1. O3 Makes free
Consultants
RE-WILDING STRATEGY: Nature-Based Solutions and Green Infrastructure
by Nijaz Deleut Kemo, Senior Consultant
Summary:
Two lenses will likely dominate our future: social justice and humanity's relationship
to the environment. As burgeoning human populations place greater pressure on wild
areas, a strategy is emerging for preserving threatened lands and wildlife.
Scientists worldwide are warning of the looming extinction of thousands of species,
from tigers and polar bears to rare flowers, birds and insects. If destructions
continues, half of all species of plants and animals could disappear by the end of the
century and with them earth's life-support ecosystems that provide our food, water,
medicine, and natural defenses against climate change. How to confront this crisis?
I argue that Re-wilding strategy can be triple “win-win” solution through promotion
of dynamic forward looking solutions. Thus, by focusing on Nature-Based Solutions
to improve our Green Infrastructure, We might be able to maintain healthy
ecosystems, reconnect fragmented European natural and semi-natural areas and
restore damaged habitats, so they can provide us with more and better goods and
services.
River Drina, Višegrad, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mehmed paša Sokolović Bridge

2. CONTENTS
RE-WILDING STRATEGY ........................................................................................ 3
Preface ........................................................................................................................... 3
NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS & GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE ...................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4
Key Opportunities ........................................................................................................ 6
Goal one: Enhancing Sustainable Urbanization ......................................................... 6
Goal two: Improving the Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems .................................. 9
Goal three: Developing Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation ........................ 11
Goal four: Improving Risk Management & Resilience .............................................. 12
What is Green Infrastructure? ................................................................................... 14
Recommended Research & Innovative Actions ........................................................ 17
CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................... 19
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 21
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3. RE-WILDING STRATEGY
Preface
Despite numerous campaigns by the UN and other organizations to stem the loss of habitat and
species, the world's biodiversity – and the ecosystem services supported by it, including carbon
sequestration and flood control – is approaching what Hilary Benn, former U.K.'s environment
secretary, has called “a point of no return.” A group of solutions, happily, is emerging under the
rubric of “re-wilding” and this new movement has made considerable progress over the past 15
years.
A Marshal Plan for the environment, re-wilding promotes the expansion of core wilderness areas on
a vast scale, the restoration of corridors between them (to fight the “islands” effect of isolated parks
and protected areas), and the reintroduction or protection of top predators.
Known by shorthand formula – “Cores, corridors, and carnivores” - re-wilding was first proposed
in 1998 by the founder of conservation biology, Michael Soule, and his fellow conservation
biologist, Reed Noss. It was quickly adapted by grassroots initiatives, such as the Yellowstone to
Yukon Conservation Initiative (Y2Y), a plan to protect and restore connectivity of ecosystems
throughout the Rocky Mountains.
Since then, its central tenets have found their way into the programs of international conservation
organizations, which have embraced “continental-scale” conservation and growing bolder in the
size of their preservationist programs. As both a conservation method and a grassroots movement,
re-wilding has taken hold in every inhabited continent, with projects stretching from densely-
populated western Europe (the European Green Belt, and the path of former Iron Curtain) to the
remote reaches of southern Africa.
What's more: It has proven an adaptable model, bringing conservation people and places outside the
traditional system of parks and protected areas that lack the resources to succeed on their own.
Encouraging new streams and conservation on private lands, re-wilding has achieved notable
successes, along with instructive failures.
Conservation on private lands, wildlife conservancies, community-forests: These efforts have
significantly expanded the reach of conservation, which cannot rely on parks alone. Another
innovation has been in new approaches to financing.
Braking away the standard fund-raising model – a never-ending cycle, since most money is spent
immediately on short-term grants and projects – several re-wilding groups have embraced the
endowment as a way of supporting conservation's long-term needs.
But re-wilding's greatest potential may lie in the creation of green jobs. Re-wilding represents what
Dan Janzen, University of Pennsilvania, biologist, has termed “sustainable conservation.”
It opens up significant areas to conservation management, and it puts people at work. What
international agencies and NGOs need to do is identify re-wilding programs that are demonstrably
working, support them, and replace them. As it stands now, even the most successful are not big
enough to make difference for biodiversity. But they could be – and for considerably less money
than it will cost to replace the ecosystem services we are destroying, estimated at two (2) to five (5)
trillion dollars a year worldwide.
Its took five (5) billions of years to Mother Earth on establishing world's biodiversity with its
ecosystem services, and only 160 years for homo sapiens sapiens - homosap - to jeopardize and
destroy all. It's time to move forward with something bigger, something proven, something new.
Could Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) and Green Infrastructure (GI) be that way ? We must wait
and see !
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4. NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS & GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
Introduction
Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are actions inspired by, supported by or copied from nature with
aim to help societies to address a variety of environmental, social and economic challenges in
sustainable ways, both using and enhancing existing solutions to challenges, as well as exploring
more novel solution. For example, mimicking how non-human organisms and communities cope
with environmental extremes. NBSs use the features and complex system processes of nature, such
as its ability to store carbon and regulate water flows, in order to achieve desired outcomes, such as
reduced disaster risk and an environment that improves human well-being and socially inclusive
green growth. This implies that maintaining and enhancing natural capital is of crucial importance,
as it forms the basis for solutions. These NBSs ideally are resilient to change, as well as energy and
resource efficient, but in order to achieve these criteria, they must be adapted to local conditions.
