English 1st year 2nd semester

ရန္ကုန္အေ၀းသင္တကၠသုလ္
Online LLB course
English
1st year (2nd semester)

UNIT 11
THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
LEARNING GOALS
Ø The law of gravity, one of the
most important laws of the
universe
Ø The earth attracts everything
material
Ø Mutual attraction
Ø Universal gravitation
Ø (1) the greater the amount of
mater, the greater the force of
gravity
(2) the distance between the
bodies affects the strength of
this force
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø If pattern
Ø 'so… that '
Ø the + Adj -er + the … the
+ Adj –er + the ….
Ø The use of similarly
Ø The connectives
Have you ever wondered why an object falls to the ground if
it is not supported in some way? You are probably so accustomed to
things falling that you never think about it. But this ordinary event is
a manifestation of one of the most important laws of the universe:
the law of gravity.
5 All matter has weight. The weight of a substance is a
measure of the attraction that exists between the substance and the
earth. Magnets have the property of attracting, or drawing to them
pieces of iron and steel; similarly, the earth has the property of

attracting to it all kinds of matter. The force of attraction of a magnet
is confined almost entirely to pieces of iron and steel;
10 the earth attracts everything of a material nature.Something much
less obvious is also true . If, for example, you hold a piece of lead in
your hand, you feel the weight of the lead in your hand, you feel the
weight of the lead because it is attracted to the earth. But at the same
time, the earth is attracted to the lead. The
15 attraction is mutual. In fact all substances attract each other. If a
chair is put near a table, mutual attraction exists. The table and the
chair are comparatively small objects and therefore the force of
attraction is so slight that it cannot make itself felt. But with large
objects like the earth and the sun and the moon, the force of
attraction is very considerable, even though they are so far apart.
20 The fact that all particles of matter, however small, attract all
other particles of matter is known as universal gravitation. The law
governing this attraction, called the law of gravity, was first
discovered by the English scientist, Isaac Newton. He found that all
bodies in the universe have this power of attraction and the force of
gravity depends on two main things. First, the greater the amount of
matter, the greater the force of gravity. For example the earth has a
25 greater gravitational pull than the moon, because it is bigger than the
moon. Suddenly, the distance between the bodies affects the strength
of this force. Thus gravity has a stronger pull when the two bodies
are close together than when they are far apart.
1. CLOSE READING
1.1 True or False?
1. Things falling to the ground if they are not supported is a sign
of the law of gravity.

2. The law of gravity is one of the most important laws of the
universe.
3. No matter is without weight.
4. The force of attraction of a magnet is limitless.
5. If you hold a piece of lead, you feel its weight because it is in
your hand.
6. The force of attraction between the earth and the sun is slight.
7. The earth and the sun and the moon are far apart.
8. The law of gravity is the law governing mutual attraction.
9. All bodies in the universe attract each other.
10. The force of gravity depends on several main things.
1.2. Answer the following questions in single words or short phrases.
1. What is the weight of a substance the measure of?
2. What do magnets attract?
3. What does the earth attract?
4. What do all substances do to each other?
5. Why is the force of attraction between a table and a chair
slight?
6. What is universal gravitation?
7. Who first discovered the law of gravity?
8. What was his nationality?
9. What happens to the force of gravity if two objects are big?
10. What happens to the force of gravity if two objects are far
apart?
2. WORD STUDY
2.1 What words or phrases does the author use instead of the words or
phrases underlined?
1. An object falls to the ground if it is not held up in some way.

2. You are probably so used to things falling that you never think
about it.
3. This ordinary event is a sign of the law of gravity.
4. The earth has the quality of attracting to itself all kinds of matter.
5. The force of attraction of a magnet is limited almost entirely to
pieces of iron and steel.
6. The attraction is done by each to the other.
7. The force of attraction is so weak that it cannot make itself felt.
8. The force of attraction is very great, even though they are so far
separated.
9. The law controlling this attraction was first discovered by the
English scientist, Isaac Newton.
10. The greater the quality of matter, the greater the force of gravity.

2.2. Fill in the following blanks. ( all the words are in the passage).
Noun Adjective
1. matter ……...........
2. importance ...................
3. universe ...................
4. gravitation ...................
5. ………....... attractive
6. ................... distant
7. ……….. strong
Now complete the following sentences.
8. The ....... from one end of Myanmar to the other is over 1300 miles.
9. English is important because it is becoming a ........ language.
10. Mg Mg felt a strong .............. to Cho Cho.
11. Every thing is made from ..............
3. STRUCTURE STUDY
3.1 Study the following sentence.
An object falls to the ground if it is not supported in some way .
(text lines 1-2)
This sentence has two parts: the part starting with if… is the
condition; the other part is the result . Because we know that objects are
not always supported, the condition expressed is likely. The construction
of the result part of the sentence uses the present tense. ( The future is
also possible.)
Now complete the following sentences with the present tense and the verb
indicated.
1. If you are accustomed to something, you ....... about it. (never think)

2. If a piece of wood is placed near a magnet, it ........ to the magnet.
(not attract)
3. If you hold a piece of lead in your, hard, you ......... the weight of the
lead because it is attracted to the earth. (feel)
4. Mutual attraction .......... if a chair is put near a table. ( exist)
5. The gravitational pull ........... so strong if two bodies are far apart as
if they are close together. (not be)
6. The force of attraction ............ itself felt if two objects are
comparatively small. (not make)
3.2. Study the following examples.
A. You are probably accustomed to things falling. You never think
about it.
B. You are probably so accustomed to things falling that you never
think about it. (text lines 2-3)
The construction so......... that is used to show result.
Now use it to join the following sentences.
1. The weight was heavy.
I could not lift it.
2. A table and a chair are small.
The force of attraction between them is slight.
3. The force of attraction is slight.
It cannot make itself felt.
4. The force of attraction is slight.
Their force of attraction is considerable.

5. The policeman was used to seeing Mg Mg at the factory.
He did not suspect him of the crime.
6. The scientist worked efficiently.
He obtained the results very quickly.
7. Many tourists are visiting Myanmar.
Hotels are often full.
3.3. Study the following sentences.
A. The greater the amount of matter, the greater the force of gravity.
(text lines 24-25)
B. As the amount of matter becomes greater, so the force of gravity
becomes greater.
Now rewrite the following sentences using the construction
the + ADJECTIVE + -er + the ... the + ADJECTIVE + -er + the......
(As you will see in A, the verb can often be left out of one part or both
parts of this construction.)
1. When bodies are close together, the pull of gravity is stronger.
2. As objects are smaller, the force of attraction between them is
weaker.
3. As the sun becomes hotter, the need for shade becomes greater.
4. As roads become straighter, the traffic drives faster.
5. As traffic drives faster, the number of accidents greater.
3.4. What do the following refer to?
1. it (line 3)
2. them (line 7)

3. it (line 8)
4. itself (line 17)
5. they (line 19)
6. this force ( line 28)
7. they (line 29)
4. Composition Study .
Magnets have the property of attracting pieces of iron and steel;
similarly, the earth has the property of attracting to it all kinds of
matter.
similarly, indicates that what the author is about to say follows the
pattern of what he has just said.
Now say in which of the following examples the second sentence
could begin with similarly.
1. A piece of lead is attracted to the earth, the earth is attracted to
the piece of lead.
2. The force of attraction of a magnet is confined almost entirely
to piece of iron and steel, the earth attracts everything of a
material nature.
3. The greater the amount of matter, the greater the force of
gravity, the closer together the bodies, the stronger the
gravitational pull.
4. The export of rice helps, Myanmar to earn foreign exchange;
Bagan attracts tourists who bring in foreign currency.
5. Yangon is the capital of Myanmar, Mandalay used to be more
important .

6. The moon revolves the earth; the earth revolves the sun.
4.2. What examples does the author give of
1. the law of gravity in Paragraph 1?
2. attraction in Paragraph 2?
3. mutual attraction in Paragraph 3?
4. how the amount of matter affects gravitational pull in
Paragraph 4?

5. Other Work
5.1. Lead is an example of a metal.
A table is an example of furniture.
The earth is an example of a planet.
1. metals?
2. furniture?
3. planets?
5.2. Using a dictionary if necessary, give a definition of gravity.
WRITING
Without referring to the passage, put the following in the correct
order.
1. The distance between the bodies affects the strength of this
force.
2. All particles of matter attract all other particles of matter.
3. The force of gravity depends on two main things.
4. Gravity has a stronger pull when two bodies are close together
than when they are far apart.
5. The law of gravity, which is the law governing this attraction,
was discovered by Issac Newton.
6. The greater the amount of matter, the greater the force of
gravity.
7. He discovered that all bodies in the universe have the power
of this.

Now using the connectives given below, rewrite the above
sentences in their correct order to form a paragraph and that
first, second, thus.
One of the most important laws of the universe is the law of
gravity. The weight of a substance is a measure of the attraction
that exists between the substance and the earth. The earth, like
magnets attracts everything material. All substances attract each
other. With small objects, the force of attraction is so slight that it
cannot make itself felt. With large objects, like the earth and the
sun and the moon, the force of matter attract other particles of
matter. The law of gravity was discovered by the English scientist
Isaac Newton. The force of gravity depends on two main things.
First, the greater the amount of matter, the greater the force of
gravity. Second, the distance between the bodies affects the
strength of this force.
VOCABULARY
1. apart (adv) separately
2. confine (vb) keep or restrict within certain limits
3. considerable (adj) of some importance or size
4. govern (vb) influence decisively or determine
5. manifestation (n) an obvious or clear example.
6. mutual (adj) bearing same relation to each other
7. properly (n) appropriately

8. slight (adj) inconsiderable
9. support (vb) bear the weight of ( or) hold something

UNIT 12
BANANAS
LEARNING GOALS
Ø The history of the banana plant
Ø Features and of the plant
Ø It's uses and value of the fruit
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø Improve student's reading
and writing skills
Ø Build new vocabulary
Ø Practise ( the use of have/
has + not etc.) + been +
Verb Past Participle
(Passive) , + Verb Present
Participle) (active)
Bananas are grown in the tropics, but they are in demand through the
world Ecuador, Honduras and Costa Rice are the biggest exporters of
this fruit, although its home is Southern Asia. In India it has been
cultivated for at least four thousand years. The Arabs found
5 it there, and introduced it into the Holy Land Egypt and Africa. The
Portugese took it from the Atlantic Coast of Africa to the Canary
Islands. From there Spanish missionaries carried it to the tropical
Americas.
People speak of banana trees. However, the banana plant is not a
tree, but a herb, which means that it does not have a trunk, although
11 it can grow to a height of 30 feet. Commercial varieties do not grow
from seeds, because the brown dots in a ripe banana are
underdeveloped ovules never fertilized by pollination, and thus never
able develop into seeds.

