The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
The document discusses the principles and rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). It describes how the ICN evolved from earlier codes established in the 19th century to provide internationally agreed upon rules for naming plant taxa. Key points covered include the establishment of the International Botanical Congress to govern the ICN, important milestones in the various international botanic congresses, the principles of priority and typification/type method that are fundamental to botanical nomenclature, and some examples of how these principles are applied.
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
The type method is used to name taxonomic groups based on selecting a representative type specimen. The type specimen fixes the name of the taxonomic group and is permanently associated with it. There are several kinds of type specimens depending on how they were selected, including holotypes, isotypes, syntypes, paratypes, lectotypes, neotypes, and topotypes. The type specimen is usually a single preserved plant housed in a known herbarium and identified by collection details.
The document summarizes Engler and Prantl's system of plant classification from the late 19th century. It divides plants into 13 divisions, with seed plants in the 13th division Embryophyta Siphonogamia. This is further divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Dicots are divided into subclasses of Archichlamydeae and Sympetalae. The system arranged plant groups based on evolutionary relationships but had some inaccuracies like considering monocots primitive to dicots.
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) governs the formal scientific names used for plants. Some key points:
- Carl Linnaeus is considered the father of modern taxonomy and introduced the system of scientific naming for species in 1753.
- Names are determined by nomenclature types and are based on priority of publication. Each taxonomic group can have only one correct scientific name.
- Names are revised in subsequent International Botanical Congresses starting in 1892 to establish standards for effective/valid publication, author citation, typification, and rejection of illegitimate names.
- Related codes also exist for zoological nomenclature, cultivated plants, bacteria,
The document discusses the principles and rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). It describes how the ICN evolved from earlier codes established in the 19th century to provide internationally agreed upon rules for naming plant taxa. Key points covered include the establishment of the International Botanical Congress to govern the ICN, important milestones in the various international botanic congresses, the principles of priority and typification/type method that are fundamental to botanical nomenclature, and some examples of how these principles are applied.
The document summarizes the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides a brief history of botanical naming conventions beginning with Linnaeus' binomial system in 1753. It describes the subsequent meetings that have been held to refine the ICBN rules. The principles of the ICBN are to establish a stable and universal naming system through use of types, priority of publication, and Latin names. Key rules covered include ranks of taxa, typification, requirements for valid publication, author citation, and criteria for selecting correct names when taxa change ranks or are combined or divided. The overall aim of the ICBN is to provide consistency in botanical nomenclature.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
Classification denotes the arrangement of a single plant or group of plants an distinct category following a system of nomenclature, and in accordance with a particular and well established plan.
The type method is used to name taxonomic groups based on selecting a representative type specimen. The type specimen fixes the name of the taxonomic group and is permanently associated with it. There are several kinds of type specimens depending on how they were selected, including holotypes, isotypes, syntypes, paratypes, lectotypes, neotypes, and topotypes. The type specimen is usually a single preserved plant housed in a known herbarium and identified by collection details.
The document summarizes Engler and Prantl's system of plant classification from the late 19th century. It divides plants into 13 divisions, with seed plants in the 13th division Embryophyta Siphonogamia. This is further divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. Dicots are divided into subclasses of Archichlamydeae and Sympetalae. The system arranged plant groups based on evolutionary relationships but had some inaccuracies like considering monocots primitive to dicots.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of;India : 75%Amazon : 43%Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
The document discusses the root-stem transition zone in plants. It begins by explaining that the root has a radial vascular structure while the stem has a conjoint structure, so there must be a region where these structures merge. This region is called the root-stem transition zone. The document then describes four types of root-stem transitions (Fumaria, Cucurbita, Lathyrus, and Anemarrhena) which differ in how the xylem and phloem structures divide and rearrange as they transition from root to stem. Finally, it notes that the transition zone represents a different internal arrangement than the root or stem and reflects different evolutionary stages in the development of the vascular system.
