Algae come in a wide range of sizes and shapes, from microscopic to visible. They have diverse body structures depending on whether they are solitary or colonial unicellular organisms, or multicellular organisms with threads, filaments or sheets. All algae are eukaryotic and contain chloroplasts with various pigments like chlorophyll that perform photosynthesis. They can reproduce asexually through processes like binary fission or fragmentation, or sexually through spore formation or gamete fusion. The major groups of algae are classified based on their dominant pigments and include Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Pyrrophyta.

1. ALGAE

2. BODY CHARACTERISTICS
Size and Shape :
Algae are range in size, from the invisible (microscopic) to the visible (macroscopic)
•Solitary unicellular algae
Their shape are round, oval, or pear-shaped
algae of this group.
The example is Chlorella

3. •Unicellular algae in colony
Cells are dependent on one another for their
survival. The protoplast of each cell is
connected to another by pores on the cell
wall. The colony shape is like a disc, a ball, or
net.
The example is Hydrodictyon which have
shape like a net
•Multicellular algae
There are forms of thread,
filament, and sheet-like
multicellular algae.
The example is Oedogonium
which have filament shape
body.

4. BODY STRUCTURE
All algae are eukaryotic organisms, their contain chloroplast. There are many
shape of chloroplast . Spherical, bowl-shaped, and belt-shaped.
The main pigments in algae is chlorophyll.
ADDITIONAL PIGMENTS
Carotene Phycobilin
Fucoxanthin Xantophylls Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin
(Brownish) (Golden) (Bluish) (Reddish)

5. REPRODUCTION PROCCESS
REPRODUCTION
Asexual Sexual
Binary Fission Fragmentation Spore Formation

6. REPRODUCTION
Binary Fission
Binary Fission occurs only in unicellular algae. Such as Chlorella and Euglena.
A mother cell divided into two to form two identical daughter cells.

7. REPRODUCTION
Fragmentation
Fragmentation occurs only in multicellular filamentous and thallus algae. Such
as Spirogyra, Laminaria and Sargassum

8. REPRODUCTION
Spore Formation

9. REPRODUCTION
Sexual

10. ALGAE
CHLOROPHYTA EUGLENOPHYTA
CHRYSOPHYTA
PHAEOPHYTA
RHODOPHYTA
PYRROPHYTA

11. EUGLENOPHYTA
Euglenoids shape is like
a bottle. Have disc-shaped
eye spot that contains
photoreceptors covered by
a layer of red pigment
(phycobilin).
Is a unicellular organism
that lacks a cell wall. Cut,
the cell is covered by an
elastic protein called
pellicle.
Euglenoid have been identified as photosyntethic organism. However, there are
heterotrophic Euglenoids as well.
The photosyntethic product is stored as a backup in the form of paramylon (a
type of a starch).
Have two flagellum. Long and short.
Live in freshwater habitats such as ponds or lakes.
Reproduction is done asexually by binary fission.

12. CHLOROPHYTA
Division Chlorophyta which is popularly known as green algae, which is the
largest group of algae consisting of approximately 429 genera and 6600
species.
The characteristic of chlorophyta are:
a. Has a pigment found in chloroplasts that are dominated by chlorophyll a
and b causing this green alga
b. Assimilation products in the form of starch in touch with pirenoid
pembentukkannya
c. Gametes have 2 or 4 flagella of equal length whiplash type located at the
anterior
d. Sexual reproduction isogami, anisogami, and Oogami
e. Each cell has a true nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
f. Cell walls composed of cellulose
The example of chlorophyta (link)

13. CHRYSOPHYTA
Have a dominant carotene pigment,
xanthophyll.
They are solitary unciellular algae, such as
Ochromonas, or living in colony and lacking
flagella, or multicellular such as Vaucheria.
The cell wall of Chrysophyta contains
hemicellulose, silicia, and pectin. Example :
Navicula.
Food in golden algae is stored as fats and
carbohydrates.
These algae mostly live in freshwater, with some
exceptions that can live in the sea.
Reproduction is done asexually by binary fission
or spore formation.

14. PHAEOPHYTA
Phaeophyta are the most complex forms of algae. The cell walls are composed of
cellulose and alginic acid (a complex polysaccharide). Unlike green algae or
Cholorophyta, they lack true starch. The food reserves contain sugar, higher
alcohol and other complex forms of polysaccharides. The members of phaeophyta
belonging to Laminarales are called kelps.
Kelps are the only algae with a significant internal tissue differentiation. Though
true conductive tissues like xylem and phloem are absent, kelps show some sort of
conductive tissues. Speaking about the reproduction of phaeophyta, they can
reproduce by means of both sexual and asexual means. Higher phaeophyta have
life cycle consisting of both haploid and diploid stages, referred to as an
alternation of generation. The thallus representing haploid stage and diploid
stage may be similar (isomorphic) or different (heteromorphic).

15. RHODOPHYTA
The red algae form a distinct group characterized by the following attributes:
eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles, using floridean starch as food
reserve, with phycobiliproteins as accessory pigments (giving them their red
color), and with chloroplasts lacking external endoplasmic reticulum and
containing unstacked thylakoids. Most red algae are also multicellular,
macroscopic, marine, and have sexual reproduction.
Most rhodophytes are marine, although there are freshwater species; these
generally prefer clean, running water, although there are some exceptions.

16. PYRROPHYTA
Fire Algae relates to the fact that some
species living in the sea, appear
fluorescent at night.
Some other species are blooming
certain times of the year (seasonal) and
cause the appearance of red tides along
the seashore. Some species can cause a
toxic red tides that kill fish and sea
animals.
The color of the fire algae is various. Yellowish-green, green, blue, brown, or red
algae depending on their pigment. Generally, the pigments of fire algae are
chlorophyll a and c, xantophyll, dinoxanthin, and phycobilin.
Fire algae mostly unicellular, photosynthetic organisms. Have celluloid plate on
their cell wall. Usually have two flagela positioned laterally at the side or apical (at
the tip) of the cell.
Live predominantly in the sea and are known as the major sea phytoplankton.

17. Thank’s for attention 