5. NO CONSTRUCTION IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT
BRICK.SINCE MANY CENTURIES BRICKS HAVE
PROVIDED THE BASIC MATERIAL FOR
CONSTRUCTION.THEY ARE UTILISED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION AS WELL AS IN ARCHITECHTURAL
POINT OF VIEW.
BRICKS ARE OBTAINED BY HOMOGENEOUS
MIXING OF SUITABLY PROPORTIONED EARTH WITH
SILICA AND ALUMINA IN IT WHICH IS TRANSFERRED
TO TIMBER OR STEEL MOULDS.BRICKS ARE AN
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF UTILIZING WASTES
GENERATED BY STONE CRUSHERS,QUARRYING AND
STONE PROCESSING UNITS.BRICKS ARE
RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE HAVING FROG IN ITS
CENTRE FROM ONE SIDE. THE BRICK HAS LENGTH
TWICE THE WIDTH.
INTRODUCTION
6. BRICKS ARE CLASSIFIED ON THE
BASIS OF THEIR PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA.THE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
INCLUDES STRENGTH, DURABILITY,
ASTHETIC REQUIREMENT, SELECTION OF
THE PROPER SPECIFICATION AND
CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THAT
SPECIFICATION, ALONG WITH PROPER
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SHOULD
RESULT IN EXPECTED PERFORMANCE.
BRICKS ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT,
CHEAP, EASY TO HANDLE AND EASILY
AVAILABLE.
7. BRICK IS THE OLDEST MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIAL
AND MOST OF ITS HISTORY IS LOST IN ANTIQUITY.THE OLDEST BURNT
OR FIRED BRICK HAVE BEEN FOUND ON THE SITES OF BABYLONIA,SOME
OF WHICH ARE ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 6000 YEARS OLD.BRICK IS
AFTERALL INDESTRUCTIBLE.
THE INDUSTRY DEVELOPED ON TRADITIONAL LINES,USING
HAND-MAKING PROCESSES FOR THE MOST PART. THE FIRST PATENT
FOR A CLAY-WORKING MACHINE WAS GRANTED IN THE YEAR
1619.MECHANISM HOWEVER,DID NOT BEGIN
TO TAKE THE PLACE OF MANUAL
METHODS UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF 19th
CENTURY.THE MOULDED PRODUCTS WERE
FIRED IN RELATIVELY INEFFICIENT
INTERMITTENT OR STATIC KILNS UNTIL
ABOUT 1858.
HISTORY
8. WHEN HOFFMAN INTRODUCED A CONTINUOUS KILN,
WHICH ENABLED ALL PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH THE FIRING
TO BE CARRIED OUT CONCURRENTLY AND CONTINUOUSLY.
SINCE,THE INTRODUCTION OF CLAY WORKING MACHINERYAND
THE HOFFMAN KILN,THE INDUSTRY HAS MADE GREAT
PROGRESS.PARTICULARLY SINCE 1930,THE OUTPUT OF BRICKS IN
GREAT BRITAIN WAS DOUBLED BETWEEN 1930 AND 1938.
BRICK FIND MENTIONED IN
THE BIBLE,THE TOWER OF BABEL
WAS BUILT WITH BURNT BRICKS.
BRICKS WERE PREDOMINANTLY
USED IN THE INDUS VALLEY
CIVILISATION.INFACT, THE
CIVILISATION WAS FIRST
DISCOVERED WHEN ANCIENT
BRICKS BEING USED TO BUILD
RAILWAY BALLAST CAME TO THE
NOTICE OF A PASSING
ARCHEOLOGIST.
9. THE TAJ-MAHAL WAS BUILT IN
WHITE MARBLE BUT IT HAD EXTENSIVE
SCAFFOLDING MADE ENTIRELY OUT OF
BRICK WHICH WAS PULLED DOWN AFTER
COMPLETION.THE QUTUB MINAR IS THE
TALLEST
BRICK STRUCTURE MADE FROM RED CLAY
BRICKS.
10.
11. IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF
WORLD,DIFFERENT SIZES OF BRICKS ARE
USED.