This document summarizes John Hutchinson's system of classification of flowering plants from the 1950s-1970s. Some key points:
- Hutchinson developed a phylogenetic system of classification based on evolutionary principles like trees being more primitive than herbs.
- His system was published in two volumes from 1926-1934 and revised until his death in 1972.
- He divided angiosperms into dicots and monocots, further dividing dicots into woody and herbaceous groups.
- Hutchinson proposed over 100 orders and families in his system based on characteristics like plant structure, reproduction methods, and flower morphology.
This document provides an overview of the natural system of plant classification developed by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker in their book Genera Plantarum. It describes the key features of their system, including dividing plants into two major groups - cryptogams (non-flowering plants) and phanerogams (flowering plants). Flowering plants are further divided into dicotyledons, monocotyledons, and gymnosperms. The system places plant families into a hierarchical structure of orders, cohorts, and series based on morphological characteristics. While pioneering for its time, the system is not fully phylogenetic and has limitations such as not clearly addressing the origin of angiosperms.
This document discusses the geological timeline of early flowering plants (angiosperms). It notes that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous period, around 125 million years ago, based on fossil evidence, though earlier traces are scarce. It then describes several early angiosperm fossils found from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous periods that provide evidence of the earliest evolution of flowering plants, including Furcula granulifera, Archaefructus liaoningensis, Homoxylon rajmahalense, and Bevhalstia pebja. The document concludes with notes on the fossil record of early monocots.
The document discusses various types of documentation in plant taxonomy including floras, monographs, taxonomic revisions, manuals, taxonomic indexes, dictionaries, glossaries, catalogs, journals, periodicals, abstracts, and icones. Floras document the plants of a given geographical region, monographs provide in-depth treatment of a taxonomic group, and revisions focus on a section of a genus or geographical area. Manuals, indexes, dictionaries and glossaries aid in identification and classification. Journals, periodicals, and abstracts disseminate taxonomic research. Icones provide pictorial representations of plants. Proper documentation enables dissemination and retrieval of taxonomic information for various users.
This document provides information about taxonomic tools of floras. It begins by defining what a flora is - a description of plants found in a particular region. Floras typically include keys for identification and maps showing plant ranges. The document then classifies different types of floras based on their geographic scope, such as local, regional, continental, and special floras. It also discusses the data commonly presented in floras, including taxonomic hierarchies, identification tools, descriptions, illustrations, and voucher specimens. Finally, it provides details about the Flora of Gujarat, India, which documents over 2,000 plant species found in the region.
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
This document summarizes several systems of plant classification including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It provides details on Linnaeus' artificial classification system based on plant sexuality and number of sexual parts. It also describes Bentham and Hooker's widely adopted natural system from 1862-1883, and Engler and Prantl's phylogenetic system from 1887-1915 which was based on evolutionary relationships and classified plants into 13 divisions.
This document discusses several theories on the evolutionary origins of angiosperms (flowering plants):
1. The Isoetes-Monocotyledon theory proposes that monocotyledons evolved from various groups of pteridophytes through a hypothetical intermediate called Proangiosperms. However, modern views consider the similarities between Isoetes and monocots to be superficial.
2. The Conifer-Amentiferae theory suggests that angiosperms evolved from conifers like Cordaites. While amentiferous plants like willows share some features with conifers, they are now seen as specialized, not primitive.
3. The Gnetales-Ang
The document discusses the principles and rules of botanical nomenclature, which provide standardized scientific names for naming plant taxa. Key points include: botanical nomenclature is governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; scientific names are binomial and provide universal and unambiguous references to taxa; names are based on priority of publication with earliest legitimate name being the correct name; and names can change ranks over time while maintaining priority.
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
This document provides information about botanical nomenclature and the rules for scientific naming of plants. It discusses Carl Linnaeus who is considered the father of modern botanical nomenclature. The key points are: scientific names provide a uniform name for plants worldwide; names have specific Latinized suffixes for different taxonomic ranks; there are rules of priority, for nomenclatural types, and for effective publication of new names. Binomial nomenclature follows specific rules where the genus is capitalized and author is included. Some plants have a trinomial name with a subspecific rank.
