stroke types, etiology, sign and symptoms and pathogenesis

1. Pathophysiology
STROKE
Nem Kumar Jain
MS (Pharm.) Pharmacology & Toxicology
Assistant Professor, School of Pharmacy
ITM University Gwalior

2. Stroke
 It is a medical emergency in which the blood supply to
any portion of the brain is interrupted or reduced
 Leading to localized brain damage and subsequent brain
dysfunction or neurological deficit
 For the brain to function, it needs a constant supply of
blood to deliver vital nutrients like glucose and oxygen
to the brain cells
 A Stroke occurs when this supply is impaired or cut off
 Other names: Cerebro-vascular accident/disease (CVA)
Cerebral Infarction
Cerebral Haemorrhage

3. Epidemiology*
 According to the World Health Organization,
 15 million people suffer stroke worldwide each year.
 Of these, 5 million die and another 5 million are
permanently disabled.
 High blood pressure contributes to more than 12.7
million strokes worldwide.
 Europe averages approximately 650,000 stroke deaths each
year.
 Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability
in India. The estimated adjusted prevalence rate
of stroke range, 84-262/100,000 in rural and 334-
424/100,000 in urban areas.
*2018, WHO & NHS

4. Stroke
The symptoms of a stroke are dependent on what
portion the brain is damage

5. Etiology and Risk Factors
 Sedentary lifestyle:
 Being overweight or obese
 Physical inactivity
 Unhealthy diet
 High blood pressure (hypertension)
 High cholesterol
(Hypercholesterolemia or
dyslypidemia)
 Atherosclerosis or hardening
 Diabetes
 Cardiovascular disease (heart
failure, heart defects heart attack,
arrhythmia)
 Obstructive sleep apnoea: sleep
disorder in which the oxygen level
intermittently drops during the
night
 Tumour
 Infection (endocarditis)
 Smoking
 Alcohol consumption
 Age more than 50 years
 Gender: men have higher risk to
develop, in female onset is late but
more deadly
 Female may develop stroke as
secondary to use of birth control
pill and hormonal therapy
(estrogen), as well as pregnancy
and child birth
 Race: african-american have higher
risk of stroke than other races
Asian> european
 Previous history of vascular event:
myocardial infarction, peripheral
embolism

6. Types of Stroke
Most common type of stroke
(85%)and is caused by blockage
of the blood vessels supplying
the brain
This may be due to hardening
and narrowing of the arteries
(atherosclerosis) or by a blood
clot blocking a blood vessel
The most severe type of
stroke. It occurs when a
blood vessel in the brain
burst, allowing blood to
leak and cause damage to
an area of the brain
weakening of
an artery wall
that creates a
bulge, or
distention

7. Stroke

8.  Transient Ischemic attack (TIA) is one of the serious risk
factor for developing Stroke and lethality

9. Sign and symptoms