A banana plant grows from an underground rootstock. Each plant
produces a single stem, around which bananas grow in clusters
17 called hands. There are usually from six to nine hands to a stem, and
each hand has from ten to twenty fingers or bananas. When ready for
cutting, the stem weights between 50 and 125 pounds. If all goes
well, the bananas are ready for harvesting about a year after the plant
has begun to grow. The bananas that are to be exported are cut while
they are still green, to stop them spoiling before they reach their
23 destination. Even when the fruit is to be eaten where it is grown, it is
not allowed to ripen on the plant. Plant –ripened bananas have a poor
flavour.
The banana contains almost all the elements necessary for a balanced
diet. It is a valuable source of vitamins A, B, C and D. Though a
banana is 75% water, it contains alkali-forming minerals
29 natural sugar, proteins and little fat. A ripe banana is easily digested
energy quickly. Banana may be eaten raw or cooked, and are used in
several other ways as well. In tropical countries, banana figs are
popular sweetmeats. These are ripe bananas preserved by drying and
sprinkled with sugar. Unripe bananas, which have a high starch
content are dried and ground to make banana flour. The flower
35 clusters of some banana plants are considered a delicacy in India,
where they are usually cooked in curries. The broad leaves of some
varieties are torn into strips and woven into mats and coarse cloth.
And the fibre of the plant can be used for twine.
NOTES
in demand (line 1) wanted
at least ( lines 3-4) not less than
the Holy Land (lines 4-5) Palestine (it is holy for Christians

because Jesus Christ lived there)
commercial varieties (line 10) i.e. varieties for sale
underground (line 13) i.e. on each stem ( of per stem)
if all goes well (line 7) if there are no difficulties
plant-ripened bananas (line 21) i.e. bananas that have ripened on the plant
a balanced diet (line 22) i.e. a diet that contains everything that a
person needs
alkali -forming (line 24) that forms alkali
a high starch content (line 28) i.e. a large amount of starch ( in each
one)
the flower clusters (line 29) i.e. the clusters of flowers
1. CLOSE READING
1.1 True or False?
1. India is a big exporter of bananas .
2. The banana plant is a herb.
3. The ovules in commercial varieties of bananas are never able to
develop into seeds.
4. Individual bananas are called fingers.
5. The bananas that are to be exported are cut when they are ripe.
6. The flavour of the plant-ripened banana is good.
7. The banana contains every element necessary for a balanced diet.
8. The banana contains vitamins A, B, C and D.
9. Bananas give energy quickly.
10. Banana figs are ripe bananas dried and sprinkled with sugar.

1. In what kinds of area in the world are bananas grown?
2. For how long have bananas been cultivated in India?
3. What are clusters of bananas called?
4. When are bananas usually ready for harvesting?
5. How much does a stem of bananas ready for cutting weigh?
6. What proportion of the banana is water?
7. How may bananas be eaten?
8. What can unripe bananas be used for?
9. What is done to the leaves of some varieties before they can be
woven into mats or coarse cloth?
2. WORD STUDY
2.1 What words or phrases does the author use instead of the words and
phrases underlined?
1. Bananas are wanted throughout the world.
2. In India it has been grown as a crop for at least four thousand
years.
3. The Arabs found it in India, and brought it into the Holy Land.
4. Commercial kinds do not grown from seeds.
5. Each plant produces a stem, around which bananas grown in
groups close together called hands.
6. The bananas that are to be exported are cut while they are still
green, to stop them from becoming rotten before they arrive at the
end of their journey.
7. Bananas that have ripened on the plant have a poor taste.
8. The bananas contains almost all the parts necessary for a
balanced diet.

9. Banana figs are ripe bananas kept from becoming rotten by
drying.
2.3 Unripe bananas have a high starch content. ( text line 28)
The phrase to have a high starch content means to contain a lot of
starch.
Now fill in the following blanks.
1. Instead of saying something contains a lot of fat, we can talk of
its ............
2. Instead of saying something contains little sugar, we can talk of
its ............
3. Instead of saying something contains little acid, we can talk of its
............
4. Instead of saying something contains a lot of protein, we can talk
of its ............
5. Instead of saying something contains little alkali, we can talk of
its ............
2.2. Fill in the following blanks (all the words are in the passage).
VERB NOUN
1. ................... export
2. ................... production
3. ................... introduction
4. ................... cultivation
5. contain ...................
6. ................... digestion
7. ................... development
8. ................... fertilization
9. pollinate ...................

10. ................... preservation
11. Myanmar ........... rice to several countries.
12. Food is ........... in the stomach.
13. Trees are fertilized by ...........
14. All coconuts ........... milk.
15. The ........... of new industries can help develop many
countries.
2.4. What word introduces an explanation of fingers in Paragraph3? What
is the explanation?
3. STRUCTURE STUDY
3.1 Study the following sentences.
In India it has been cultivated for at least four thousand years.
(text line 3)
Arabs have always lived in the Holy land
The construction
have/ has ( + not etc) + been + Verb past participle (= passive)
+ VERB past participle ( = active)
(the present perfect tense) is often used to indicate an action that
began in the past out still continues.
Now complete the following sentences using this construction and the
verb indicate in brackets.
1. The banana always ........ a popular fruit in Myanmar. (be)
2. Rice always ........ in Myanmar. (grow)

3. The bananas are ready for harvesting about a year after the plant
........ to grow. (begin)
4. Mg Mg ........ at Mandalay University for two years now. (study)
5. The Shwedagon Pagoda always ........ by most tourists to
Yangon.
3.2. Study the following sentence.
A. These are ripe bananas that have been preserved by drying and
sprinkled with sugar .
B. These are ripe banana preserved by drying and sprinkled with
sugar. (text lines 27-28)
Now rewrite the following sentences as B.
1. The brown dots in a ripe banana are undeveloped ovules that
have never been fertilized by pollination.
2. Many of the people who return to Myanmar are tourist who
have been impressed by its pagodas.
3. In snake farms, venom is extracted from snakes that have been
bred for this purpose.
4. Few people like the flavour of bananas that have been allowed
to ripen on the plant.
5. Banana flour is made from bananas that have been dried and
ground before they are ripe.
3.3 What do the following refer to ?
1. it (line 3)
2. there (line 4)
3. which (line 14)
4. these (line 27)
5. they (line 30)

4. COMPOSITION STUDY
A. The brown dots in a ripe banana are undeveloped ovules never
fertilized by pollination, and thus never able to develop into
seeds. (text lines 10-11)
B. People speak of banana trees; however, the banana plant is not a
tree, but a herb.
thus indicates that what follows is a result of what has already bee
said.
however indicates that what follows is in some way different to what
has already been said.
Now fill in the blanks in the following sentences with either thus or
however
1. Ecuador, Honduras and Costa Rica are the biggest exporters of
bananas; ........ the home of this fruit is Southern Asia.
2. Bananas that are to be exported must not spoil before they reach
their destination; ........ they are cut while they are still green.
3. Plant-ripened bananas have a poor flavour; ........ even when the
fruit is to be eaten when it is grown it is not allowed to ripen on
the plant.
4. The bananas plant is most valued for its fruit; ........ the leaves of
some varieties and the fibre of the plant can also be used.
5. Oil is the world's most useful fuel; ........ supplies of it are
limited its price is very high.
4.2 Which of the following best sums up each paragraph?
1. PARAGRAPH 1
(a) Where bananas are grown.
(b) How bananas spread through the tropics.
(c) Where bananas are wanted.

2. PARAGRAPH 2
(a) How bananas grow.
(b) What banana plants look like.
(c) How commercial varieties of bananas grow.
3. PARAGRAPH 3
(a) The harvesting of bananas
(b)The ripening of bananas.
(c) The exporting of bananas.
4. PARAGRAPH 4
(a) The ingredient found in bananas.
(b) The ways bananas are eaten.
(c) The way bananas and banana plants are used.
5. Other Work
5.1 What are the two kinds of uses given for bananas, their leaves and
plants? List the example given of each.
5.2. What examples can you give of sweetmeats that are popular in
Myanmar?
WRITING
Describe a banana plant.
Bananas are grown in the tropic throughout the world. The
plant is a thirty foot herb. It bears sixty to one-eighty
bananas and weighs up to 125 pounds. Banana contains
valuable vitamins, and can digest easily and give
energy quickly. Banana figs are popular. Unripe bananas
are ground and made into banana flour. Banana flower
clusters are eaten in India. Leaves and stem are woven
into coarse cloth.

VOCABULARY
1. cluster (n) = close group or bunch of similar things
2. cultivate (vb) = prepare and use (soil) for crops
3. demand (n) = desire of would be purchasers for commodity
4. destination (n) = place to which person or things is going
5. element (n) = component part
6. flavour (n) = distinctive taste
7. introduce (vb) = bring in
8. preserve (vb) = keep from decay; treat food etc.) prevent
decomposition
9. reach (vb) = stretch out; arrive at
10. spoil (vb) = ruin character of by indulgence, decay
11. variety (n) = collection of different things

UNIT 13
DINOSAURS
LEARNING GOALS
Ø Discovery of strange, huge
bones and teeth in New jersey
Ø Bones were used as souvenirs
and doorstops and teeth as
paperweights.
Ø Dr. Leigy fitted the bones of
the first dinosaur skeleton
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø Improve students' reading
and writing Skill
Ø Build new vocabulary
Ø Structure Study; (the use of
have/ has ( + not etc.) +
been + Verb Past Participle
( passive) + Verb Present
Participle ) (active)
One day nearly a hundred years ago, some workmen were digging
the foundations for a building in a small town in the state of New
Jersey. As they dug deeper and deeper into the dirt and rock, they
discovered some objects that looked like huge bones and teeth.
They were as hard as stone.
6 "Very strange", the workmen said as they examined these
giant bones. They're too big for a cow or a horse. They're even too
big for an elephant. The workmen tossed the bones aside and
continued digging. Later, some of them took pieces of the strange
bones home as souvenirs. Then people in the neighborhood heard
about their discovery and they came to get souvenirs too. The
11 enormous teeth made interesting paperweights, and the bones were
heavy enough to use as doorstops.
Finally a scientist in Philadelphia heard about these giant
bones. He hurried down to get the rest of them, because he had a

very exciting idea. Some very large and very old skeleton remains
of giant animals had recently been
17 discovered in England. After much study, scientists there had
called the animals dinosaurs. Made up of two Greek words this
means terrible lizards.
Dr Leidy, the Philadelphia scientist, suspected that the bones
dug up by the New Jersey workmen were dinosaur bones too. After
many months, he succeeded in fitting the bones together. But many
parts of the skeleton were missing.
23 Back to New Jersey he went, searching from house to see if any
one had interesting paperweights, doorstops or other souvenirs
from the digging. When they learned why the scientist needed them
people soon gave or sold him the pieces of bone and the teeth they
had taken. At last Dr. Leidy fitted together a complete skeleton, the
first skeleton of a dinosaur
29 found in the United States. It still stands today in the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences.
Since that time, many dinosaur skeletons have been dug up
in various parts of the United States. And in several cities there are
museums where you can see skeletons of different prehistoric
animals. Dinosaurs lived about two hundred
35 million years ago- long before the first man appeared on earth,
which is why they are called prehistoric.