SOME OF THEM COMMONLY USED ARE:-
MODULAR BRICKS
CONVENTIONAL BRICKS
STANDARD BRICKS
THESE BRICKS DIFFER IN THEIR
PROPERTIES,USES,SIZES,SHAPES,COLOUR,
COMPOSITION,
STRENGTH,ETC.
TYPES OF BRICKS
12. CLAY BRICK IS THE MOSTLY USED
TYPE OF BRICKS.THESE ARE RECTANGULAR IN
SHAPE,WELL-BURNT OF COPPER COLOUR,FREE
FROM CRACKS WITH SHARP EDGES.THEY HAVE
UNIFORM COLOUR,SHAPE,STANDARD SIZE AND
ARE POROUS IN NATURE.
THESE BRICKS DIFFER WITH RESPECT
TO THEIR FOLLOWING PROPERTIES AND USES
ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPES:-
13. TYPE OF
BRICKS
GRADE PROPERTIES USES
1ST CLASS
BRICK.
A WELL
BURNT,SOUND,SHARP
EDGES,PROER SHAPE
AND SIZE.
FACE-WORKED
STRUCTURE.
2ND CLASS
BRICK.
B IRREGULAR IN SHAPE
AND SIZE,BLUNT
EDGES.
ORDINARY
STRUCTURES, BRICK-
WORK, UNDER
PLASTERS.
3RD CLASS
BRICK.
C UNDER BURNT
BRICKS,SOFT AND
LIGHT IN COLOUR.
UNIMPORTANT AND
TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES,AT HEAVY
RAINFALL PLACES.
4TH CLASS
BRICK.
(ZHAMA
BRICK)
D DEFORMED SHAPE
AND SIZE,OVER
BURNT.
AGGREGRATES FOR
CONCRETE IN
FOUNDATION,FLOORS,
ROADS, ETC.
14. VARIOUS TYPES OF BRICKS ARE
MANUFACTURED AND USED FOR DIFFERENT
TYPES OF SPECIAL WORKS.THESE TYPES OF
BRICKS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS SPECIAL
BRICKS.FOLLOWING CHARTS CAN EXPLAIN
THIS INFORMATICALLY:-
15. NAMES OF
SPECIAL TYPES OF
BRICKS.
SPECIAL
PROPERTIES.
SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.
(AS PER 1000
BRICKS.)
1. ACID
RESISTANT
BRICKS.
CHEMICALLY
RESISTANT.
CHEMICAL PLANT,
CHEMISTRY
LABS,ETC.
2. ENGINEERING
BRICKS.
MORE VITRIFIED
THAN COMMON
CLAY BUILDING
BRICKS,LESS
POROUS,VERY
HARD.
PAVING PURPOSES.
3. SILICA BRICKS. BEARS
TEMPERATURE
UPTO 2000 DEGREE
CELSIUS.
CONSTRUCTION
OF CHIMNEYS.
4. REFRACTORY
BRICKS.
WITHSTAND
TEMPERATURE
UPTO 1700 DEGREE
CELSIUS.
CONSTRUCTION
OF REFRACTORY
FURNANCE,
REVERBERATORY
BRICKS HEARTHS.
16. NAMES OF
SPECIAL TYPES
OF BRICKS.
SPECIAL
PROPERTIES.
SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.
(AS PER 1000
BRICKS.)
5. SAND-LIME
BRICKS.
STRONG,HARD,
UNIFORM IN
COLOUR,SHARP
EDGES.
ORNAMENTAL
WORKS.
6. BLUE BRICKS. CAN BE FIRED AT
1250 DEGREE
CELSIUS.
HEAVY
ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTIONA
L WORKS LIKE
BRIDGES,ETC.
7. COLOURED
BRICKS.
AVAILABLE IN
VARIOUS
COLOURS.
DECORATION,
INTERIOR/
EXTERIOR
WORKS.
8. PERFORATED
BRICKS.
HAS
CYLINDRICAL
HOLES,LIGHT
WEIGHTED.
CONSTRUCTION
OF PANELS FOR
LIGHT WEIGHT
STRUCTURES AND
MULTI-STORED
FRAMED
STRUCTURE.
17. NAMES OF SPECIAL
TYPES OF BRICKS.
SPECIAL
PROPERTIES.
SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.
(AS PER 1000 BRICKS.)