Wall ingrowths are specialized structures that increase the surface area of plant cell membranes. They are formed through localized deposition of cell wall material which causes invaginations of the plasma membrane. There are three main types of wall ingrowths - flange, reticulate, and papillate. Flange ingrowths resemble secondary cell walls while reticulate ingrowths branch and fuse to form fenestrations. Papillate ingrowths are initially disorganized cellulose deposits that become surrounded by callose and cell wall proteins. Transfer cells are specialized plant cells that facilitate nutrient transport through extensive wall ingrowths that amplify the plasma membrane surface area.
This document discusses different systems of plant classification, including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It focuses on the artificial system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. Linnaeus classified plants based mainly on their floral characteristics like stamen number. He divided plants into 24 classes and further subgroups from A to Z based on these characteristics. While this system was convenient for identification, it had limitations like grouping unrelated plants together and considering only a few characters.
This document provides information on zoological nomenclature and the rules for naming species. It discusses the proper formatting for binomial names, including using commas and parentheses. It also describes new combinations when a species is moved to a different genus. Other topics covered include the use of brackets, abbreviations, the derivation of names, and the shortest and longest binomial and trinomial names. The document also discusses availability, which determines whether a published name can be officially recognized.
The document discusses plant nomenclature and the rules for scientific naming of plants. It covers topics such as the purpose of nomenclature, the basis and principles of current botanical nomenclature including types, binomial nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), and some key nomenclatural terms. The document provides definitions and examples to explain concepts in plant taxonomy and scientific naming.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification
APG I
APG II
APG III
APG IV
Molecular Based system
features and organization
Merits and demerits
Difference in APG system.
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & RootFatima Ramay
Vascular Cambium & Seasonal activity & its Role in Stem & Root:
The vascular cambium (pl. cambia or cambiums) is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants.
The vascular cambium is a cylindrical layer of cambium that runs through the stem of a plant that undergoes secondary growth.
In Dicots:
The vascular cambium is in dicot stems and roots, located between the xylem and the phloem in the stem and root of a vascular plant, and is the source of both the secondary xylem growth (inwards, towards the pith) and the secondary phloem growth (outwards).
In Monocots:
Monocot stems, such as corn, palms and bamboos, do not have a vascular cambium and do not exhibit secondary growth by the production of concentric annual rings. They cannot increase in girth by adding lateral layers of cells as in conifers and woody dicots.
Cambium of some plants remains active for the entire period of their life, i.e., cambial cells divide and resulting cells mature to form xylem and phloem elements.
This type of seasonal activity usually found in the plants present in the tropical regions, and not all plants show cambial activity.
Percentage of ringless trees in the rain forests of;India : 75%Amazon : 43%Malaysia : 15%
In regions with definite seasonal climate; seasonal activity of cambium ceased with onset of unfavorable conditions; In Autumn, it enters the dormant state and lasts for the end of summer; In Spring, cambium again becomes active.
Duration of cambial activity is also affected by day-length, e.g., In Robinia pseudoacacia, cambium is dormant under short-day condition.
The cambium cells formed in circular in cross section from the beginning onwards.
The cambial ring is partially primary (fascicular cambium) and partially secondary (interfascicular cambium).
Periderm originates from the cortical cells (extra stelar in origin).
In Dicot stem, for mechanical support xylem is with comparatively smaller vessels, greater fibers and less parenchyma.
More amount of cork is produces for protection.
Lenticels on periderm are very prominent.
The cambial ring formed is wavy in the beginning and later becomes circular.
The cambium ring is completely secondary in origin.
Periderm originates from the pericycle (intra stelar in origin).
In Dicot root, xylem is with big thin walled vessels with few fibers and more parenchyma.
Less amount of cork is produced as root is underground.