NOTE
paperweights ( line 10) i.e. weights for holding down
paper
doorstops (line 11) i.e. articles for holding doors open
with
he hurried down (lines 12-13) down probably because
Philadelphia was north of the small
town
skeleton remains ( line 14) remains in the form of a skeleton
the Philadelphia scientist (line 17) i.e. the scientist from Philadelphia
dinosaur bones ( line 18) bones of a dinosaur (of dinosaur
skeleton ( line 27) )
the digging ( lines 21-22) i.e. the digging that had been done
at last ( line 23) finally
1. CLOSE READING
1.1 True or False?
1. The workmen discovered the objects over a hundred years ago.
2. The objects that the workman discovered looked like huge
bones and teeth.
3. The enormous teeth were used as doorstops.
4. Large and old animal skeletons had recently been discovered in
England.
5. The word dinosaur comes from Greek.
6. The scientist immediately knew the workmen had dug up
dinosaur bones.
7. People did not give or sell the scientist the pieces of bone and
teeth which they had taken.

8. This skeleton was the first dinosaur skeleton found in the
United States.
9. No more dinosaur skeletons have since been dug up in the
United States.
10. Dinosaurs lived about a hundred million years ago.
1.2 Answer the following question in single words or short phrases.
1. What were the workmen digging when they discovered the
objects?
2. Why did the workmen take pieces of the strange bones home?
3. Where were the people who heard about the discovery?
4. What does the word dinosaur mean?
5. What was the name of the scientist?
6. Where did he come from?
7. Why did he go back to New Jersey?
8. Where does the skeleton stand today?
9. Where can you see skeletons of different prehistoric animals?
10. Why are dinosaurs called prehistoric?
1.3 Giving reasons, say whether the author implied that:
1. The huge bones found in New Jersey really were made of stone.
2. The workmen were ignorant of the value of the bones.
3. Dr. Leidy was the first scientist in the United States to discover
a dinosaur skeleton.
4. Dinosaurs were dangerous animals.
5. We did not know what a dinosaur looked like.
2. WORD STUDY
2.1. What words or phrases does the author use instead of the words and
phrases underlined?
1. Some workmen were digging the base for a building.

2. The workmen threw the bones aside.
3. The very big teeth made interesting paperweights.
4. He went quickly down to get the rest of them.
5. Dr Leidy thought that the bones dug up by the New Jersey
workmen were dinosaur bones too.
6. After many months he succeeded in joining the bones together.
7. But many parts of the skeleton were not there.
8. Back to New Jersey he went, looking from house to house.
9. Many dinosaur skeletons have been dug up in different parts of
the United States.
2.2. Fill in the following blanks. (all the words are in the passage)
NOUN ADJECTIVE
1. ................. skeletal
2. prehistory .................
3. interest .................
4. excitement .................
5. difference .................
VERB NOUN
6. ................. discovery
7. found .................
8. ................. examination
9. ................. continuation
10. The ............. of a man or an animal is made up of bones.
11. The Malaysian peninsular is a ............. of Thailand and
Tanintharyi.

12. The people who live there are very ............. from the Myanmar.
13. Columbus ............. America.
3. STRUCTURE STUDY
Some workmen were digging the foundations for a building …..
when they discovered some strange objects.
The construction was
+ VERB + -ing
were
(the past continuous tense) is often used with a point in time ( here,
the discovery) to show that an action began before it and probably
continued after it.
Now use this construction in the following examples.
1. At 8 am Mg Mg / travel / to college.
2. When the first man appeared on earth, dinosaurs / no longer
live.
3. When I arrived, workmen / paint the museum.
4. Last night scientists / study the remains.
5. It / rain when the tourists arrived in Yangon.
6. The airport/ not operate when we wanted to leave.
A. They were as hard as stone. (text line 4)
B. They were hard
Stone is equally hard.
The construction as ....... as ...... is used to show that two things share a
quality to the same degree.
Now use it to join the following examples.
1. I am careful.

You are equally careful.
2. A boy of sixteen is often tall.
His father is equally tall.
3. The animals looked terrible.
Lizards look equally terrible.
4. In many countries fuel is important.
Food is equally important.
5. The resources of the sea are becoming important.
Those of the land are equally important.
6. To grow crops, sun is important.
Rain is equally important.
1. they (line 4)
2. them ( line 8)
3. there (line 15)
4. this (line 16)
5. they (line 22)
6. him (line 23)
7. it (line 25)
8. you (line 28)
4.1. The following sentences summarize the passage.
Put them in their correct order.
1. The complete dinosaur was the first found in the United States.
2. Dinosaurs lived about two hundred million years ago.
3. Nearly a hundred years ago some enormous, hard bones and
teeth were discovered in New Jersey.

4. He succeeded in recovering these from the people who had
taken them.
5. Pieces were taken as souvenirs by workmen and neighbors.
6. These and other prehistoric animals can be seen in museums.
7. Similar bones had been discovered in England, and the animals
had been called dinosaurs.
8. In the last hundred years many dinosaurs skeletons have been
dug up throughout the United States.
9. Dr. Leidy, a Philadelphia scientist, therefore suspected the
American bones might be from dinosaurs.
10. Many parts were missing.
11. It stands today in the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences.
12. He obtained the remaining bones and fitted them into a skeleton.
4.2. The following sentences are all answers. Can you write the questions
which they answer?
Each question should begin with one of the following: what, how
many, how, who, where, how long, why, when. Try to use each
question word once.
1. Some workmen made the discovery.
2. They discovered objects that looked like huge bones and teeth.
3. They made the discovery nearly a hundred years ago.
4. Several dinosaurs skeletons have been dug up since then.
6. The bones were discovered in New Jersey.
7. The bones were as hard as stone.
8. The scientist wanted to get the rest of the bones because he
suspected they were dinosaur bones.

5. OTHER WORK
5.1. Consulting Unit 14, what example can you give of souvenirs tourists
take away from Myanmar?
5.2. They were as hard as stone. (line 4)
This of course was because the bones had become fossil.
WRITING
Study Section 4 carefully. Then, without referring to it, write a summary
of the passage
Some workmen discovered strange huge bones and teeth in
New Jersey. The enormous teeth made interesting paperweights
and the bones were used as doorstops. Scientists called the
animals dinosaurs which means terrible lizards. Dr Leidy, a
scientist from Philadelphia suspected that the bones dug up
by the New Jersy workmen were dinosaur bones. He
succeeded in fitting the bones together for the first dinosaur
skeleton.
VOCABULARY
1. enormous (adj) = very large
2. fit (vb) = be or make of or adjust to right size and
shape
3. Foundation (n) = basis
4. huge (adj) = very large or great
5. miss (vb) = fail to find
6. search (vb) = examine thoroughly
7. suspect (vb) = doubt the truth
8. toss (vb) = throw, esp. lightly or carelessly or
easily

UNIT 14
MADE IN MYANMAR
LEARNING GOALS
Ø Myanmar handicrafts are
admired internationally
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø Practice the Present Perfect
Tense and sentences in the
Passive Voice
One summer, a group organized by the Union of Myanmar
Hotel and Tourist Corporation was visiting Mandalay. Naturally it
went to the Mahamyatmuni Pagoda, where the guide pointed out the
status of the Vasundhara natthaee, the Mother of the Earth. One
tourist, a lady professor of History from one of the State Universities
in the United States, was especially attracted by the statue. Before
the group left Yangon, she searched for a similar status at the
Bogyoke Market, the Shwedagon Pagoda, and various sculpture
shops, but she did not find one, and had to be satisfied with a
photograph instead.
This incident illustrates the interest people from the West
often take in Myanmar handicrafts. Since the days of Marco Polo,
Westerners have valued the works of art made in the East. As well as
wood and ivory carvings, many other traditional Myanmar crafts are
admired: alabaster statues, silver bowls and bangles, jewellery
bronze opium weights, cane furniture and mats, hand –woven
fabrics, Shan bags, paintings of dancers and rural scenes,
reproductions of frescoes, glozed earthenware.
But most unusual is our Myanmar lacquerware. All tourists
admire the lacquer canisters, bowls and trays; few find out how they

are made. But it is no secret. A craftsman first weaves a cylindrical
frame of bamboo and horsehair, over which many coats of sap from
the thitsi tree are applied. After each coast has dried a worker puts
the cylinder on a lathe. Turning the lathe with a stick in his right
hand, he smoothes the surface and covers it with pigmented lacquer.
He next polishes the cylinder to remove all the colour except that
caught in the scratched pattern. The process is repeated with more
colours until the design is complete. Some designs tell a love story
others include figures from astrology, such as the mythical hints
bird.
Abroad, Myanmar handicrafts can cause surprises. One
Myanmar official reported on a reception he had attended while he
was in the United States. The reception was in an ultra-modern steel
and glass building, but the guests most admired the silk curtains.
They had been woven in Amarapura. Another, visiting a friend's
house in Italy, found two Myanmar brooms, that cost only a few
kyats each, hanging on the living –room wall. His friend explained
that they were made from a very unusual material and besides, they
had such an attractive shape.
NOTES
naturally (line 2) because the Myahamyatmuni Pagoda is
famous it was natural (and unusual) for the
group to visit it
sculpture shops (line 7) shops that sell sculpture
instead (line 8) i.e. instead of a similar status
illustrates (line 9) shows
hand- woven fabrics (lines 13-14) fabrics ( cloth made from e.g. silk or
cotton) woven by hand

rural senses (line 14) i.e. picture of the countryside (e.g.
villages,rivers)
reproductions of frescoes (lines 14-15) imitations of paintings made in
water colour on walls before the plaster was
dry
canisters (line 17) small boxes or containers e.g. for cigarettes
horsehair (line 18) the hair from horses
pigmented lacquer (lines 21-22) lacquer with pigments in it and therefore
coloured
a love story (line 24) a story about love
mythical ( line 25) i.e. that did not exist, but is mentioned in old
stories ( fables ) and is shown in old paintings
ultra-modern ( line 28) very modern
living- room ( line 31) room for living in
1. CLOSE READING
1.1 True or False?
1. The lady professor wanted to buy the statue she saw at Mandalay.
2. The lady professor took away a photograph of the statue she saw.
3. People from the West are interested in Myanmar handicrafts.
4. Lacquerware is considered to be a usual craft.
5. The thitsi tree provides sap for covering bamboo and horsehair
frames.
6. A worker smoothes the surface of these frames with his hand.
7. Designs on lacquerware may tell love stories.
8. Myanmar handicrafts are admired abroad.
9. At the reception guests most admired the ultra- modern steel and
glass building.

