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Smoking Tobacco: Deadly Effects
- 1. Smoking Tobacco Dr Neeta Gupta Practitioner Of CBT,REBT & EFT Associate Professor Department of Psychology DAV (PG) College Dehradun
- 2. SmokingTobacco: The smoke from tobacco elicits carcinogenic effects on the tissues of the body that are exposed to the smoke.
- 3. Tobacco is made from the leaves of tobacco plants. It contains nicotine, which is an addictive drug. When you smoke tobacco in cigarettes, cigars or pipes, you absorb toxic and cancer-causing chemicals that affect your health. Tobacco is made by drying leaves from tobacco plants. Nicotine is the main chemical in tobacco. It is: 1.Toxic 2.Highly addictive 3.A stimulant this means it speeds up the messages that travel between your brain and your body 4.Nicotine is a dangerous chemical for a number of reasons.
- 4. Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of over 7,000 toxic chemicals, several of which 98 are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and 69 of which are known to be carcinogenic. Tobacco kills up to half of its users.Tobacco kills more than 8 million people each year. More than 7 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while around 1.2 million are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. Over 80% of the world's 1.3 billion tobacco users live in low- and middle-income countries.
- 5. What is smoking? When people smoke tobacco, they burn it so they can breathe it in or taste the smoke. All forms of tobacco are harmful, and there is no safe level of exposure to tobacco. Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use worldwide. Other tobacco products include waterpipe tobacco, various smokeless tobacco products, cigars, cigarillos, roll-your-own tobacco, pipe tobacco, etc.
- 6. Smoking, the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning plant material. A variety of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana and hashish, but the act is most commonly associated with tobacco as smoked in a cigarette, cigar, or pipe. Tobacco contains nicotine, an alkaloid that is addictive and can have both stimulating and tranquilizing psychoactive effects.
- 7. People smoke tobacco in different ways: 1.Cigarettes Tobacco wrapped in a roll of paper. You can buy cigarettes ready-made or you can roll your own. When you smoke a cigarette, you breathe in the smoke.
- 8. Cigars Tobacco wrapped in a tobacco leaf or paper made from tobacco pulp. Pipes Loose-leaf tobacco smoked in a pipe. Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in Australia. It affects your health, even if you don’t breathe in the smoke affects the people around you through your second- hand smoke
- 9. Many people also find it hard to quit tobacco smoking, and one of the reasons for this is because nicotine is so addictive. Research shows that: 1.First-time smokers are more likely to become addicted compared to first-time users of cocaine or alcohol 2.If a person starts smoking as a teenager, he/she is more likely to become a life-long smoker compared to those who start as an adult.
- 10. The harmful effects of smoking are not limited to the smoker. The toxic components of tobacco smoke are found not only in the smoke that the smoker inhales but also in environmental tobacco smoke, or second hand smoke—that is, the smoke exhaled by the smoker (mainstream smoke) and the smoke that rises directly from the smoldering tobacco (sidestream smoke). Nonsmokers who are routinely exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are at increased risk for some of the same diseases that afflict smokers, including lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
- 11. Smoking & Health: 1.Addiction A major health effect common to all forms of tobacco use is addiction, or, more technically, dependence. Addiction contributes to tobacco- caused death and disease, since it spurs smokers to continue their habit, which repeatedly exposes them to the toxins in tobacco smoke.
- 12. 2.Cancer: It is estimated that approximately one-third of all cancer deaths worldwide are attributable to tobacco. Cigarette smoke contains more than 60 known carcinogens. Although certain of the body’s enzymes metabolize carcinogens and cause them to be excreted, these enzymes sometimes function inadequately, allowing carcinogens to bind to cellular DNA and damage it. When cells with damaged DNA survive, replicate, and accumulate, cancers occur.
- 13. 3.Lung disease It is not surprising that smokers suffer from many respiratory diseases other than lung cancer. One such disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, which is one of the major causes of debilitation and eventual death in cigarette smokers. Greater number of women dying from COPD than men. COPD is a general term that refers to respiratory diseases in which airflow is obstructed. Women’s airways appear to be more sensitive to the effect of cigarette smoke.
