This document provides an overview of a course on distillation processes. It includes: - Course objectives which are to provide information on distillation operation principles, phase equilibrium, design procedures, and evaluation methods. - A course outline that covers topics like binary distillation design using various methods and mechanical design of distillation columns. - Information on assessments which include attendance, tutorials, tests, and a final exam. - An introduction to distillation that defines it as a method to separate mixtures based on volatility differences, and examples of common distillation applications.

1. Lecture(1):Introduction
Nihad Omer Hassan
1Nihad Omer Hassan

2. Nihad Omer Hassan 2
Course Description
2 hours lecture, 2 hour tutorial per week, 3 credit hours.
Textbooks
• Applied Process Design for chemical and Petrochemical
plants, Ernest E.ludvig, Volume2, Third Edition, 1997
Course Description & Textbooks

3. 3
Course Objective
• Provide information on the operation principles of
distillation process.
• Introduce the student to phase equilibrium
• Provide information on the design procedure of
distillation column
• Provide methods of evaluation of distillation columns.
Nihad Omer Hassan

4. • Introduction
• Design of binary distillation column using McCabe-
Thiele method.
• Design of binary distillation column using Ponchon
Savarit method.
• Design of multi-components distillation column .
• Mechanical Design of distillation column .
4
Course Outline
Nihad Omer Hassan

5. • Attendance 10%
• Tutorials % 10
• Test 10%
• Final Exam %70
5
Course work
Nihad Omer Hassan

6. 6
ATTENDANCE
 COMPULSORY TO ATTEND ALL
LECTURES
Nihad Omer Hassan

7. 7
Cell phones
Silent mode
Or
Switch it off
Should be in
Nihad Omer Hassan

8. Learning outcomes
By the end of the course the student will be able to :
• Understanding vapor liquid equilibrium .
• Design distillation Column
• Analysis the distillation processes.
8Nihad Omer Hassan

9. 1st Lecture Content:
 Distillation: Introduction.
 Types of Distillation.
 Advantage Of Distillation.
 Limitation of Distillation.
9Nihad Omer Hassan

10. Nihad Omer Hassan 10

11.  Method of separating mixtures based on
differences in their volatilities in a boiling
liquid mixture.
 The function of Distillation is to separate,
by vaporization, a liquid mixture of miscible
and volatile substances into individual/group
components.
Distillation: Introduction
11Nihad Omer Hassan

12. Distillation: Introduction
• Examples:
a) The separation of a mixture of alcohol and
water into its component
b) The separation of crude petroleum into
gasoline, kerosene and fuel oil
12Nihad Omer Hassan

13. separation of crude
Nihad Omer Hassan 13

14. Types of Distillation
• 2 types of operations:
a) Batch distillation
b) Continuous distillation
• 2 types of continuous distillation process:
a) Flash distillation (without reflux)
b) Rectification distillation (with reflux)
14Nihad Omer Hassan

15. Batch Distillation
• It is a simple distillation where the liquid is charged to a reboiler
(still), is boiled slowly and the vapors are taken directly from the
condenser.
• Batch Distillation is used in some small plant to recover volatile
products from liquid solution
15Nihad Omer Hassan

16. Batch Distillation
16Nihad Omer Hassan

17. Batch Distillation with Reflux
• Batch distillation with a simple still does not give a good
separation unless the relative volatility is high.
• Reflux is used to improve the performance of the batch still
17Nihad Omer Hassan

18. Continuous Operation: Flash Distillation
• Figure 21 .1 shows the elements of a flash distillation plant.
18Nihad Omer Hassan

19. Continuous operation: Rectification
Distillation
Continuous multi-stage columns consist of
Vertical shell, internal trays/plates, a reboiler
to boil the liquid exiting the bottom of the
column (thus return vapor to the column), a
condenser to cool and condense the vapor
leaving the top, and a reflux drum to hold
the condensed vapor (and thus return liquid
to the top of the column).

21. Definitions
1.Enriching section or rectifying section of the
column are the stages (and condenser) above the
feed stage.
2.Stripping section of the column are the stages
(and reboiler) below the feed stage
3.Reflux stream is a stream that essentially recycles
a portion of the vapor product stream back to the
upper stage.
4. Boil up stream is a stream that essentially
recycles a portion of the liquid product stream
back to the lowest stage.

22. Advantage Of Distillation
• Ability to handle a wide range of throughput.
• Ability to handle wide range of feed concentrations.
• Ability to produce high product purity.
22Nihad Omer Hassan

23. Limitation of Distillation
Distillation of low molecular weight materials
• Requires high pressure
• Increasing condensing temperature
• Refrigeration with high pressure is required for condensation
• Very expensive
High molecular weight heat-sensitive materials
*Distilled under vacuum to reduce boiling temperature
* Use crystallization and liquid-liquid extraction
Components with a low concentration :
*Adsorption and absorption are both effective alternatives
23Nihad Omer Hassan

24. 24Nihad Omer Hassan