Lenticels on periderm are not very prominent.
The document discusses the root-stem transition zone in plants. It begins by explaining that the root has a radial vascular structure while the stem has a conjoint structure, so there must be a region where these structures merge. This region is called the root-stem transition zone. The document then describes four types of root-stem transitions (Fumaria, Cucurbita, Lathyrus, and Anemarrhena) which differ in how the xylem and phloem structures divide and rearrange as they transition from root to stem. Finally, it notes that the transition zone represents a different internal arrangement than the root or stem and reflects different evolutionary stages in the development of the vascular system.
This document summarizes John Hutchinson's system of classification of flowering plants from the 1950s-1970s. Some key points:
- Hutchinson developed a phylogenetic system of classification based on evolutionary principles like trees being more primitive than herbs.
- His system was published in two volumes from 1926-1934 and revised until his death in 1972.
- He divided angiosperms into dicots and monocots, further dividing dicots into woody and herbaceous groups.
- Hutchinson proposed over 100 orders and families in his system based on characteristics like plant structure, reproduction methods, and flower morphology.
This document provides an overview of the natural system of plant classification developed by George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker in their book Genera Plantarum. It describes the key features of their system, including dividing plants into two major groups - cryptogams (non-flowering plants) and phanerogams (flowering plants). Flowering plants are further divided into dicotyledons, monocotyledons, and gymnosperms. The system places plant families into a hierarchical structure of orders, cohorts, and series based on morphological characteristics. While pioneering for its time, the system is not fully phylogenetic and has limitations such as not clearly addressing the origin of angiosperms.
This document discusses the geological timeline of early flowering plants (angiosperms). It notes that flowering plants first appeared in the Lower Cretaceous period, around 125 million years ago, based on fossil evidence, though earlier traces are scarce. It then describes several early angiosperm fossils found from the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous periods that provide evidence of the earliest evolution of flowering plants, including Furcula granulifera, Archaefructus liaoningensis, Homoxylon rajmahalense, and Bevhalstia pebja. The document concludes with notes on the fossil record of early monocots.
The document discusses various types of documentation in plant taxonomy including floras, monographs, taxonomic revisions, manuals, taxonomic indexes, dictionaries, glossaries, catalogs, journals, periodicals, abstracts, and icones. Floras document the plants of a given geographical region, monographs provide in-depth treatment of a taxonomic group, and revisions focus on a section of a genus or geographical area. Manuals, indexes, dictionaries and glossaries aid in identification and classification. Journals, periodicals, and abstracts disseminate taxonomic research. Icones provide pictorial representations of plants. Proper documentation enables dissemination and retrieval of taxonomic information for various users.
This document provides information about taxonomic tools of floras. It begins by defining what a flora is - a description of plants found in a particular region. Floras typically include keys for identification and maps showing plant ranges. The document then classifies different types of floras based on their geographic scope, such as local, regional, continental, and special floras. It also discusses the data commonly presented in floras, including taxonomic hierarchies, identification tools, descriptions, illustrations, and voucher specimens. Finally, it provides details about the Flora of Gujarat, India, which documents over 2,000 plant species found in the region.
The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem that increases the diameter of stems and roots through secondary growth. It is composed of fusiform initials that divide to form vertical tissues and ray initials that form horizontal tissues. In dicots, intrafascicular cambium initially develops within vascular bundles and interfascicular cambium develops between bundles, eventually joining to form a complete cambial ring. The cambium divides to produce secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. Its seasonal activity varies the structure of the tissues produced.
This document summarizes several systems of plant classification including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It provides details on Linnaeus' artificial classification system based on plant sexuality and number of sexual parts. It also describes Bentham and Hooker's widely adopted natural system from 1862-1883, and Engler and Prantl's phylogenetic system from 1887-1915 which was based on evolutionary relationships and classified plants into 13 divisions.