10. Myanmar brooms were used to clean the living room of a house
in Italy.
1.2 Answer the following questions in single words or short phrases.
1. What did the group see at the Mahamyatmuni Pagoda?
2. Where did the lady professor look for a similar statue?
3. For how long have Westerners valued works of art made in the
East?
4. What sort of Myanmar crafts are admired?
5. What is the shape of the frame that the craftsman weaves out of
bamboo and horsehair?
6. When does a worker put the frame on a lathe?
7. What does the artist cover the scratched pattern with?
8. What is the mythical hintha bird an example of?
9. Where were the silk curtains woven?
10. Why had the Myanmar brooms been put on the wall?

1.3 Giving reasons, say whether the author implies that:
1. The lady professor was completely satisfied with her visit to
Myanmar.
2. A wide range of Myanmar handicrafts is admired by
Westerners.
3. Westerners have valued works of art made in the East for a long
time.
4. It is difficult to find out how lacquerware is made.
5. People in the West would be willing to import Myanmar
handicrafts.
2. WORD STUDY
2.1 Instead of saying.
PARAGRAPH 1
1. A group arranged by the Union of Myanmar Hotel and Tourist
Corporation, the author says a group ….. by the union of
Myanmar Hotel and Tourist Corporation.
2. One tourist ...... was particularly attracted by the status, the
author says one tourist ..... was ...... attracted by the status.
3. She looked for a status like it, the author says she ...... for a ......
statue.
PARAGRAPH 2
4. This event shows the interest people from the West often take in
Myanmar handicrafts, the author says this ...... ...... the interest
people from the West often take in Myanmar handicrafts.

PARAGRAPH 3
5. A craftsman ...... weaves a frame ...... over which many
coverings of sap from the thitsi tree are placed, the author says
craftsman ...... weaves a frame ...... over which many ...... of a
say from the thitsi tree are ......
6. He makes the surface of the cylinder even with pumice, the
author says he ...... the surface of the cylinder with pumice.
7. An artist the scratches a design on the surface, the author says
an artist then scratches a ...... on the surface.
PARAGRAPH 4
8. The reception was in an extremely modern steel and glass
building, the author says the reception was in an ...... modern
steel and glass building.
9. And in addition, they had such an attractive shape, the author
says and ...... they had such an attractive shape.
2.2. The word earthenware (text line 15) means articles that are earthen or
articles made from earth ( in fact, backed clay).
What name can be given to
1. articles made with lacquer?
2. articles made from stone?
3. articles made from sliver?
4. articles made from iron?
5. articles made from glass?
3. STRUCTURE STUDY
3.1 Study the following sentence.
A. He sat on the mat the aunt had rolled out for him. (text line 13-
14)

B. He sat on the mat which the aunt had rolled out for him.
Since the days of Marco Polo, Westerners have valued the works of
art made in the East. (text lines 10-11)
The construction
has / have ( + not etc)+ VERB past participle ( = active)
+ been + VERB past participle ( = passive)
(the present perfect tense) is often used to show that an action began
in the past, but still continues.
Now use this construction in the following sentences.
1. Tourists/ visit/ Bagan since they first came to Myanmar.
2. Myanmar handicrafts/ interest westerners for centuries.
3. The Shans/ make bags for many generations.
4. Mg Mg/ be at college for two years.
5. Mg Ba/ drive a car since last year.
6. I/ always / write with my left hand.
7. Rice / always / grow in Myanmar.
8. Silk/ weave/ in Amarapura for centuries.
9. The hintha bird/ never/ see.
A. All tourists admire the lacquer canisters. (text lines 16-17)
B. The lacquer canisters are admired by all tourists.

Now rewrite the following passage like B- i.e. in the passage ( the
person who does the action can often be omitted in the passive).
1. A craftsman first weaves cylindrical frame of bamboo and
horsehair. Over this he applies many coats of sap from the thitsi
tree. After each coast a worker puts the cylinder on a lathe. On
this he smoothes the surface, which he covers with pumice. An
artist then scratches a pattern on the surface, which he covers
with pigmented lacquer. Next he polishers the cylinder to
remove the colour on the surface. This leaves only the colour in
the scratched pattern. He repeats the process with more colours.
In this way he completes the design. In some designs the artist
tells a love story. In others he includes figures from astrology,
such as the mythical hintha bird.
1. it (line 2)
2. where (line 3)
3. she (line 6)
4. one (line 8)
5. this incident ( line 9)
6. few (line 17)
7. they (line 17)
8. it (line 17)
9. which (line 19)
10.his (line 21)
11.that (line 22)
12.others (line 24)
13.he (line 27)
14.Another (line 29)

15.each (line 31)
One summer, a group ....... was visiting Manadalay.
Naturally it went to the Mahamyatmuni Pagoda. (text lines 2 -3)
naturally indicates that what follows is obvious, and not surprising
because it follows naturally from what has already been said.
Now say in which of the following examples the second sentence could
begin with naturally.
1. Many tourists visit Yangon, the first thing they want to see is the
Shwedagon Pagoda.
2. One tourist was especially attracted by the statue, before she left
Yangon she tried to find a copy or a picture of it.
3. An official found two Myanmar brooms in a house in Italy, they
were hanging on the wall.
4. Westerners admire many traditional Myanmar crafts, they like
lacquer canisters bowls and trays.
5. A worker puts the cylinder on a lathe; there he smoothes the surface
of the cylinder with pumice.
6. All tourists admire Myanmar lacquerware; they want to know where
they can buy it.

A. Some designs tell a love story; other include figures from
astrology.
B. There are designs that tell a lover story, and there are designs
that include figures from astrology.
Now rewrite the following sentences as A.
1. At Bagan, there are shops that sell silverware, and there are shops
that sell lacquerware.
2. There are tourists who want to stay in Yangon, and there are tourists
who decide to visit Mandalay.
3. In our library, there are books that are written in English, and there
are books that are written in Myanmar.
4. There are Myanmar artists who paint dancers and rural scenes, and
there are Myanmar artists who copy frescoes.
5. In the Bogyoke Markeet, there are status that are made from wood,
and there are status that are carved from ivory.
6. In the United States, there are buildings that are built in an ultra-
modern style and there are buildings that follow a traditional
pattern.
4.3. Which one of the following sentences best sums up each paragraph in
the passage?
1. PARAGRAPH 1
(a) tells about an incident concerning a lady tourist in Myanmar.
(b) explains why tourists visit Myanmar.
(c) shows the work of the Union of Myanmar Hotel and Tourist
Corporation
2. PARAGRAPH 2.
(a) explains why westerners admire Myanmar handicrafts.

(b) explains for how long westerners have admired Myanmar
handicrafts.
(c) shows the range of Myanmar handicrafts that are admired.
3. PARAGRAPH 3.
(a) explains who makes lacquerware.
(b) explains how lacquerware is made.
(c) explains why lacquerware is admired.
4. PARAGRAPH 4.
(a) shows how suprising it is to find Myanmar handicrafts abroad.
(b) explains how Myanmar officials help to make Myanmar
handicrafts popular abroad.
(c) shows that both usual and unusual Myanmar handicrafts are
popular abroad.
5. OTHER WORK
5.1. Using dictionary if necessary, write definitions of
1. a lathe
2. a fresco
5.2. What other examples can you give of objects that are cylindrical in
shape?
5.3. This passage shows that Myanmar crafts are of interest to tourists and
gives many examples of them.
What other parts of Myanmar life do you think would be of interest
to tourists? What examples can you give of them? List your answers
in classes, with examples for each class, like this.
class examples
food Mohinga
Ngapi
WRITING

Write explaining how different Myanmar handicrafts can be used.
Attracted by Myanmar handicrafts such as wood and ivory
curvings, alabaster statues, silver bowls an bangles, shan
bags, glazed earthen ware and in Myanmar Lacquerware.
Myanmar lacquerware. Myanmar lacquerware is made
from bamboo and horsehair coated with thitsi sap. An artist
draws a pattern on it, covers it with pigmented lacquer and
polishes it. Abroad, Myanmar handicrafts are much
admired as they are made from unusual material and have
such attractive shapes.

VOCABULARY
1. apply (vb) put or spread something (onto something)
2. besides (vb) in addition to
3. coat (vb) cover sb/sth with a layer of something
4. complete (adj) finished ended
5. especially (adv) in particular
6. illustrate (vb) supply with picture
7. incident (n) event or happening
8. organize (vb) make arrangements or preparations
9. pattern (n) design
10. search for (vb) look at, examine or go over
11. similar (adj) alike
12. smooth (adj) having an even surface
13. ultra extremely

UNIT 15
BAMBOO
LEARNING GOALS
Ø Properties of bamboo
Ø Bamboo growing regions
Ø Uses
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø Structure Study ( Can +
not etc. be + Verb past
participle ) as ….. as an
oppositive construction to
+ Verb simple from
Bamboo is a member of the Bambusoidae, a subfamily of the
grasses, and is recognizable by its woodiness and the clear
branching of its stem. The boundary between bamboo and other
grasses is not sharp. Bamboos grow close together, like blades of
grass in a field, and like all other
6 grasses, bamboo has joints all way up its length, with a partition at
each joint. Most bamboos are thornless. Bamboos range in size
from dwarfs a few inches high to giants reaching 120 feet in height
and 8 inches in diameter. The stems reach their full height
unbranched, but afterwards, especially in their upper parts, throw
out horizontal branches, forming dense thickets. Although the
13 bamboo grows very rapidly, reaching its full height within a year, it
takes two or three years to ripen and harden.
Great forests of bamboo are found in most tropical countries,
particularly on the southeastern borders of Asia from India to
China and Japan. In the heavily populated parts of these regions,
bamboo is the one suitable material

19 that is cheap and plentiful enough to supply the need for economic
housing. Besides this, it supplies the raw material for hundreds of
objects in daily use. It is used for example to make bridges,
ladders, fences, fishing rods, mats, the soles of shoes. With the
partitions between the joints removed, its hollow tubes are used as
water pipes. Papers of
25 many different kinds are made from bamboo pulp.
Marco Polo, the famous traveller of the Middle Ages, said
he saw people in the east split bamboo canes 30 feet long and then
twist the thin pieces together to make ropes as long as 600 feet. In
recent years bamboo has been used in Europe and America to make
cheap furniture. In fact, bamboo is so are delicious to eat, either
cooked in various ways, or preserved in sugar, rice or salt. Some
kinds of bamboo also have a fleshy fruit as big as an orange, which
can baked and eaten.
NOTES
a subfamily ( line 1) e. a small family that is part of a much
larger family ( the larger family) here is
the grasses, which includes all kinds of
grasses, and is one of the groups used in
the classification of plants
its woodiness ( line 2) its close likeness to wood
the boundary between i.e. the characteristics that divide
bamboo and other grasses bamboo and other grasses are
is not sharp (lines 2-3) not obvious
unbranched (line 8) i.e. without having branches growing
from them

throw out ( line 9) i.e. grow
it takes two or three years to i.e. it does not ripen or harden
ripen and harden (lines 10-11) until two or three years have passed
the one (line 14) the only
economic housing (line 15) i.e. for building houses that are not
expensive and do not waste materials
water pipes (line 19) pipes that carry water
Middle Ages (line 21) approximately the four centuries after
1000 A.D.
put to almost any use ( line 25) i.e. used in almost any way
are delicious to eat ( lines 26) i.e. taste very good
fleshy ( line 27) i.e. with a lot of flesh on them
1. CLOSE READING
1.1 True or False?
1. Bamboo belongs to a subfamily of the grasses.
2. The boundary between bamboos and other grasses is sharp.
3. All bamboos are thornless.
4. Bamboos throw out horizontal branches especially in their
upper parts.
5. The bamboo ripens and hardens within a year.
6. Partitions in bamboos can be removed to make hollow tubes.
7. Bamboo pulp is used to make paper.
8. Marco Polo lived in the middle ages.
9. Marco Polo saw people make ropes from split bamboo canes.
10. Bamboos can only be used in a few ways.