9. FIRE BRICKS. RESISTS HIGH
TEMPERATURE.
CONSTRUCTION OF
HEARTH, FURNANCES
AND CHIMNEY.
10. HOLLOW
BRICKS.
(CAVITY/CELLULAR
BRICKS.)
LIGHT IN WEIGHT,
DAMP,REDUCES
TRANSFER OF HEAT.
BRICK PARTIONING/
PARTITION WALLS.
3000₹
11. FLY-ASH BRICKS. HARD, HIGH
STRENGTH.
CONSTRUCTION OF
BUILDINGS/HOUSES,
OFFICES,ETC.
4200₹
18. BRICKS ARE MADE UP BY
HOMOGENEOUS MIXING OF SUITABLY
PROPORTIONED EARTH WITH SILICA
AND ALUMINA. IT ALSO CONSISTS OTHER
MATERIALS MIXED IN IT.BRICKS ARE
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF UTILISING
WASTES GENERATED BY STONE
CRUSHERS,QUARRYING AND STONE
PROCESSING UNITS,ETC.
SOME OF THE COMMON
CONSTITUENTS OF BRICKS ALONG WITH
THEIR PROPORTION AND FUNCTION ARE
GIVEN :-
COMPOSITION
19. NAME OF
CONSTITUENT.
PROPORTION. FUNCTION.
1. ALUMINA 20% - 30% ABSORBS WATER AND GIVES
PLASTICITY TO BRICKS.
2. SILICA. 50% - 60% PREVENTS CRACKS,
SHRINKAGE AND WRAPING
OF RAW BRICKS.
3. LIME. 1% - 2% ACTS AS FLUX.
4. MAGNESIA. DECREASES SHRINKAGE
DURING BURNING, ACTS AS
FLUX.
5. IRON OXIDE 1% - 2% GIVES COLOUR TO THE
BRICKS, BINDS THE
PARTICLES OF BRICKS
TOGETHER AND ALSO ACTS
AS FLUX
20. NAME OF
SPECIAL
BRICK.
SPECIAL
CONSTITUENT.
PROPORTION. FUNCTION.
1. SILICA
BRICKS.
SILICA 95% - 97% BEARS
TEMPERATU
RE.
2. BLUE
BRICKS.
IRON OXIDE 7% - 10% COLOUR
AGENT.
3. FLY
ASH
BRICKS.
FLY ASH
SAND
LIME
80%
13%
7%
STRENGTH,
COLOUR.
GIVES
STRENGTH,
HARDNESS.
ACTS AS A
BINDING
MATERIAL.
21. BRICKS CAN ALSO CONTAIN
SOME HARMFUL CONSTITUENTS WHICH
AFFECT THE QUALITY OF BRICKS AND
CAN ALSO MAKE THEM USELESS.
HERE ARE THE NAMES OF
SOME OF THEM:-
•KANKAR/LIMESTONE.
•ALKALIES.
•IRON PYRITES.
•PEBBLES OF STONE AND GRAVEL.
•ORGANIC MATTER OR VEGETATION.
22. 1. HARDNESS:- A SCRATCH IS MADE ON A
BRICK BY FINGER NAIL.IF NO
IMPRESSION IS LEFT ON SURFACE OF
BRICK THEN,THE BRICK IS
CONSIDERED TO BE HARD.
2. CRUSHING STRENGTH:- IT IS
DETERMINED BY COMPRESSION
TESTING MACHINE. MINIMUM
CRUSHING STRENGTH OF A BRICK IS 3.5
N/mmsq.
3. SOUNDNESS:- WHEN TWO BRICKS
STRUCKS ON EACH OTHER,IF THEY
DON’T BREAK AND GIVE A METALLIC
RINGING SOUND THEN IT INDICATES
GOOD QUALITY OF BRICKS.
TESTING METHODS
23. 4. WATER ABSORPTION TEST:- LET,THE
WEIGHT OF BRICK BE W GRAMS.WHEN IT
IS SOAKED IN WATER FOR 24 HOURS AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE AND THEN IT IS
WEIGHTED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
WHICH WILL BE W1.
% OF WATER ABSORPTION=W1-W x100.