This document discusses several theories on the evolutionary origins of angiosperms (flowering plants):
1. The Isoetes-Monocotyledon theory proposes that monocotyledons evolved from various groups of pteridophytes through a hypothetical intermediate called Proangiosperms. However, modern views consider the similarities between Isoetes and monocots to be superficial.
2. The Conifer-Amentiferae theory suggests that angiosperms evolved from conifers like Cordaites. While amentiferous plants like willows share some features with conifers, they are now seen as specialized, not primitive.
3. The Gnetales-Ang
The document discusses the principles and rules of botanical nomenclature, which provide standardized scientific names for naming plant taxa. Key points include: botanical nomenclature is governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; scientific names are binomial and provide universal and unambiguous references to taxa; names are based on priority of publication with earliest legitimate name being the correct name; and names can change ranks over time while maintaining priority.
The document discusses the formation and types of embryo sacs in flowering plants. It begins by defining the embryo sac as the female gametophyte found within the ovule. It then describes the two main stages of embryo sac formation: megaspore formation through meiosis, and megagametogenesis where the haploid megaspore develops into the embryo sac through mitosis. There are three main classifications of embryo sacs based on the number of megaspores involved: monosporic, bisporic, and tetrasporic. The most common type is the monosporic Polygonum embryo sac, which has 8 nuclei organized into specific cell types.
This document provides information about botanical nomenclature and the rules for scientific naming of plants. It discusses Carl Linnaeus who is considered the father of modern botanical nomenclature. The key points are: scientific names provide a uniform name for plants worldwide; names have specific Latinized suffixes for different taxonomic ranks; there are rules of priority, for nomenclatural types, and for effective publication of new names. Binomial nomenclature follows specific rules where the genus is capitalized and author is included. Some plants have a trinomial name with a subspecific rank.
Wall ingrowths are specialized structures that increase the surface area of plant cell membranes. They are formed through localized deposition of cell wall material which causes invaginations of the plasma membrane. There are three main types of wall ingrowths - flange, reticulate, and papillate. Flange ingrowths resemble secondary cell walls while reticulate ingrowths branch and fuse to form fenestrations. Papillate ingrowths are initially disorganized cellulose deposits that become surrounded by callose and cell wall proteins. Transfer cells are specialized plant cells that facilitate nutrient transport through extensive wall ingrowths that amplify the plasma membrane surface area.
This document discusses different systems of plant classification, including artificial, natural, and phylogenetic systems. It focuses on the artificial system of classification developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 18th century. Linnaeus classified plants based mainly on their floral characteristics like stamen number. He divided plants into 24 classes and further subgroups from A to Z based on these characteristics. While this system was convenient for identification, it had limitations like grouping unrelated plants together and considering only a few characters.
This document provides information on zoological nomenclature and the rules for naming species. It discusses the proper formatting for binomial names, including using commas and parentheses. It also describes new combinations when a species is moved to a different genus. Other topics covered include the use of brackets, abbreviations, the derivation of names, and the shortest and longest binomial and trinomial names. The document also discusses availability, which determines whether a published name can be officially recognized.
The document discusses plant nomenclature and the rules for scientific naming of plants. It covers topics such as the purpose of nomenclature, the basis and principles of current botanical nomenclature including types, binomial nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), and some key nomenclatural terms. The document provides definitions and examples to explain concepts in plant taxonomy and scientific naming.
The document discusses zoological nomenclature, which provides scientific names for taxonomic categories to facilitate communication among biologists. It outlines key aspects of nomenclature including that names should be scientific, unique, and universal. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) establishes the rules for naming, with the goal of stability and priority of publication. Binomial nomenclature introduced by Linnaeus in 1758 is also covered, establishing that each organism has a generic and specific name in Latin or Latinized form.