1.2. Answer the following question in single words or short phrases.
1. What is bambusoidae?
2. What characteristics make the bamboo recognizable?
3. What does bamboo have at each joint?
4. How big do bamboos grow?
5. What do bamboos form with their branches?
6. What sort of countries are forests of bamboos found in?
7. Why is bamboo suitable for economic housing in heavily
populated parts of the southeastern borders of Asia?
8. What sort of objects does bamboo supply the material for?
9. How long were the ropes Marco Polo saw being made?
10. What parts of the bamboo are eaten?

2. WORD STUDY
2.1 Instead of saying
PARAGRAPH 1
1. Bamboo belongs to the Bambusoidae, the author says bamboo..........
............ ........... the Bambusoidae.
2. Bamboo ......... is able to be recognized by its woodiness and the
obvious branching of its stem, the author says bamboo ......... is .........
by its woodiness and the ......... branching of its stem.
3. Bamboo has joints all the way up its length with a dividing piece at
each joint, the author says bamboo has joints all the way up its
length with a ......... at each joint.
4. Most bamboo do not have thorns, the author says most bamboos .........
5. The stems ......... throw out horizontal branches forming closely-
rowing thickets, the author says the stems ......... throw out horizontal
branches forming ......... thickets.
6. The bamboo grows very quickly reaching its full height inside a
year, the author says the bamboo grows very ......... reaching its full
height ......... a year.
PARAGRAPH 2
7. Forests of bamboo are found in most tropical countries, especially on
the southeastern edges of Asia, the author says forests of bamboo are
found in most tropical countries, ......... on the southeastern ......... of
Asia.
8. In the part of these regions with a large population, the author says in
the ......... parts of these regions.

9. In addition to this, it supplies the raw material for hundreds of
objects used every day, the author says ......... this , it supplies the
raw material for hundreds of objects .........
PARAGRAPH 3
10. Bamboo is so suitable for different purposes that it can be put to
almost any use, the author says bamboo is so ......... that can be put to
almost any use.
11. Young bamboo shoots are delicious to eat ......... cooked in
different ways, the author says young bamboo shoots are delicious
to eat cooked in .........ways.
2.2. Fill in the blanks with the words that are opposite to the words
underlined. (all the words are in the passage)
1. Bamboo throw out few branches in their lower parts but many
in their .........
2. Bamboo stems are vertical, but they throw out ......... branches.
3. In regions where bamboos are ......... and ......... other materials
for building many be expensive and scarce.
4. Small bamboos can be described as dwarfs the large ones as
.........
2.3. Bamboo......... is recognizable by its woodiness.
(text lines 1-2)
woodiness means having the characteristics of being woody.
Now say what we can call
1. having the characteristics of being lazy.
2. having the characteristic of being heavy
3. having the characteristic of being light.
4. having the characteristics of being kind
5. having the characteristic of being cheap.

6. The ......... of the package made it easy to carry.
7. His ......... prevented Mg Mg from passing the examination.
8. In many countries plastic is used instead of wood because of its
.........
2.4. Bamboo ......... is recognizable by its woodiness.
(text lines 1-2)
recognizable means able to be recongnized.
Now say what the following words mean.
1. movable
2. identifiable
3. tearable
4. repeatable
5. manageable
6. Mg Mg's comments were so rude they were not.........
7. The horse was calm and .........
8. All people are......... by their fingerprints.

3. STRUCTURE STUDY
Bamboo is so versatile that it can be put to almost any use. (text lines
24-25)
The passive construction can ( + not etc.) be + Verb + past participle
is used to show that it is possible for something to be done – that is ,
someone can do it.
Now use this construction in the following examples.
1. Bamboo/ only / grow in tropical countries.
2. Bamboo / use to make hundreds of articles in daily use.
3. Young bamboo shoots / cook in various ways.
4. The fleshy fruit of some kind of bamboo/ bake and eat.
5. Rice/ not cultivate without plenty of rain and sunshine.
6. With irrigation, rice/ grow in Myanmar's dry zone.
They twisted the thin pieces together to make ropes as long as 600
feet. (text lines 22-23)
The construction to + VERB simple form can be used to explain
purpose or why something is done.
Now use this construction to join the following sentences.
1. Mg Mg went to Manadalay University. He studied Geography.
2. Geologists drill wells. They discover oil.
3. Historians study the past. They learn how man lived in earlier
times.
4. Marco Polo travelled to the east. He found out how people lived
there.
5. Jute plants are soaked in water. This loosens the valuable fibres
from the rest of the plant.

6. The loosened fibres are hung from poles or lines. They dry in
the sun.
A. Their fleshy fruit is as big as an orange. (text line 27)
B. Their fleshy fruity is big.
An orange is equally big.
The construction as...... as ...... is used to show that two things
share a quality to the same degree (or , with not before the first
as, that they do not share the quality to the same degree.
Now use it to join the following examples.
1. The sack was heavy.
A man was equally heavy.
2. Bamboo grow close together.
Blades of grass in a field grow equality close together.
3. Young bamboo shoots are delicious to eat.
Any other more usual vegetable is equally delicious to eat.
4. To grow rice, plenty of sunshine is important.
Plenty of rain is equally important.
5. For some crops, rain is not important.
6. Marco Polo was famous.
Christopher Columbus was more famous.

A. Bamboo is a member of the Bambosoidae, a subfamily of the
grasses.
B. Bamboo is a member of the Bambosoidae. The Bambosoidae is
a subfamily of the grasses.
Now rewrite the following examples as A, i.e. making the
second sentence in each example an appositive construction,
with no verb, and separated by a comma.
1. Marco Polo said he said the people in the east split bamboo
canes to make rpes.
Marco Polo was the most famous traveler of the Middle Ages.
2. Myanmar possesses the most famous pagoda in the world.
Myanmar is a Buddhist nation.
3. Bamboo is recognizable by the clear branching of its stem.
Its stem is the familiar bamboo pole.
4. The Shwedagon Pagoda is 326 feet high.
The Shwedagon is the most famous pagoda in the world.
5. In 1782, King Badawpaya moved to Amarapura from Innwa.
Innwa was the former capital.
6. What do you want?
Do you want tea or coffee?

1. its (line 2)
2. their (line 8)
3. these regions (line 14)
4. its (line 18)
5. he (line 21)
6. which (line 28)
4.1. In Paragrpah 1, illustrations are given to show how bamboos grow
close together , and how bamboo has joints all the way up its length.
1. What are the two illustration?
2. What word introduces each illustration?
4.2. Study all the references to bamboo in the passage.
Now match the following.
1. Bamboo ( line1) (a) a way of referring to the plant
2. The bamboo ( line 9) (b) the name of a plant
3. bamboo ( line 12) (c) the name of a material
4. bamboo ( line 14) (d) more than one plant
4.3. List all the examples given in the passage of objects in daily use.
What phrase introduces them?

5. OTHER WORK
5.1. Some giant bamboos are 8 inches in diameter'. (text line 7)
Now write sentences giving the diameter of the following objects.
1. Your wrist –watch
2. The wheel of a saloon car.
3. The steering wheel of a saloon car.
4. A 45 r.p.m gramophone record.
5. A large coconut.
If you guess, use the words about or approximately.
e.g. A torch battery is approximately one inch in diameter.
A pencil is about a quarter of an inch in diameter.
5.2. 'Bamboo..... is recognizable by its woodiness. (text lines 1-2)
What characteristic of wood can you list?
WRITING
Write briefly on " How is bamboo used in Myanmar?"
Bamboo is a kind of grass. Sizes range from 8 inches to
120 feet in height. Great forests are found in most
tropical countries. Bamboo houses can be built and
there are hundreds of other uses. It is so versatile that
it can be put to almost any use. Young bamboo
shoots are delicious to eat.

