Clean fuel technology biogas, biodiesel, biohydrogen, bioethanol

1. Clean Fuel Technology
Presented by
Deepshikha Kumawat & Naman Sharma

2. Introduction
A type of fuel used for transport this
can be biofuels that have low emission
rates, such as ethanol or biodiesel
biogas
Aspects of clean technology include
the conservation of energy, sustainable
resources, and clean sources of fuels.
Clean Fuel Technology -In general
implies the use of any service, product,
or system that has as little of a
negative impact on the environment as
possible.

3. BIOMASS ENERGY
Biomass is the material derived from plants that use sunlight to grow which include
plant and animal material such as wood from forests, material left over from
agricultural and forestry processes, and organic industrial, human and animal
wastes.
Biomass energy is a type of renewable energy generated from biological (such as,
anaerobic digestion) or thermal conversion (for example, combustion) of biomass
resources.
In nature, if biomass is left lying around on the ground it will break down over a
long period of time, releasing carbon dioxide and its store of energy slowly. By
burning biomass its store of energy is released quickly and often in a useful way.
So converting biomass into useful energy imitates the natural processes but at a
faster rate.

5. Biofuels
Bio fuel Is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from
biological carbon fixation.
Bio fuel is the fuel which is produced from organic
products and wastes.
Bio fuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion
as well as solid biomass, liquid fuel and solid biomass

6. Classification of Biofuels
Biofuels
Based on feedstock source Based on chemical nature

7. Fossil fuels are not renewable
Biofuels can be looked upon as a way of energy security which
stands as an alternative of fossil fuels that are limited in availability
Biofuel v/s Fossil Fuel
Positives of Biofuels
Energy content of biodiesel is about 90% that of
petroleum diesel
Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels, resulting in fewer
emissions of greenhouse gases, particulate emissions, and
substances that cause acid rain such as sulfur.

8. Bioethanol
The principle fuel used as a
petrol substitute for road
transport vehicles is bioethanol.
Bioethanol fuel is mainly
produced by the sugar
fermentation process, although it
can also be manufactured by the
chemical process of reacting
ethylene with steam.

9. Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a clear colourless liquid, it is
biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental
pollution if spilt. Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and
water. Ethanol is a high octane fuel and has replaced lead as an
octane enhancer in petrol.
Brazil stands 1st in terms of Biofuel consumption.
According to UNCTAD report, Brazil uses pure ethanol in 20% of
their vehicles and a 22 to 26 % ethanol-petrol blend in the rest of
their vehicles.
India is 4th largest producer and the government mandated the
use of a 5% ethanol blend in petrol sold in nine sugarcane
producing states.

10. Biohydrogen
Biohydrogen is H2
that is produced
biologically.
Interest is high in this technology
because H2
is a clean fuel and can be
readily produced from certain kinds of
biomass.
Many challenges characterise this
technology, including those intrinsic
to H2
, such as storage and
transportation of a non condensible
gas

11. The main reactions involve fermentation of sugars. Important reactions start with glucose,
which is converted to acetic acid:
C6H12O6 + 2 H2O → 2 CH3CO2H + 2 CO2 + 4 H2A
(related reaction gives formate instead of CO2:)
C6H12O6 + 2 H2O → 2 CH3CO2H + 2 HCO2H + 2 H2
These reactions are exergonic by 216 and 209 kcal/mol, respectively.
Production by Algae-The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of
photobiological water splitting which is done in a closed photobioreactor based on the
production of hydrogen as a solar fuel by algae. Algae produce hydrogen under certain
conditions.
ECONOMICS- It would take about 25,000 square kilometre algal farming to produce
biohydrogen equivalent to the energy provided by gasoline in the US alone. This area
represents approximately 10% of the area devoted to growing soya in the US

12. Biogas
Biogas typically refers to a gas
produced by the breakdown of
organic matter in the absence of
oxygen.
It is a renewable energy source,
like solar and wind energy.
Furthermore, biogas can be
produced from regionally
available raw materials such as
recycled waste

14. In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh biogas produced from the anaerobic
digestion of manure in small-scale digestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is
estimated that such facilities exist in over two million households in India, fifty
thousands in Bangladesh and thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab,
due to the thriving population of livestock.
Benefits -
Biogas could potentially help reduce global climate change.
By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the
millions of cows in the United States would be able to produce one hundred
billion kilowatt hours of electricity, enough to power millions of homes across
the United States.

15. Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a renewable,
biodegradable fuel manufactured
domestically from vegetable oils,
animal fats, or recycled restaurant
grease. Biodiesel meets both the
biomass-based diesel and overall
advanced biofuel requirement of
the Renewable Fuel
Renewable diesel, also called
“green diesel,” is distinct from
biodiesel

17. Biodiesel is much easier to handle and does not cause cracking or redness.
Biodiesel is much less dangerous to put in vehicle fuel tank as its flash point
is ± 150°C (300°F) as opposed to petroleum diesel ± 70°C (150°F). Biodiesel
provides significant lubricity improvement over petroleum diesel fuel.
Indian Initiatives
National Mission on Biodiesel has been launched by GOI State Governments
designated special authorities/bodies to manage Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas notified biodiesel purchase policy Government Institutes are
working on technology and promotion Public and private sectors are working on
processing and end use.
First successful trial run of a superfast passenger train was conducted on
Dec 31, 2009