Presentation of botanical nomenclature [Autosaved]-1.pdfhdworld101
The document discusses the importance of binomial nomenclature and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). It provides an overview of the key principles of binomial nomenclature, including that each species is uniquely identified by its genus and specific epithet. It also summarizes the main rules established by the ICBN, such as scientific names being written in italics and Latin, to ensure consistency across taxonomy. Additionally, it outlines some of the principles of botanical nomenclature like priority, type specimens, and retroactivity to govern naming of plant taxa.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) is a set of rules that governs the scientific names of animals. It aims to promote stability and order in animal taxonomy. The ICZN originated from rules developed in the 19th century and was formally established in 1961. It consists of principles, rules, and recommendations for naming taxa and determining priority of scientific names according to date of publication. The ICZN seeks to ensure each taxon has a unique and distinct scientific name.
The document discusses the importance of scientific naming in biology. It explains the binomial nomenclature system developed by Linnaeus, which standardized naming of species using the genus and specific epithet. The document outlines key aspects of scientific names, including authorship, variations, name endings that indicate rank and gender, and the importance of type specimens in defining species.
This document discusses botanical nomenclature and the rules for naming plants. It begins by explaining that botanical nomenclature is the process of naming plants according to international rules proposed by botanists. It then discusses the history of plant naming including the development of the binomial system by Linnaeus and establishment of Latin as the language for plant names. The document concludes by outlining some of the key principles and rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature including requirements for valid publication of new plant names.
This document discusses plant nomenclature and some key concepts in naming plants scientifically. It covers:
1) The International Code of Nomenclature governs assigning scientific names to plants, algae, and fungi in Latin. Names must follow the code's rules to be legitimate.
2) Plants are named using a binomial system with the genus as the first part and specific epithet as the second, such as Themeda pseudotremula.
3) Types, either a holotype or lectotype, are designated specimens that anchor the name to a taxon. Priority of publication determines which scientific name is correct when multiple names have been assigned.
This document provides an overview of plant nomenclature and the rules for scientific naming of plants according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). It discusses key concepts such as scientific names, binomial nomenclature, types, ranks, valid publication, synonyms, and correct names. The document is intended as an educational guide for those interested in learning about the standards for assigning and determining scientific names of plant taxa.
Nomenclature and classification of microorganismsAtifa Ambreen
The document discusses the nomenclature and classification of microorganisms. It describes how scientists have historically attempted to classify living things, from Aristotle grouping them as plant or animal to Linnaeus developing the binomial naming system still used today. Microorganism names now originate from descriptive terms, scientists' names, geographic locations, or organizations. The document then outlines the taxonomic hierarchy from kingdom to species and provides an example classification for Lactobacillus delbrueckii bulgaricus. It concludes by defining rules for naming microorganisms, including when to capitalize, italicize, and use abbreviations, as well as noting plural forms.
Binomial System of Nomenclature is used in Taxonomy. It has been first time used consistently by Carolous Linnaeus aka Carl von Linne in his famous Species Plantarum published in 1753.
Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming organisms using two-part scientific names. It was developed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Under this system, each species is identified by its genus and specific epithet. For example, Homo sapiens. The rules of binomial nomenclature specify that the first part of the name indicates the genus and is capitalized, while the second part indicates the species and is lowercase. Names must also be unique, universal, and stable to serve the purpose of scientific classification.
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature articles 1-9Kishor6460
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) establishes standard rules for naming animals. It has been updated through various international conferences since the 1830s. The current 4th edition from 1999 contains 6 principles, 18 chapters, and 90 articles that govern scientific naming. Key principles include binominal nomenclature, priority, coordination, first reviser, homonymy, and typification. The code defines valid publication and establishes 1 January 1758 as the starting point of zoological nomenclature. Interpolated names and qualifying abbreviations are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of the taxonomy and classification of cultivated plants. It discusses the history of plant taxonomy from ancient Greek and Roman times through Linnaeus' establishment of binomial nomenclature in the 1700s. It also describes the development of different nomenclature codes and rules over time to standardize naming, including the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. The document uses examples like rice taxonomy to illustrate hierarchical classification systems and discusses ongoing debates around defining taxonomic ranks.