VOCABULARY
1. besides ( prep) = in addition; otherwise than
2. border (n) = boundary or part near it
3. clear (adj) = transparent; not confused
4. daily (adv) = occuring every (week) day;
constantly
5. dense (adj) = crowded together; closely
compacted
6. member (n) = limb or other bodily organ
7. particularly (adv) = very; to special extent
8. partition (n) = division into parts, compartment
9. rapidly (adv) = quickly, swiftly
10. various (adj) = of several kinds
11. versatile (adj) = (of a material etc.) capable of
being used for many purpose
12. within (prep) = inside

UNIT 17
AMARAPURA
LEARNING GOALS
Ø Amarapura- the meaning
Ø The kings of Amarapura in its
heyday?
Ø What is Amarapura famous for
today?
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø To improve student's
reading and writing skills
Ø To study new vocabulary
Ø "Structure Study"
(the use of "May", "as +
does/ do or has/ have"
"Active – Passive")
The name Amarapura means the immortal city, and in its
heyday wealth, learning and fashion were concentrated there.
Amarapura was founded as the capital of his kingdom by King
Bodawpaya, and in 1782 he moved
5 there from Innwa, the former capital. Bagyidaw, the grandson,
shifted the capital back to Innwa in 1832, but Tharrawaddy, who
succeeded Bagyidaw in 1837, returned it to Amarapura, where it
remained for a further twenty- three years, till king Mindon
founded Mandalay. Many reasons many have caused King Mindon
to make this move. Possibly he wanted the fame that a king earns
by founding a new capital, possibly he wanted to erase the bad
name Amarapura had gained through the discreditable reign of
14 King Bagan, his elder Brother. But certainly he was influenced by
a prophecy. Local tradition says that when the Lord Buddha,
accompanied by his disciple Ananda, visited Mandalay Hill, he
prophesied that in the 2400th year of the propagation of his faith, a

great city would rise there and become famous far and wide as the
outstanding centre of Buddhism. The 2400th year coincided with
the year
21 1857, and so King Mindon began building the city of Mandalay
that year.
Because many of the buildings that stood in Amarapura were
removed to Mandalay, there is little to see
25 in Amarapura now. Even the walls of the palace have been pulled
down and used in the construction of roads and railways. However,
you can still see the four pagodas that marked the corners of the
palace walls, and also the remains of the watch tower and royal
treasury. The Pahtodawgyi Pagoda, built by King Padawpaya in
1820, also still stands outside the city, as does the Kyauktawgyi
Pagoda, built by
32 King Bagan in 1847, and U Pein's bridge. This is about a mile long,
and is constructed of teak that U Pein, the the mayor, salvaged
from the Innwa palace when Innwa was abandoned as the capital.
Although more than two hundred years old, the bridge is still in
use, it spans the Taung Thaman Lake, which is dry during the
summer months, but full of water when the Irrawaddy overflows
during the rains.
40 Today Amarapura is famous for its silk- weaving industry,
which produces very high quality silk, and for the Kyee Thun Khat
village, where bronze images of the Buddha are cast. Both of these
crafts have been practiced in Amarapura for many generations.
NOTES
its heyday (line 1) its most famous and flourishing
period

succeeded (line 5) came ( to be king ) after
far and wide ( line 14) i.e. over a very wide area
outstanding centre ( line 15) i.e. the best know centre
palace walls ( line 22) the walls of the palace
watch- tower ( line 22) a tower from which people could
keep watch ( look out )
e.g. soldiers fro enemy)
the then mayor ( line 26) the mayor at that time
silk-weaving industry (line 30) industry that weaves silk
very high quality silk (line 31) silk of very good quality
1. CLOSE READING
1.1 True or False?
1. King Bodawpaya founded Amarapura.
2. Tharrawaddy was the grandson of Bodawpaya.
3. Amarapura was finally succeeded by Mandalay as capital.
4. Amarapura was discredited by the reign of King Bagan.
5. King Mindon was possibly influenced by a prophecy.
6. 1857 was the 2400 the year of the propagation of the Lord
Buddha's faith.
7. You can still see the palace walls in Amarapura.
8. The Pahtodawgyi Pogoda and the Kyauktawgyi Pogoda still stand
inside the city.
9. U Pein's bridge is not used today.
10. The crafts practiced in Amarapura today have been practiced
here for a long time.

1. What does the name Amarapura mean?
2. When were wealth, learning and fashion concentrated in
Amarapura?
3. What does a king earn (get) by founding a new capital?
4. Who (does local tradition say) visited Mandalay Hill with the
Lord Buddha?
5. What did the Lord Buddha prophesy would happen to the great
city that would rise at Mandalay?
6. Why is there little to see today in Amarapura?
7. What remains of buildings can you see in Amarapura today?
8. What is U Pein's bridge made of ?
9. When is the Taung Thaman Lake full of water?
10. What is Amarapura famous for today?

2. WORD STUDY
2.1. Instead of saying
PARAGRAPH 1
1. In its heyday wealth, learning and fashion were collected
together, there , the author says in its heyday wealth, learning
and fashion were ..... there.
2. Amarapura were established as the capital of his kingdom by
King Bodapaya, the author says Amarapura was ..... as the
capital of his kingdom by King Bodawpaya.
3. In 1782 he moved there from Innwa, the previous capital, the
author says in 1782 he moved there from Innwa, the ..... capital.
4. Bagyidaw moved the capital back to Innwa in 1823, the author
says Bagyidaw ..... the capital back to Innwa.
5. Tharrawaddy returned it to Amparapura, where it remained for
twenty-three more years, the author says, Tharrawaddy returned
it to Amarapura, where it remained for a ..... twenty-three
years.
6. Possibly he wanted to cause to disappear the band name
Amparapura had obtained the author says possibly he wanted to
..... the bad name Amarapura had ......
7. The 2400th year happened at the same time as the year 1857,
the author says the 2400th year ............ the year 1857.

PARAGRAPH 2
8. Even the walls of the palace have been used in the building of
roads and railways, the author says even the walls of the palace
have been used in the ..... of roads and railways.
9. This is built of teak U Pein ...... saved from the Innwa palace
when Innwa ceased to be used as the capital the author says this
is ....... of teak that U Pein ...... from the Innwa palace when
Innwa ........ as the capital.
10. The bridge ..... crosses the Taung Thaman Lake, the author says
the bridge ..... the Taung Thaman Lake.
PARAGRAPH 3
11. Both of the crafts have been carried on in Amarapura from many
generations, the author says both of these crafts have been … in
Amarapura for many generations.
2.2. Amarapura is famous for its silk-weaving industry. (text line 30) a
silk-weaving industry means an industry that weaves silk.
Now say what the following mean.
1. a rice growing area.
2. a cotton –growing country.
3. a jute –baling factory.
4. a wool- spinning mill
5. a house- building industry.

2.3. Fill in the following blank. ( All the words are in the passage.)
VERB NOUN
1. .............. foundation
2. prophesy ..............
3. construct ..............
4. .............. production
5. .............. practice
6. .............. cause
7. .............. influence
8. .............. coincidence
9. Bronze images of the Buddha are ...... in the Kyee Thun Khat village.
10. Floods ....... the destruction of the bridge.
11. A prophecy had a great ....... on King Bagan.
3. CONSTRUCTION STUDY.
Many reasons may have caused King Mindon to make this move. (text
lines 7-8)
The construction
Present or Future
may ( + not etc) + VERB simple/ +be + VERB past participle
from
( = active) ( = passive)
Past
may ( + not etc) + have + VERB / + have been +
past VERB past

participle participle
( = active) ( = passive)
is used to show possibility, or to show that a guess is being made.
Now use this construction in the following sentences. Before your rewrite
the sentence
1. choose present, future or past.
2. active or passive.
1. King Mindon/ want the fame that a king earns by founding a new
capital.
2. King Mindon/ want to erase the bad name Amarapura had gained.
3. It/ rain tomorrow.
4. If you go to America, you / see the president.
5. The job/ finish before you go.
6. The train/ already / leave.
A. The Pahtodawgyi Pagoda still stands outside the city, as does the
Kyauktawgyi Pagoda and U Pein's bridge.
B. The Pahtodawgyi still stands outside the city. The Kyauktawgyi
Pagoda and U Pein's also stand there.

Now rewrite the following examples following the pattern of A using
as + does / do or has / have
1. Yangon receives many tourists every year.
Mandalay also receives many tourists every year.
2. The walls of the palace in Amarapura have been pulled down.
Most other buildings there have also been pulled down.
3. Myanmar has exported teak for many years.
Thailand has also exported teak for many years.
4. The Shans speak Myanmar often. The Kareans also speak
Myanmar often.
5. Silk has been woven in Myanmar for countries.
Cotton has also been woven in Myanmar for countries.
6. Mg Mg works hard.
Mg Ba also works hard.
A. Amarapura was founded as the capital of his kingdom by King
Bodawpaya. (text lines 2-3)
B. King Bodawpaya founded Amarapura as the capital of his
kingdom.
Now rewrite the following sentences as A – i.e. in the passive.
1. Bagyidaw shifted the capital back to Innwa in 1823.
2. King Mindon founded Mandalay.
3. Certainly a prophecy influenced King Mindon to make this
move.
4. His disciple Ananda accompanied the Lord Buddha on his visit
to Mandalay Hill.
5. You can still see the four pagodas that marked the corners of the
palace wall.( omit you).
6. Amparapura produces very high quality silk.

3.4. What do the following refer to ?
1. there (line 2)
2. he (line 3)
3. this move (line 8)
4. he (line 13)
5. there (line 14)
6. that year (line 16-17)
7. this (line 25)
8. which (line 30)
9. where (line 31)
4.1. Study the following.
A. The 2400th year coincided with the year 1857, and so King
Mindon began building the city of Mandalay in this year. (text
lines 15-17)
B. Even the walls of the palace have been pulled down. However,
you can still see the four pagodas the marked the corners of the
palace wall ( text lines 19-22)
so introduces a conclusion or result.
however indicates that what follows is different from what has just been
said
Now say which of the following blanks should be completed with so,
and which with however.
1. Many of the buildings that stood in Amarapura were removed to
Mandalay ...... there is little to see in Amarapura now.

2. The Taung Thaman Lake is dry during the summer months........
it is full of water when the Irrawaddy overflows during the
rains.
3. Many tourists have heard of the silk woven in Amarapura, ......
when they visit the town they want to buy some.
4. In 1782 the capital was moved from Innwa to Amarapura; ..... in
1823 it was moved back to Innwa.
5. King Bagan had a discreditable reign; ..... during this time
Amarapura gained a bad name.
4.2. Match the following.
1. 1782 (a) King Tharawady moves capital back to
Amarapura.
2. 1820 (b) King Mindon starts building Mandalay.
3. 1823 (c) King Mindon moves capital to Mandalay
4. 1837 (d) King Bagyidaw moves capital to Amarapura.
5. 1847 (e) King Bodawpaya moves capital to Amarapura.
6. 1857 (f) King Bagan builds Kyauktawgyi Pagoda.
7. 1860 (g) 2400th year of propagation of faith of Lord
Buddha.
(h) King Bodawpaya builds Pahtodawgyi Pagoda.
5. OTHER WORK
5.1. 'during the rains' (text line 29)
1. What other phrase can we use to describe this time?
2. The visit of the Lord Buddha to Mandalay Hill is a legend – that
is, a story from the past that may not be true.
3. The silk-weaving industry in Amarapura is an example of a
Myanmar craft. What other cxamples can you give of Myanmar
crafts?

Amarapura means the immortal city. Wealth,learning
and fashion were collected together in its heyday.
King Bodawpaya founded Amarapura and in 1782
moved the capital from Innwa. But Bagyidaw shifted
the capital back to Innwa in 1823 and in 1837 .
Tharrawaddy moved it back to Amparapura till King
Mindon founded Mandalay. King Mindon removed
many buildings from Amarapura to Mandalay. Only the
four pagodas, marking the corners of the palace walls,
the remains of the watch-tower, the roya treasury and U
Pein's bridge still stands. Today Amarapura is famous
for its silk- weaving industry and the Kyee Thun Khat
village, where become images of the Buddha are cast.

