell)

35. Every day, light hits your roof’s solar panels with
photons (particles of sunlight).
The panel converts those photons into electrons
of direct current (“DC”) electricity. Naturally, the
sunnier it is, the more energy is produced by the
panels.
Those produced electrons flow out of the panel
and into an inverter and other electrical safety
devices.
The inverter converts that “DC” power into
alternating current or “AC” power. AC power is the
kind of electric juice that your television, computer,
and toasters use when plugged into the wall outlet.

36. A bi-directional meter keeps track of the all the
power your solar system produces. Any solar energy
that you don’t use immediately will go back into the
grid through the meter.
States all have different setups for solar, California
is leading the charge in increasing solar availability.
Some homes will store the energy created from
solar panels with a battery, this is not as common as
connecting to the grid.
Solar panels that can avoid shade, can maximize
sun coverage will produce the most solar energy
power.

38. Mono crystalline Silicon (Single Silicon)
These are the most efficient types of solar panels.
when sunlight hits these panels, more of it turns into
electricity than the other types below.
As a result of their high silicon content, they’re also
more expensive, but you need fewer of them.

39. Polycrystalline Silicon (Multi-silicon)
“Poly” panels have lower silicon levels than “mono”
panels.
It is less expensive to produce, but they’re also slightly
less efficient.
The good news is that their overall construction design
can often make up for the efficiency loss, so they are
also good for roofs.

40. BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaic)
BIPV’s can look like real roofing tiles (solar
shingles are an example).
That’s nice, but good looks do cost a lot more.
Second, they’re way less efficient than conventional PV.
They may not last as long as regular panels.
Pure Energies doesn’t contract for BIPV systems.

41. Solar Thermal Panels
Another type of solar panel that has nothing to do with
electricity.
Solar thermal panels produce hot water for home
and/or pool.
Some systems can even provide heat and air
conditioning.
Pure Energies currently doesn’t offer solar thermal
deals.

42. Perform an energy audit.
Review the physical installation options
Decide how much to invest and how to finance it
Locate contractors and go out for formal bids
Choose the best contractor and write the contract
Wait for equipment to arrive (it's rarely stock), approvals for building
permits, subsidies, tax breaks and so on
Allow for installation and inspections by the county and utility
company
Wait for the utility to put in a new meter and connect to the grid
Get a tutorial on how to operate your system
Submit any paperwork to utilities, states, and so on for final rebate
payments
Change your household habits to optimize system payback
Maintain and repair the system

43. Opportunities
Solar Energy is one form of energy generated from solar which is
abundant in Pakistan because of its location at Sunbelt.
Pakistan is passing through a serious energy crisis and solar energy can
be one of quickest solution to resolve energy crisis because of easy and
quickest installing of Solar Energy Systems.
Replacement of conventional street lights by solar street lights is
energy saving opportunity.
Street Lighting consumes about 2% of total load which comes out to be
about 440 MW.
Replacement of Diesel pumps by solar pumps is also an energy saving
opportunity.
If 10% of 1000,000 diesel pumps are converted into solar, energy of
2160 GW h can be saved per year and Rupee saving is about Rs.21.6
Billion per year.
Pakistan Solar Association (PSA) is making all efforts to protect and
promote solar business in Pakistan.

44. Challenges
There are no incentives to households from the government on
deployment of solar system at home.
There is no availability of bank financing at low mark up to the tune of
10%.
There is no National and Provincial Solar Plans under which the solar
deployments should be followed and regulated.
There are no national solar PV standards for solar system right from
import of solar equipment to installation and commissioning of solar
equipment.
There is no net metering policy by which a household or any business
and Industrial entity can install solar system at roof top and sell extra
electricity to the grid and this is one of the biggest barrier in growth of
solar in Pakistan.
The other challenge is the deficiency of trained solar work force for
which there is need for national plan for creation of solar workforce in
Pakistan. Government do not have any Certification system for Solar
Certified Technicians.

45. Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Solar Thermal Electric Power Plants

46. Photovoltaic
Solar Heating Systems

47. Passive Solar Energy
Solar Lighting

48. Solar Cars
Solar Power Satellite

49. Solar Updraft Tower
Renewable Solar Power Systems with
Regenerative Fuel Cell Systems

50. Non polluting
Renewable source
Low maintenance
Easy Installation
Can Be Used in Remote Locations
Long Lasting Solar Cells

51. Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime
and sunny.
Solar collectors, panels and cells are relatively
expensive to manufacture.
They do not match the power output of similar sized
conventional power stations.
In countries such as the UK, the unreliable climate
means that solar energy is also unreliable as a source of
energy.
Large areas of land are required to capture the suns
energy.
The batteries are large and heavy that are charges from
solar energy and need storage space.

52. https://pureenergies.com/us/how-solar-works/types-of-solar-panels/
http://www.homepower.com/articles/solar-electricity/equipment-
products/peek-inside-pv-cell
http://solarenergy.net/solar-power-resources/how-photovoltaic-cells-
work/
http://engghorizons.com/solar-pv-opportunities-and-challenges-in-
pakistan/
http://www.thinkfaculty.com/solar-energy-in-pakistan/
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/Advantages_SolarEnergy.php
http://www.samlexsolar.com/learning-center/solar-cell-module-
array.aspx
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/installing-a-solar-power-
system-for-your-home.html