Introduction to Zoological Nomenclature (Part 1). Approximately 1 hour, 38 slides, in English. By Jerry Hooker, Dep't of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
Comparing the Codes: Zoological and Botantical NomenclatureICZN
The document summarizes some of the key differences between the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, which govern the scientific naming of animals and plants respectively. Some differences include the use of different suffixes for suprageneric ranks, rules around italicization, priority for fossil vs. recent taxa, and allowing or prohibiting tautonyms. Both codes aim for stability and hierarchy in scientific names but approach this goal through somewhat different terminologies and principles.
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Author citation converted(1)
1. PLANT TAXONOMY
Welcome to
Principles and Rules ( ICN): Author Citation, Rejection of
Names & Names of Hybrids
By
N. Sannigrahi, Associate Professor,
Deptt. Of Botany, Nistarini College,
Purulia
West Bengal, India
2. AUTHOR CITATION
The application of the scientific name irrespective of any
kind of living organisms is universal in application. Each
scientific name is mostly comprising of three parts-the
generic name, the specific epithet along with the name of
author or authors designated for the same. But due to
different reasons, the author/authors name associated
with the scientific name subjected experience some
changes as designated by the international authority of
this nomenclature-ICBN. The name of a taxon (Unitary,
binary or ternary) is incomplete unless the name of the
author or authors who first validly published the name ,
is cited along with it. This helps in verifying the dates of
publication and in imparting precision in biological
nomenclature.
3. AUTHOR CITATION RULES
According to ICBN, the name of a taxon is incomplete unless
the names of the author or authors who first validly published
the name, is cited along with it. This helps in verifying the
dates of publication and in imparting precision in biological
nomenclature There are several rules followed in this
circumstances.
Usually the names are cited in abbreviation forms but never
underlined or types in italics, e.g. 1. Vitex Linn. 2. V. trifolia
Linn. 3. V. trifolia var. simplicifolia Cham.
If the name of the plant is published by two authors, their
names should be linked by means of et. Or an ampersand(&).
If the taxon is garden in origin, then while citing the name it
should be ascribed to hort.(hortulanorum) and connected to the
name of the author who published it by an ex, e.g. Geaneria
dwklarii hort. Ex Hook.
4. AUTHOR CITATION
For a name to be complete, accurate and readily verifiable, it
should be accompanied by the name of the author or author
who first validly published the name. The names of authors are
commonly abbreviated. e.g. Mangifera indica L. (L stands for
Linnaeus)
Single author:- The name of a single author follows the name
of a species (or any other taxon) when a single author proposed
a new name. e.g. Solanum nigrum Linn.
Multiple authors:- 1. Use of et:-when two or more author
jointly published the name of a new species their name are
linked by et. e.g. Delphinium viscosum Hook. f. Et Thomson.
The author name along with the scientific name make it
scientifically correct.
5. AUTHOR CITATION
Use of parenthesis:- when the name of a taxon is based basionym,
the name of the author of basionym is placed within parenthesis and
the author who made the name, is placed outside the parenthesis. e.g.
Cynodon dactylon (Linn) Pers
Use of ex:- when a author had proposed a name but was validly
published by another author, the word ex should be used as
connecting link between the name of authors. e.g. Cerasus cornuta
wall. Ex Royle
Use of in:- The names of author are linked using in when a author
published a name in a publication of another author. e.g. Carex
kashmirensis Clarke in Hook. F.
Use of emend:- The names of two authors are linked using emend
when the second author makes some change in the diagnosis or in
circumscription of taxon without altering the type. e.g. Phyllanthus
Linn. Emend Mull . Use of square brackets:-Square brackets are used
to indicate prestarting point author. e.g. Lupinus [Tourne.] Linn
6. REJECTION OF NAME-RULES
A legitimate name or epithet must not be rejected merely
because it is inappropriate or disagreeable, or because another
is preferable or better known or because it has lost its original
meaning. However, a name must be rejected if it was
nomenclatural superfluous when published. Similarly, a name
or epithet rejected is replaced by the oldest legitimate name or
in a combination by the oldest available epithet in the rank
concerned. The following types of name to be illegitimate and
unusable like Synonyms, Tautonyms, Typonyms, Metanyms,
Homonyms, Hypnonyms, Autonym and Nomen nudum. The all
the criteria is based on the rules of the nomenclature as
published by the highest authority of nomenclature i.e ICN.
