The concept of motivation focuses on explaining what ‘moves’ behavior It was derived from a Latin word ‘movere’ meaning movement Motivation is one of the determinants of behavior Instincts, derives, needs, goals and incentives come under the broad cluster of motivation.

1. Motivation and Emotion
Group Member:
Nasir Hussain
Ghulam Anwar
Muhammad Ramzan

2. Nature of Motivation
• The concept of motivation focuses on explaining what ‘moves’ behavior
• It was derived from a Latin word ‘movere’ meaning movement
• Motivation is one of the determinants of behavior
• Instincts, derives, needs, goals and incentives come under the broad cluster
of motivation.

3. Motivational Cycle
Need
Drive
Arousal
Goal-
directed
behavior
Achieve
ment
Reductio
n of
Arousal

4. Types of Motives
Types of Motives
Biological Motives
Focus on the innate, biological
causes of motivation like hormones,
brain structure
For example: hunger and thirst
Psychosocial Motives
Focus on psychological and social
factors and how they interact with
each other to produce motivation.
For example: affiliation, power,
curiosity and exploration

5. Theories of Motivation
• Instinct theory
• Drive theory
• Incentive theory
• Arousal theory
• Maslow’s hierarchy

6. Instinct Theory
• According to the instinct theory of motivation, all organisms are born with
innate biological tendencies that help them survive.
• Instincts are goal-directed and innate patterns of behavior that are not the
result of learning or experience.
For example:
birds have an innate need to migrate before winter. This behaviors occur
naturally and automatically. They do not need to be learned in order to be
displayed.

7. Cont..
• In his book Exploring Psychology, author David G. Meyers suggests that in
order to be identified as an instinct, the behavior "must have a fixed pattern
throughout a species and be unlearned."

8. William McDougall
• Psychologist William McDougall was one of the first to write about the
instinct theory of motivation
• He suggested that instinctive behavior was composed of three essential
elements: perception, behavior, and emotion.
• He also outlined 18 different instincts that included curiosity, maternal
instinct, laughter, comfort, sex, and food-seeking.

9. Sigmund Freud
• Psychiatrist Sigmund Freud used a broad view of motivation and suggested the human
behavior was driven by two key forces:
• Life Instinct & Death Instinct
• The life instinct: Sometimes referred to as sexual instincts, the life drives deal with basic
survival, pleasure, and reproduction. These instincts or drives are essential for sustaining the
life of the individual as well as the continuation of the species
• Behaviors commonly associated with life instincts include love, cooperation, and
other prosocial actions.
• These drives also include such things as thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance. The energy
created by the life instincts is known as libido.

10. Cont..
• Freud first introduced the concept of the death drive in his essay Beyond the
Pleasure Principle. He theorized that the death drive is the drive toward death and
destruction, famously declaring that “the aim of all life is death.”
• Freud believed that people typically channel their death drive outwards and that it
manifests as aggression toward others.
• This drive can also be directed inwards, however, which can result in self-harm or
suicide.
• According to Freud, the death drive stands in stark contrast to the drive to survive,
procreate, and satisfy desires.

12. William James
• Psychologist William James, on the other hand, identified a number of
instincts that he believed were essential for survival.
• These included such things as fear, anger, love, shame, and cleanliness.

13. Drive Theory
• Drive theory was developed by Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence in 1943
• According to this theory people are motivated to take certain action in order
to reduce internal tension, that is caused by unmet needs
• Example : A person might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order
reduce the internal state of thrust.

14. Study conducted by Hull
• In a study conducted by Hull, two groups of rats were put in a maze, group
A was given food after three hours and group B was given food after twenty-
two hours. Hull had decided that the rats that were deprived of food longer
would be more likely to develop a habit of going down the same path to
obtain food.