VOCABULARY
1. abandon (vb) coase to be used
2. coincide with (vb) happen at the same time as
3. concentrate (vb) collect together
4. construct (vb) build
5. construction (n) building
6. erase (vb) cause to disappear
7. former (adj) previous
8. found (vb) establish
9. further (adv) more
10. gain (vb) obtain
11. pracitse (vb) carry on
12. salvage (vb) save
13. shift (vb) move
14. span (vb) cross

UNIT 18
TEETH
LEARNING GOALS
Ø Different types of teeth
Ø The structure of teeth
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø To practice the structures
"V-ing"
"Omitting the Relative
Pronoun" and "in spite of ".
Teeth are hard, bone-like growths in the upper and lower
jaws of most vertebrate, or backboned, animals. Their job is to
break up food. Many vertebrates also use their teeth as weapons to
kill their prey.
An adult human being normally has thirty-two teeth, in each
jaw. There are four types of teeth, differing in size and shape
according to their use. The front teeth are called
8 incisors. Eight in number (four in each jaw), these are used for
cutting food. Behind them are four canine teeth(two in each jaw,
one on the left and one on the right). These are used for tearing
food, and are particularly well developed in flesh-eating mammals,
likes members of the dog and at
13 families. Plant-eating vertebrates like rabbits, however, many have
no canine teeth at all. When the food has been cut by the incisors or
town by the canine teeth, the premolars and the molars chew it. An
adult human being has eight premolars and twelve molars. The
premolars are smaller than the molars and nearer the front of the
jaws.

19 In spite of their different shapes, all teeth have the same basic
structure. The part projecting above the gum is the crown.
Embedded in the gum and reaching down into a socket in the
jawbone is the root. The body of the tooth is made of a hard, bone-
like material called dentine. Inside this is the pulp cavity,which
contains blood vessels and
25 nerves. Hard enamel covers the crown, but around the root is a
layer of cement, which holds the tooth firmly in place. If food is
not removed from crevices in the teeth, it decays, producing acids
that attack the enamel and cause the teeth themselves to being to
decay. This is why it is important for the teeth to be cleaned
regularly.
Humans have two sets of teeth during their life. Milk teeth
appear between six and twenty-four months after birth ,and
permanent teeth begin to grow from about the age six. The last
permanent teeth to appear are the four wisdom teeth, which usually
come at about the age of twenty. This name is given to the back
molar tooth on both sides of each jaw, and was originally used
because it was considered that people should have grown up or
become
39 wise, by the time these teeth appeared.
NOTES
bone-like ( line1,18) like bone
backboned ( line 2) i.e. with a backbone
flesh-eating mammals (line 9) mammals that eat flesh ( of plant-
eating vertebrates (line 10)
blood-vessels ( line 19) the vessels ( arteries and veins)

the carry blood throughout the
body
grow up ( line 29) i.e. become adult
1. CLOSE READING
1.1. The labeling on the diagrams is incomplete.
Only the first letters of the different parts and surrounding of the
tooth have been given. Use the text to complete these labels.
1. P .................. C..................
2. D ..................
3. E..................
4. G..................
5. C..................
6. R..................
7. J..................
1.2. True or false?
1. Teeth occur in both jaws of most backboned animals.
2. There are sixteen types of teeth in each jaw.
3. The front teeth are used for cutting food.
4. Members of the cat and dog families are flesh-eating mammals.
5. Plant-eating vertebrates always have a few canine teeth.
6. Molars are larger than premolars.
7. No tooth has the same structure as another.
8. No tooth has the same structure as a another.
9. Milk teeth only last for between four and six years.
10. A wisdom tooth is the tooth furthest back in each jaw.

1. What is the job of teeth?
2. How many teeth does an adult human being usually have?
3. What are canine teeth used for?
4. Which teeth chew food?
5. What sort of material is dentine?
6. What does the pulp cavity contain?
7. What happens to food not removed from crevices in teeth?
8. When do wisdom teeth come?
9. What kind of teeth are wisdom teeth?
10. Why are they called wisdom?
2. WORD STUDY
2.1. Instead of saying.
PARAGRAPH 1.
1. Teeth are hard, bone-like objects produces by growing, the
author says teeth are hard, bone-like..........
PARAGRAPH 2.
2. An adult human being usually has thirty-two teeth, the author
says an adult human being …. has thirty-two teeth.
PARAGRAPH 3.
3. All teeth have the same basic formation, the author says all
teeth have the same basic...........
4. The part standing out above the gun is the crown, the author
says the part ......... above the gum is the crown.
5. Fixed firmly inside in the gun and reaching down into a
specially shaped hollow in the jawbone is the root, the author

says ........ in the gum and reaching down into a ......... in the
jawbone is the root.
6. If food is not removed from holes and cracks in the teeth, it rots,
the authors says if food is not removed from ......... in the teeth,
it .........
PARAGRAPH 4
7. The last teeth that will not change to appear are the four wisdom
teeth, the author says the last ........ teeth to appear are the four
wisdom teeth.
The body of a tooth is made of a hard, bone like material called
dentine. (text lines 17-18)
Material that is like bone can be called bone-like material.
Now rewrite the following sentences in this way.
1. Nylon is a material like silk.
2. A banana plant is a growth like a tree.
3. Cement is substance like rock.
4. Rubber trees produce a liquid like milk.
5. Plastic can often have an appearance like glass.
Canine teeth are well developed in flesh-eating mammals. (text lines
12-13)
The phrase flesh-eating means (mammals )that eat flesh.
Now say what we can call
1. vertebrates that eat plants.
2. nations that love peace.
3. substances that sustain life.
4. foods that give health.

5. a substance that produces acid.
6. a country that speaks English.
3. STRUCTURE STUDY
A. Food that is not removed from crevices in the teeth decays,
producing acids.
B. Food that is not removed from crevices in the teeth decays. It
produces acids.
In A , the second part of the sentence ins joined to the first by
the construction VERB-ing . This is used to show result.
Now rewrite the following examples as A.
1. He hit the rock. He broke it into small pieces.
2. He folded the paper. He made it into a cup.
3. The wind began to blow. It made us all feel cooler.
4. A big tree fell across the road. It stopped traffic for an hour.
5. Cement surrounds the root of the tooth. It holds the toot in
place.
6. The door bell rang. It woke me up.
7. He blew up the balloon. He caused it to expand.
8. The balloon burst with a loud noise. It made the baby cry.
A. The part projecting above the gum is the crown. (text line 16)
B. The part which projects above the gum is the crown.
1. There are four types of teeth, which differ in size and shape
according to their use.
2. Inside the dentine is the pulp cavity, which contains blood
vessels and nerves.

3. Around the root is a layer of cement, which holds the tooth
firmly in place.
4. The last permanent teeth to appear are the four wisdom teeth,
which usually come at about the age of twenty.
5. Milk teeth, which appear between six and twenty-four months
after birth, last only till the age of six.
1. their ( line 2)
2. their ( line 3)
3. these ( line 7)
4. these ( line 8)
5. it ( line 12)
6. their ( line 15)
7. this ( line 18)
8. which ( line 20)
9. it ( line 21)
10. this name ( line 27)
A. In spite of their different shapes, all teeth have the same basic
structure.( text liens 15)
B. Although they have different shapes, all teeth have the same
basic structure.
VERB + -ing
The phrase in spite of + NOUN indicates
that the main part of the sentence will say something different to the
phrase starting with in spite of.

1. Although they have a common language, people from one part
of China many not be able to understand people from another
part.
2. Although he had intelligence, Mg Mg did not work hard enough
to pass his exam.
3. Although he cleaned his teeth regularly, Mg Mg often had to go
and see the dentist.
4. Although he had many books, Mg Mg did not know very much.
5. Although I am old, I am still healthy.
6. Although he hit the rock many times, he could not break it.
7. Although it had cement, the wall fell down.
8. Although it burst with a loud noise, the balloon did not make
the baby cry.
9. Although he took extra vitamins, Mg Mg still caught flu.
4.2. 1. What illustration is given in Paragraph 2?
What is it an illustration of?
What word introduces it?
2. What word is given in Paragraph 1 the explains another word?
What is the other word? What word introduces the explanation?
3. How is dentine described in Paragraph 3?
What word informs us that the material describe is dentine?
5. OTHER WORK
5.1. What examples can you give of animals that are classed as
1. vertebrates
2. mammals
5.2. Consulting a dictionary if necessary.
1. say what else the word crown can be used to refer to.

2. write a definition of the word set as it is used in the passage.
(text line 24)
5.3. Draw a diagram of one jaw, seen from the top and label the
different teeth in it in their correct positions.
WRITING
Write briefly on the structure of a tooth.
Teeth are important to humans. They are bone-like
growths in the upper and lower jaws of most
vertebrates. There are four types of teeth but they
have the same basic structure. Humans have two
sets of teeth, milk teeth and permanent teeth.
The last permanent teeth are the four wisdom teeth.
VOCABULARY
1. crevices (n) holes and cracks
2. decay (vb) rot
3. embedded (vb) fixed firmly inside
4. growth (n) object produced by growing
5. normally (adv) usually
6. permanent (adj) that will not change
7. socket (n) specially shaped hollow
8. structure (n) formation
9. project (vb) stand out
10. vertebrate (n) (adj) animal, bird, etc having a
backbone

UNIT 19
INDUSTRY
LEARNING GOALS
Ø The meaning of industry
Ø Two kinds of industry
Ø Needs for industrialization
Ø The role of industry and its
problems
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø To improve students'
Ø To build new vocabulary
Ø "Structure Study" the use
of must
Once, the word “industry” only meant steady and
persevering work, but when people talk about industry today, they
usually mean the many different kinds of factories and processes
which produce everything needed and used in developed countries.
In other words, industry is the name given to the modern system of
production which
7 uses power and machines.
Industry is usually divided into two kinds; light and heavy.
Heavy industry constructs such things as bridges, locomotives,
ships and large machines, while light industry produces smaller
articles like clothes, radios and furniture. Heavy industry needs
bigger and more expensive
13 machinery and a great deal more power, it is usually therefore
found near supplies of power and raw materials. Light industry on
the other hand can be established in any area which has good lines
of communication and enough workers who can be trained. Power
of course is essential to all industries. While atomic power is
beginning to be widely used. Most of our power still comes from
burning oil

20 or coal, or from using the force of water to drive dynamos.
At present more than half of the world's population lives in
undeveloped countries. It is generally agreed that, except in lands
which are very sparsely populated, some kind of industrial
development in inevitable for most of them. This is because the
existing methods of agriculture are unable to supply the needs of
densely populated lands
27 whose populations are steadily increasing owing to improved
standards of medical care. Agriculture improvements for example,
the building of dams to supply irrigation systems must often
depend on the growth of industry. Moreover, many undeveloped
countries posses rich supplies of raw materials.
33 But a large number of problems come with industrialization.
To start with, there is the need for capital and for effective central
control of the developments by the state. Once plans have been
made, adequate power generated, roads constructed, factories built,
and machinery installed, workers must be trained, and often highly-
skilled
39 workers are required. Finally come the problems familiar in
developed countries; relations between workers and managers, the
boredom and fatigue that much industrial work creates, the
recreations needed to enable people to live in an urban existence,
and above all the prevention of inflation.
NOTES
bone-like (line1,18) like bone
raw materials (lines10-11-23) the basic material from which things can
be made or manufactured (e.g. wood)

lines of communication (line 12) means by which communication can be
made (e.g. roads, railways)
generally (line 7) i.e. by most people in most places
irrigation systems ( line 22) system of irrigation
to start with , there is ( lines 25-26) i.e. the first problem is
once ( line 27) after
highly-skilled (line 29) very skilled
above all ( line 32) most important
inflation ( line 33) the situation caused when prices rise
(especially when they do so faster than
people's wages)
1. CLOSE READING
1.1. True or false ?
1. The word industry today means steady and persevering work.
2. Power and machines are used by the modern system production.
3. The two kinds of industry are light industry and heavy industry.
4. All industries need power.
5. At present all our power comes from oil and coal.
6. Less than half the world's population lives in developed countries.
7. The need of densely populated lands can be supplies by existing
methods of agriculture.
8. Undeveloped countries do not often posses rich supplies of raw
materials.
9. Much industrial work creates boredom fatigue.
10.People can live happily in an urban existence without recreation.