- 14. 4.Heart disease Smoking has long been recognized as a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease. The carbon monoxide present in cigarette smoke binds to haemoglobin in the blood, making fewer molecules available for oxygen transport. In addition, coronary blood flow is reduced, forcing the heart to work harder to deliver oxygen to the body. Such strain places smokers at significantly greater risk for heart attack, and stroke.
- 15. Treatment: 1.Behavioral intervention: CBT, REBT 2.PMT model(The Protection Motivation Theory). Rogers developed this model. According to this behaviour is a product of 4 component : a. Severity-Lung cancer is a serious illness b. Susceptibility-my chances of getting lung cancer are high. c. Response Effectiveness-changing my habit would improve my life. d. Self-Efficacy- I am confident that I can change it.
- 16. Stages of Change: The stages of change are 1.Initiation 2.Maintenance 3.Cessation a.Pre Contemplation: Not seriously considering quitting. In this stage there is no intention to change behaviour in the near future b.Contemplation: People are aware that a problem exists and are seriously thinking to overcome but not made a commitment to take action.
- 17. c. Preparation: It combines intention and behavioural criteria. People in this stage are intending to take action in the next month and have unsuccessfully taken action in the past year. d. Action: Initial behaviour change is the stage in which individual modify their behaviour, experiences, or environment in order to overcome their problems. Action involves the most overt behavioural changes and requires considerable commitment of time and energy.
- 18. Maintenance: Maintaining behaviour change for a period of time is the stage in which people work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during action. 4. Relapse: a.Addiction behaviour are learn and can be unlearned. b.Addictions are Not’ all /Nothing but exist in continuum. c.Lapses from abstinence are likely and acceptable. d.Believing that ‘One drink-a drunk’ is a self fulfilling prophecy.
- 19. 3.Marlalt and Gordan-Relapse Prevention Programme: 1.Self Monitoring: What do I do in high risk situation. 2.Relapse Fantasies: what it be like to relapse 3.Relaxation training / stress management. 4.Skill Training. 5.Cognitive restructuring: factors such as self- image, problem-solving behaviour, coping mechanisms and attribution also contribute to the acquisition of an addictive behaviour.
- 20. 4. Nicotine replacement therapy Nicotine replacement therapy delivers nicotine to the body in controlled, relatively small doses, typically by means of a transdermal patch, chewing gum, a nasal spray, an inhaler, or tablets. These products do not contain the tar, carbon monoxide, or other toxic ingredients that are largely responsible for the health hazards of smoking.
- 21. 5.Nicotine patch Nicotine patches are available without a prescription in many countries. A new patch is applied to the skin every day and is left in place for a recommended amount of time (usually 16 to 24 hours) while it delivers a controlled amount of nicotine to the body through the skin. The patches are used over a period of six to eight weeks or longer. Patches with the highest dosage of nicotine (15 or 21 mg) are generally used for the first few weeks; patches with lower doses are used thereafter.
- 22. 6.Nicotine gum and lozenges Nicotine gum, usually available in 2- and 4-mg formulations, is available in many countries without a physician’s prescription. The gum is chewed a few times and then placed between the cheek and gums to allow the nicotine to be absorbed through the mouth’s mucous membrane. These actions are repeated for up to about 30 minutes. Achieving success with gum as a cessation aid depends largely on using it consistently. At least one piece of nicotine gum should be used every one to two hours over a period of one to three months.
- 23. 7.Nicotine nasal spray Nicotine nasal spray was designed to deliver nicotine more rapidly than is possible with a patch or gum. It is available by prescription only because it appears to carry a somewhat higher cardiovascular risk and a potentially higher risk for abuse than other nicotine medications do.
- 24. 8.Nicotine inhaler The nicotine inhaler, which consists of a nicotine- filled cartridge and a mouthpiece, was developed in order to imitate the behavioral and sensory characteristics of smoking without mimicking the actual delivery of nicotine to the lungs. The user inhales nicotine vapour into the mouth. Most of the nicotine is absorbed through the oral mucosa. The amount of nicotine delivered depends on the number of inhalations and their intensity.
- 25. 9.Sublingual nicotine tablets The sublingual nicotine tablet is approved for use in several European countries. Each tablet commonly contains 2 mg of nicotine and is placed under the tongue until it dissolves; the nicotine is absorbed through the oral mucosa.