15. Incentive Theory
• Incentive theory is based on behavior
learning proposed by Ivan Pavlov.
• The incentive theory suggest that people
are motivated to do thing because of
external reward.
• This emphasized that an attractive
incentive energize us to do something,
while unattractive incentive discourage
to do something
• Example : Student is motivated by
incentive of good grades and teacher is
motivated by incentive of promotion.

16. Cont.…
• In contrast with the push of drive theory, incentive theory is pull theory of
motivation.
• We are pushed by our drive and pulled by incentive.
• The drive is the need, and the incentive is the reward

17. Arousal Theory of Motivation
• According to the arousal theory of motivation, each person has a unique arousal level that is
right for them. When our arousal levels drop below these personalized optimal levels, we
seek some sort of stimulation to elevate them.
• The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain action to either increase
or decrease level of arousal.
• When level get too low, For example a person might have watched an exciting movie.
• When level get too high on other hand person would probably look for a way to relax such
as reading a book.
• One of the key assumptions of the arousal theory is that we are motivated to pursue actions
that help us maintain an ideal balance.

18. Behavior Is Motivated by Arousal Levels
• The individual with high arousal needs, might be motivated to seek risky or
thrilling activities such as motorcycle racing or skydiving in order to maintain
his or her ideal levels.
• If you need to raise your arousal levels, you might:
1. Engage in physical activity
2. Socialize with friends
3. Try something new and exciting

19. Cont.…
• The person with low arousal needs might be motivated to pursue simple
activities such as watching a movie in order to maintain their arousal levels.
• If you need to lower your arousal levels, you might:
1. Enjoy a relaxing hobby
2. Read a book

20. Arousal Influences Performance
• One of the assertions of the arousal theory of motivation is that our levels
of arousal can influence our performance. But again, balance is key.
• Higher arousal levels can sometimes help us perform better, but it can also
impair performance if arousal levels are too high.
• This concept is commonly referred to as the Yerkes-Dodson Law. The law
states that increased levels of arousal will improve performance, but only up
until the optimum arousal level is reached.

21. Cont..
• Most students have experienced this phenomenon when taking final exams.
Increased arousal can lead to better test performance by helping you stay
alert, focused, and attentive.
• Excessive arousal can lead to test anxiety and leave you nervous and unable
to concentrate on the test. When arousal levels are very high or very low,
performance tends to be worse.

22. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Self-Actualization
• Esteem
• Love
• Safety
• Physiological

23. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Most need have to do with the survival physically and psychologically
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS

24. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• On the whole individual cannot satisfy any level unless need below are
satisfied
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS

25. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• .
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS

26. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• .
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS

27. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Maslow Emphasize need for self actualization is a healthy individual’s prime
motivation
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION

28. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
LOVE, AFFECTION, AND
BELONGINGNESS NEEDS
ESTEEM NEEDS
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
NEED

29. Discussion
• What happened when NEED is not attained? Or the motivated action is
blocked?
• What happens when one is faced with more than one motive or
need(contradictory) at the same time?

30. Frustration and Conflict
• “Frustration-aggression hypothesis” Dollard and Millar
State “frustration produce aggression”
Main sources:
1)Environmental force
2)Personal factor

31. Conflict
• Conflict occur whenever a person must choose between contradictory needs, desire,
motives or demands.
• Three forms of conflict
• 1) Approach-approach conflict
• 2)Avoidance-avoidance conflict
• 3)Approach-avoidance conflict
• Thus, CONFLITCS can cause FRUSTRATION that may lead to AGGRESSION

32. EMOTION

33. Imagine life without
 Love
 Joy
 Fear
 Sadness
 Surprise
 Anger

34. Introduction
• The word ‘emotion’ is derived from the Latin word, ‘emovere’ which means ‘to
excite’. In common use emotion is referred to a subjective feeling.
• Feeling are simple experience of affective type, pleasant or unpleasant.
• Emotion are some start of feeling or affective experience which are characterized by
some physiological changes that generally lead them to perform behavior acts.
• “Emotion is a complex pattern of bodily changes including physiological arousal,
feeling, cognitive process and behavioral responses to a personally significant
situation”

35. Components of Emotion
• Four component of emotion are:
1. Subjective feeling
2. Emotional expression or expressive behavior
3. Physiological Changes
4. Conscious Experience

36. Subjective Feeling
• Subject feeling are what you believe and what you are feeling. It is conscious
and an intellectual perception of a situation. If the situation is intense
enough, it may provoke and emotion. Emotions are experienced before
expression.

