1. An Introduction
to
English
Phonetics
Richard Ogden

2. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 2

3. Using components
of vocal folds
Vibration of vocal
folds
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4. Larynx
Vocal folds
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5. Vocal folds located
in the larynx
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8. thyroid,
cricoid
arytenoid
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10. Is the most obvious
It is largest
Is at the front of larynx
Forms box of larynx
It consists of two plates
Is static
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14.  Ring shape underneath the
thyroid
 Forms the bottom part of the
“box”
 Has two spurs, one each side
 Two arytenoid cartilage sit top
on the back of the cricoid
cartilagePrepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 14

15.  Vocal folds are attached to the
arytenoid at the back and thyroid
at the front
 At the side vocal folds are
attached to the muscle of larynx
 In the middle is free so there is a
gap between them
 This gap is called glottis
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16. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 16

17.  Are movable
 Cause the tension across
the vocal folds change
 So lead to vibration of vocal
folds
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22. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 22
Valv
e(windpipe
)

23.  Vocal folds form a kind of valve
 For breathing vocal folds open
 Then held wide apart
 So, air can pass in and out of lung
unimpeded
 Then, allowing free passage of air
across the glottis
 Finally, voiceless sound are
produced
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24. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 24

25.  First of all , Folds are shut or
close
 Then , Air below cannot escape
 Yet, Pressure of muscle forcing
air out
 So, pressure builds up below the
glottis
 Until eventually folds open
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26.  Air pressure above and below
the glottis equalizes
 Now, tension across the vocal
folds cause them back together
 The process now repeat itself
 Voice sound appeared
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28. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 28

29. The cycle of closing and
opening vocal fold is an
aerodynamic effect
It is called bernoullie
effect
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30. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 30

31.  Vocal folds vibrate
 Make complete closure along with
full length
 Make no gap in contact between
vocal folds
 There is regular vibration
 No particular tension in the folds
 This is called modal voicing
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32. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 32

33. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 33

34.  First , pitch resulting from
more tension
 Second, loudness of our
speech or average pitch
resulting from more air
pressure
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35. Pitch
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Change meaning in sentence level
not word level

36.  The more tension across the
folds, the faster rate of
vibration
 the folds tightened/adducted
by arytenoid cartilage
 folds start vibrate more
quickly
 Thus , pitch will risePrepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 36

37. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 37
the folds relax, not
tightened/adducted by
arytenoid cartilage
Tension is lower
Then , folds vibrate slowly
Pitch will down

38. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 38

39.  The rate of vibration of vocal
folds is called fundamental
frequency
 The relationship between pitch
& fundamental frequency are
not linear.
 This relationship is logarithmic
in naturePrepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 39

40. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 40

41.  F0 is produced within a certain range;
bottom & top range
 Bottom of the range refers to speaker’s
lowest f0 value
 Top of the range refers to speaker’s
highest f0 value
 This range varies among individuals
 This variation is because of
extralinguistic factors
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42.  Individual’s vocal tract
shape
 Individual’s larynx
 Individual’s habitual way of
speaking
 Individual’s shape of thyroid
cartilage
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43.  Intonation is the linguistic use of
particular f0 in production speech
 Intonation affect on meaning
 Intonation carries main stressed item
of an utterance
 Other stressed syllabus of the
utterance does not carry intonation
 In English, context influence on the f0
contour subsequently intonation
 Open page 46 & 47
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44. []
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45. Prepared, Nasrin Eftekhari 45
[/]

46. [/]
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47. [/]
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48. [`]
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49. One of the main
interference between
syntax & semantic &
phonetics is : phrasing &
intonation
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50.  Because phrasing & intonation
give speakers clues of syntax
that organizes words into the
structure
 Refer to page 49 as an example
of phrasing
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51.  Speaker can control :
 Rate of vibration of vocal
folds
 &
 The way in which they
vibrate
 This is called :
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52.  Breathy voice
 Creaky voice
 Whisper voice
 Falsetto voice
 Glasgow
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53. In open vocal folds
Is soft and quieter
Transcribe with : [..]
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54.  Closure along the vocal folds leaving
an opening at the front end
 Folds are pressed not firmly
 Folds become thick
 Creak leads to irregular pattern of
vibration
 Vibration is slow
 F0 is low
 Diacritic is : [~]
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55.  Vocal folds is narrow
 Glottis is opened
 Folds not vibrate
 The air below become
turbulent
 Is used that speaker speak
quietly /secretively
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56. Raising the speaker f0
Vocal folds stretch
Glottis not completely
closed
Used in singing &
conversational speech
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57.  Is a voice quality as sociolinguistic
marker
 Voice quality varies with age,
gender & class
 Its different “articulator setting”
refers to habitual way of speaker’s
speech production
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58. Thank you
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