W
24. 5. EFFLORESCENCE TEST:- SOLUBLE SALTS
WHICH ARE PRESENT IN WATER CAUSES
EFFLORESCENCE ON SURFACE OF
BRICK.WHEN THE BRICK IS DIPPED IN
WATER FOR 24HOURS AFTER WHICH IT IS
ALLOWED TO DRY IN SHADE GIVES WHITE
OR GREY DEPOSITS ON ENTIRE SURFACE.
6. STRUCTURE:- AFTER BREAKING A BRICK,
IT’S INNER STRUCTURE OBSERVED
SHOULD BE COMPACT,HOMOGENEOUS
AND FREE FROM HOLES,DUST,ETC.
7. IMPACT TEST:- BRICK IS ALLOWED TO
DROP ON FLAT HARD SURFACE FROM
HEIGHT OF 1METER i.e. 3.28 FEET AND IT
SHOULD NOT BREAK INTO PIECES.
25. COMPARISON
ACCORDING TO FOLL
PROPERTIES.
CLAY BRICKS. FLY - ASH BRICKS.
1. SIZE. 19X9X9CM. 9X4X3CM.
2. SURFACE. UNEVEN DUE TO
HAND MOULDS AND
NOT UNIFORM,ROUGH
SURFACE/FINISH.
EVEN AND
UNIFORM,SMOOTH
SURFACE/FINISH.
3. COLOUR. COPOROUS RED OR
AS PER THE COLOUR
OF SOIL.
CEMENT LIKE
COLOUR.
(GREYISH).
4. COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH.
35 N/MM Sq. 100 N/MM Sq.
5. DIMENSIONAL
ACCURACY.
NO DIMENSIONAL
ACCURACY.
DIMENSIONALLY
ACCURATE.
6. BONDING. LIGHTLY BONDED. DENSE COMPOSITION.
7. WATER
ABSORPTION.
20 – 25% 6 – 12%
COMPARISON
26. COMPARISON
ACCORDING TO
FOLL PROPERTIES.
CLAY BRICKS. FLY – ASH BRICKS.
8. POROUSITY. MORE POROUS. LESS POROUS.
9. SOAKING IN
WATER.
SOAKING IN
WATER IS
REQUIRED.
ONLY SPRINKLING
OF WATER IS
ENOUGH.
10. PLASTERING. PLASTERING IS
REQUIRED.
NO PLASTERING IS
REQUIRED.
11. WEIGHT. HEAVY. LIGHT WEIGHTED.
12. MORTAR
REQUIRED.
MORE MORTAR IS
REQUIRED.
LESS MORTAR IS
REQUIRED.
13. SHAPED BY. HAND MADE ,
MOULDS.
MACHINES.
14. BURNING KILNS , VITT
BHATTI.
OVENS.
27. COMPARISON
ACCORDING TO
FOLL PROPERTIES.
CLAY BRICKS. FLY – ASH BRICKS.
15. AVAILABILITY MAINLY IN RURAL
AREAS.
MAINLY IN URBAN
AREAS.
16. VITRIFICATION. LESS VITRIFIED. MORE VITRIFIED.
17. EXPENSIVE /
CHEAP.
EXPENSIVE. CHEAP.
18. COST. 4000 – 5000₹ 4200₹
19. COST OF
CONSTRUCTION.
INCREASES COST
OF COSTRUCTION.
DECREASES COST
OF CONSTRUCTION.
28. FLY – ASH BRICK HAS UNIFORM SHAPE AND
SIZE WITH SMOOTH FINISH AND DIMENSIONAL
STABILITY. IT IS GREYISH IN COLOUR AND
DOESN’T REQUIRE SOAKING IN WATER BUT JUST
IN SPRINKLING IS ENOUGH.IT ALSO REQUIRES
LESS MORTAR DURING CONSTRUCTION AND IS
CHEAP IN COST.IT HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH, DENSELY COMPOSED,LESS
POROUS,ABSORBS LESS AMOUNT OF WATER.IT IS
LIGHT WEIGHTED AND REDUCES THE COST OF
CONSTRUCTION.
FLY – ASH BRICK IS MORE DURABLE AND
THE COMPARISON IMPLIES THAT FLY – ASH
BRICK SHOULD BE WIDELY USED IN
CONSTRUCTION.
CONCLUSION