7. REJECTION OF NAMES
Typonyms : A name is rejected if there is and older valid name
based on the same type.
Metanyms: A name is rejected when there is an older valid
name based on another member of the same group.
Hyponyms: A name is rejected when the natural group to which
it applies is undetermined.
Homonyms: A name is rejected when preoccupied i.e identical
names can not be applied to two different taxa.
Nomen nudum: It is the name that does not fulfill the criteria
set by ICBN as a legally described scientific name and
therefore cannot be used unless it is subsequently proposed
correctly .It is Latin term ( Plural nomina nuda) referring to a
name that has been published or mentioned without a proper
and complete description.
8. REJECTION OF NAMES
Tautonym:-An illegitimate binomial in which the name of
genus and specific epithet is identical or some is called a
tautonym. e.g. Malus malus or Armoracia (L) Britron. Cajanus
cajan – not tautonym
Autonym:- Reputation of a specific epithet is an intra specific
epithet does not constitute a tautonym but a legitimate
autonym. e.g. Acacia nilotica ssp. Nilotica.
Synonym:-All names of a taxon other than a single valid name
are synonyms of that taxon. The earliest name is the current
name and others are synonyms. The earliest is detected by low
of priority from 1753. e.g. Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f, 1768
Nymphaea pubescence Willd, 1799 –Synonym Nymphaea
torus Hook. f. Et T., 1872 –Synonym
9. REJECTION OF NAMES
Basionym:- A specific or intra-specific name which has priority and
is retained deeded when transferred to a new taxon is called a
basionym. e.g. Panicum dactylon Linn—basionym. Cynodon
dactylon (Linn) pers—Original name.
Homonym:- A taxon should have one correct name. The code does
not allow the same to be used for two different taxa. Such if existing
constitute homonyms. The name published at an early date is termed
the earlier homonym. The name rejects the later homonym. E.g:-
Zizyphus jujuba Lamk 1789— later homonym Zizyphus jujuba Mill
1768—earlier homonym.
Later Isonym:- When the same based on the same type has been
published independently at different times by different authors, then
only the earliest of these so called “Isonym” has nomenclatural status
and “later Isonym” rejected. e.g:- Alsophila kalbreyeri Baker(1892)
Alsophila kalbreyeri Christensten(1905) –later Isonym.
10. NAMES OF HYBRIDS
A hybrid plant is the result of cross pollinating two different of
two different genera(Inter generic), different species(Intra
generic or Inter specific) plant varieties and growing the seed
the mix produces. The plant that grows from that seed
combination is called a hybrid. Commercial cross planting is
done to get some type of valued attribute of each initial variety
into the offspring. Hybrids might be developed for disease
resistance, size of plant, flower, or fruit, increased flowering,
color, taste or any reason a plant might be considered special.
Today, many modern plants sold are hybrids.
Hybrid Names Fern. Validly published hybrid names are
signified by the symbol “x” and are not italicized. Hybrids at
the generic level are written with an “x” immediately prior to
the genus name, such as in the following example: xElyleymus
colvillensis (Lepage) Barkworth For a hybrid at the species
level an “x” is placed immediately prior to the specific epithet,
as in this example: Quercus xdeamii Trel. (Quercus xdeamii
was found to be a product of the cross Quercus macrocarpa
Michx. x Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.
11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Google for images
Advanced Plant Taxonomy by A.K. Mondal
Plant Taxonomy- O. P. Sharma
A textbook of Botany- Hait, Bhattacharyya &
Ghosh
Some web pages
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