37. Emotional Expression

38. Emotional Expression
• Vocal: vocal also tells us about an emotional state of an individual. A scream
communicate fear, surprise or pain. A trembling voice means sorrow or
disappointment. A loud, sharp high pitch voice means anger, irritability or
frustration. Slow monotonous voice usually communicate sadness.
• Bodily movement: bodily movement and gesture also indicate the
emotional state of an individual. In anger, a person clenches his fist and
moves forward to attack. In fear person runs away, in joy the person is
excited.

39. Physiological Change
• Physiological changes that take place during an emotional states are caused mainly
by the autonomic nervous system and endocrine gland system.
• Increased blood pressure and heart rate
• Change in rate of respiration
• Dilation of pupils
• Sweating and decreased secretion of saliva
• Increase in blood sugar level
• Decrease mobility and gastrointestinal tract
• Erect hair on the skin
• Muscular tension and tremors

40. Conscious Experience
• An emotion is not only a pattern of bodily changes, but also an experience.
Emotional experience is generally a conscious feeling. In order to assess an
individual emotion, his feeling and emotional experience is an important
indicator.

41. Change in Emotional Reaction
• emotional reaction affect the autonomic nervous system the most. the following
external, internal and psychological changes occur during emotional States.
• External Change Internal Change Psychological Change
• Facial Expression Increased Heart Rate Clouding Of Consciousness
• Bodily Movement Increased Blood Pressure Blocking Of Memory
• Gesture Changes In Respiration Decreased Learning Capability
• Voice Disturbance Increased Blood Sugar Level
And Decreased Motility

42. Theories of Emotion
• James Lange Theory:
James Lange theory proposed that an event or stimulus cause a physiological
arousal and you experience the resulting emotion.
Example:
The dog makes me feel afraid and my heart pounds.

43. James Lange Theory:
Fear
Body
Response

44. Theory of Emotion
• Cannon-bard Theory Of Emotion
• It states that -
• we react to a stimulus and experience the associated emotion at the same
time.
• we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating,
trembling and muscle tension simultaneously.

45. Cannon-bard Theory Of Emotion
• For example: I see a snake --> I am afraid --> I begin to tremble.

46. Emotional Adjustment
• Emotions play an important role in human life. Under ordinary
circumstances the physiological reaction during an emotion facilitated the
adjustment of the individual. These physiological reaction last for a little time
and do not have any harmful effect on our body. But when an emotion
recurs again and again and remain for a longer time trouble may start,
affecting the physical health.
• Autonomic nervous system, brain structure and hormones play an important
role in emotional adjustment.

47. Emotion in Health and Illness
• By controlling our own emotion, we can eliminate half of the nagging illness that
plague our daily lives. our body functions well when we are happy. there is an old
saying ‘Joy is the best medicine’
• Intense and unpleasant emotion disturb the whole individual if they process, they
may cause illness or worsen the condition of one already ill.
• Negative emotion can weaken body’s immune system and cause infection. When the
person is stressed or anxious, he may not take care of his health as well as he
should. He may not feel like exercising, eating nutritious food or taking medicine
that the doctor prescribes. He may abuse alcohol, tobacco or other drugs.

48. Emotion in
Health and
Illness
• Modern medicine show that uncontrolled
emotionality is play a vital role in causation of
many physical disorder, which include:
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Epilepsy
• Diabetes and tuberculosis
• Bronchial asthma
• Increased BP
• Insomnia

49. Do You have any question?