1. What produces everything needed and used in developed
countries?
2. Why is heavy industry often found near supplies of power and
raw materials?
3. Where can light industry established?
4. What does the force of water drive to produce power?
5. In what sort of lands many industrial development be
inevitable?
6. Why are the populations of densely populated lands increasing?
7. What must agricultural improvements often depend on?
8. What is needed first for industrialization?
9. What sort of workers are often needed in factories?
10. What is the most important problem familiar in developed
countries?

2. WORD STUDY
2.1. Instead of saying
PARAGRAPH 1
1. Once, the word industry only meant steady and continuing
work, the author says once the word, industry only steady and
..... work.
2. That is industry is the name given to the modern system of
production, the author says .............. industry is the name given
to the modern system of production.
PARAGRAPH 2
3. Heavy industry builds, such things as bridges, the author says
heavy industry .......... such things as bridges.
4. Heavy industry needs ...... a large amount more power , the
author says heavy industry needs ...... a ........ more power.
5. Power of course is necessary to all industries the author says
power of course is ...... to all industries.
PARAGRAPH 3
6. Except in lands that are very thinly populated, the author says
except in lands that are very ....... populated.
7. Some kind of industrial development is unavoidable for most of
them, the author says some kind of industrial development is
......... for most of them.
8. Present methods of agriculture are unable to supply the needs of
thickly populated lands, the author says ...... methods of
agriculture are unable to supply the need of ........ populated
lands.

9. Populations are steadily increasing owing to better methods of
medical are the author says populations are steadily increasing
owing to ...... methods of medical care.
10. In addition many undeveloped countries possess rich supplies of
minerals, the author says ...... many undeveloped countries
possess rich supplies of minerals.
PARAGRAPH 4
11. First there is the need for money to establish things with and for
central control that brings results, the author says ................,
there is the need for ......... and for ........ central control.
12. Once plans have been made, enough power generated …. and
machinery put into place ,the author says once plans have been
made, ...... power generated ..... and machinery ......
13. Often highly skilled workers are needed, the author says often
highly skilled workers are .......
14. Finally come ........ the recreations needed to make people able
to live happily in an urban life, and most important the stopping
of inflation, the author says finally come ....... the recreations
needed to ........ people to live happily in an urban ......... and
........ the ......... of inflation.

2.2. Fill in the blanks (all the words are in the passage).
VERB NOUN
1. ............. perseverance
2. produce .............
3. develop .............
4. ............. division
5. communicate .............
6. populate .............
7. supply .............
8. improve .............
9. ............. construction
10. ............. requirement
11.. ............. creation
12.exist .............
13. present .............
14. grow .............
15. Myanmar possesses rich ............. of minerals.
16. Because he ............. Mg Mg finished the job.
17. The ............. of the Karaweik was completed in 1975.
18. Good health ............. illness.
19. The ............. of Yangon is over three million.
3. STRUCTURE STUDY
Agricultural improvements must often depend on the growth of industry.
(text lines 21-23)

The construction
NOUN + must + ( + not etc) + (be + VERB past participle ( = passive
VERB simple from ( = active) )
expressed obligation. With the negative in the following sentences with
the verb supplied in brackets.
1. Power ............. by all industries. (use)
2. Workers in industry ............. (train)
3. Shoes ............. in pagodas. ( not wear)
4. To live happily in an urban existence, people .............
recreation. (always have)
5. I ............. soon. I don't want to miss the train. ( go)
6. When existing methods of agriculture are unable to supply the
needs of densely populated lands, some kind of industrial
development ............. . (take place)
Once plans have been made, adequate power generated, roads
constructed, factories built, and machinery installed workers must be
trained. (text liens 27-29)
Now say what words have been omitted after
1. power
2. roads
3. factories
4. machinery

1. they (line 2)
2. which (line 3)
3. it (line 10)
4. them (line 18)
5. this (line 19)
6. whose (line 20)
4.1. on the other hand introduces an opposite fact the same subject. In
lines 9-11 the author says that heavy is usually established in a few
places; in lines 11-13 he says that light industry can be established
almost anywhere. So he uses the phrases on the other hand about
light industry.
Now say in which of the following sentences the second sentence
could contain on the other hand.
1. In modern systems of production machines do most of the
older systems, most of the work was done by hand.
2. Lacquerware is a traditional Myanmar craft. Some lacquerware
is very popular with tourists.
3. U.N means United Nations.
Some nations in this organization are enemies.
4. Myanmar is a Buddhist nation.
Some Myanmar are Christians.
They lived long before man first appeared on earth.
6. Agricultural improvements must often depend on the growth of
industry.
Many undeveloped countries possess rich supplies of raw
materials.

Finally come the problems familiar developed countries: relations
between workers and managers and the boredom and fatigue that
much industrial work creates. (text lines 20-23)
The colon : is used to join two sentences when the second is a
definition or explanation of the first.
Now match the following.
1. Industry used mean one thing; (a) it explained how to train
workers
2. Industry is usually divided
into two kinds (b) from burning oil and coal,
and from using the force of
water to drive dynamos
3. Most power is still obtained (c) this reduces the coast
in two ways: of transporting them
4. The first problem brought by (d) steady and
industrialization is persevering work.
a major one:
5. The book was useful : (e) the need for capital
6. Heavy industry is usually (f) light and heavy
found near supplies of
raw materials:
Heavy industry constructs such things as bridge, locomotives, ships and
large machines.
The phrase such + NOUN + as is used to introduce illustrations of, or ,
examples of the noun.

1. Such ....... as the building of dams to supply irrigation systems
must often depend on the growth of industry.
2. Many underdeveloped countries posses rich supplies of such
...... as wood and oil.
3. Such ..... as the need for capital and for effective central control
by the state, come immediately with industrialization.
4. Light industry produces such smaller ..... as clothes, radio and
furniture.
5. Existing methods of agriculture are often unable to supply the
need of such densely populated ..... as India.
5. OTHER WORK
5.1. List the problem that come with industrialization in three
classes; early, intermediate and final.
5.2. What examples can give of light industries and heavy industries
practiced in Myanmar?

WRITING
In your own words describe the two kinds of industry.
Once industry meant steady and persevering work. Today
it is the name given to the modern system of production.
There are two kinds of industry , light and heavy.
Heavy industry builds bridges ,ships and large machines
while light industry produces clothes , radios and
furniture. All industries need power. People in
underdeveloped countries realize that some kind of
industrial development is essential to supply the need of
densely populated lands . But the need for capital and
highly-skilled workers, relations between workers and
managers, are problems for industrialization.
VOCABULARY
1. adequate (adj) sufficient
2. capital (n) sum of money used to start a business
3. construct (vb) build
4. deal (n) much; a lot
5. deal (adv) thickly very closely together
6. effective (adj) producing the intended result
7. enable (vb) make (somebody ) able to do something by
giving him the necessary authority or means
8. essential (adj) necessary
9. exist (vb) have being
10. existence (n) state or fact of existing
11. improve (vb) become better
12. inevitable (adj) that cannot be avoided

13. install (vb) fix equipment
14. morever (adv) in addition
15. preserves (vb) continue trying to do something, esp in spite of
difficulty
16. prevention (n) ( action of ) preventing
17. require (vb) need
18. sparsely (adv) thinly

1
UNIT 20
SNAKES AND MUSIC
LEARNING GOALS
Ø Do snakes really like music?
Ø The life and custom of snake-
charmers in India
Ø Their income and trade
Ø Training a snake
LANGUAGE GOALS
Ø To improve students'
Ø To build new vocabulary
Ø "Structure Study"
'reported speech' and 'verb-
ing'
I had often been told that snakes did not appreciate
music. But I had seen too many cobras swaying to a snake-
charmer's flute to believe it until one day in Masulipatam,
Madras, I met Satigoda Sapera.
He was a nomad, a member of one of eight Sapera
families who travel through India with their snakes. They
follow a regular route every year, visiting the same town in
the same month- cool places in summer hot places in
winter. Sati took me to see his snakes being taught music.
At the time the Saperas were camping outside the
town, on a waste piece of land where they did not have to
get the landowner's permission before pitching their huts.
And their huts were certainly portable. They consisted of a
few bamboo poles, three or four rattan mats, and some
twine. They were circular in shape, with a little slit at one
side as an entrance.

2
How much do you earn? I asked Sati as he led me to
his hut. He told me that he would get a basket of rice and
eight annas in cash whenever he went in a town with his
snakes. At current market prices this worked out at nearly
four rupees, and I began to look at him suspiciously.
Suddenly a women came out of a neighbouring hut.
Don't tell lies to the visitor from the film company,
she shouted, evidently having seen my camera. We hardly
make one rupee a day Sati looked said, He had only been
trying to boost his economic status to increases the money
he expected from the film company.
The group had eight snakes, all cobras. They were
kept in bamboo baskets and given frogs and rats to eat. I
was told that they would also eat eggs and mutton, and
milk, if the milk was poured into mouths down a funnel
these snakes had just had lunch.
And of course all you snakes like music, I said.
They do indeed.
'Do you have to give them much training?'
We always teach them music before we take them
out for shows.
I asked to see a reptile being trained and a boy went
into the hut and brought out two baskets. From one of them,
he took a cobra, quite young which had been caught
recently. The boy touched the cobra with his flute and it
raised its hood. The boy began to play the flute. swaying
from side to side as he did so. The snake just looked on,
unaffected by the sound of the music.

English 1st year 2nd semester

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