The “nature-based solutions” concept builds on and supports other closely related concepts, such
as the ecosystem approach, ecosystem services, ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation, and
green infrastructure. They all recognize the importance of nature and require a systemic approach to
environmental change based on an understanding of the structure and functioning of ecosystems,
including human actions and their consequences. NBSs, however, have a distinctive set of premises:
i) some societal challenges stem from human activities that have failed to recognize ecological
limitations;
ii) sustainable alternatives to those activities can be found by looking to nature for design and
process knowledge.
Therefore, they involve the innovative application of knowledge about nature, inspired and
supported by nature, and they maintain and enhance natural capital.
They are positive responses to societal challenges, and can have the potential to simultaneously
meet environmental, social and economic objectives. NBSs exclude methods that artificially alter
nature, such as genetically modified organisms (GMO).
An European Union (EU) Research&Innovation (R&I) agenda on NBSs is an essential component
to greening the economy by Green Infrastructure (GI), and achieving sustainable development (SD)
We are living in a time of great opportunities for addressing societal challenges, such as increased
urbanization, economic inequalities and climate change, and for ensuring our society is protected
from foreseeable future changes. After much investment in studies of how nature works and how it
benefits all people, we can now use this knowledge to turn these challenges into actions for
sustainable and green growth. NBSs involve innovative governance, institutional, business, and
finance models and frameworks, leveraging both public and private funding. They also involve
working beyond “silos” and engaging with others across disciplines and sectors, as well as
systematically involving all stakeholders, including citizens. All of these ideas are largely becoming
recognized.
There is a growing interest and awareness within the business community (e.g. World Business
Council for Sustainable Development, The Natural Capital Coalition) of the value of managing and
maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services, as a business opportunity and as an essential
means to reduce economic risks by ensuring the continued supply of vital resources.
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5. The burgeoning number of international (e.g. Sustainable Development Goals, United Nation Office
for Disaster Risk Reduction), national (UK Natural Environment White Paper (2010) Government's
aim to be the “first generation to leave the natural environment in a better state than it inherited”),
regional and local (e.g. Freiburg Green City, Copenhagen - European Green Capital, 2014) policy
initiatives for the conservation and sustainable use of the natural environment are evidence of the
realization by policy makers of the importance of nature to society.
Civil society also is increasingly recognizing the benefits derived from nature for enhancing well-
being, as seen in the numerous bottom-up initiatives, particularly in community efforts to bring
nature back into urban areas.
Finally, the science and research community is currently focusing on “people and nature,”
generating knowledge for resilient and adaptable socio-ecological system.
In a time of fiscal austerity, cost-effectiveness has become critical. As a result governments are
interested in identifying cost-effective alternatives to” grey” or technology-based infrastructure to
tackle challenges arising from biodiversity loss, climate change, more frequent natural disasters and
rapid urbanization. NBSs have demonstrated financial advantages due to a reduction in initial
capital expenses and on-going operational expenses and they have been used strategically to re-
capitalize ageing resources (e.g. the City of Philadelphia). NBSs also offer more opportunities than
“grey” infrastructure, as they not only increase the resilience of society to external economic and
environmental stresses , but contribute positively to human health and well-being. These
components are essential for sustainable competitiveness.
Investing into Green Infrastructure (GI) makes sound economic sense - a single area of land can
offer multiple benefits, provided its ecosystems are in a healthy condition. Such healthy ecosystems,
which are powered by the diversity of life within them, provide society with a stream of valuable,
economically important goods and services such as clean water and air, carbon storage, pollination
etc. They also play a central role in fighting climate change impacts by protecting us against floods
and other environmental disasters. If these natural powerhouses are damaged, it is not just our
biodiversity that suffers but society as a whole. Although ecosystems do constantly evolve, the
recent pace of change in Europe has been unprecedented and has led to increased competition for
space, especially in the more populated regions. The repercussions of such a fragmented and
degraded landscape go well beyond the mere loss of biodiversity – nature will only deliver few and
depleted benefits to people.
In contrast, by focusing on NBSs to improve our GI, we might be able to maintain healthy
ecosystems, reconnect fragmented natural and semi-natural areas and restore damaged habitats, so
they can provide us with more and better goods and services.
Europe has extensive pools of knowledge, scientific expertise, skills and technological capability
relevant to nature-based solutions. Local examples abound. What is needed is to enhance the
evidence-base and rationale and to implement nature-based solutions at a greater speed and a wider
scale. The aim of EU R&I policy on nature -based solutions is to position Europe as the world
leader, both in R&I on nature-based solutions and in the global market for nature-base solutions.
This will be done by developing, demonstrating and replicating innovative nature-based solutions
and establishing a European evidence base to support their market deployment, as well as exploring
new governance, institutional, business and finance models which leverage both public and private
funding. It also seeks to set the scene for their application in other EU policy areas, but also by
Member States, business and civil society.
The EU R&I agenda on “Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities” is focused on new and
innovative nature-based solutions to societal challenges, but also builds on and supports other
closely related concepts and policies, such as the ecosystem approach, ecosystem service,
ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation, and, natural, green and blue infrastructure.
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6. NBSs and GI promotes dynamic forward-thinking solutions that enables us to tackle diverse and
often competing land management issues in a spatially coherent manner, whilst at the same time
enhancing the potential for multiple co-benefits and win-win solutions.
NBSs and GI investments finally create both high- and low-skilled jobs, such as in planning,
engineering and building its elements as well as restoring and maintaining urban and rural
ecosystems.
Above all, NBSs and GI offers us a smart, integrated way of managing our natural capital.
All too often, the challenges we face today are approached in a highly segregated manner with little
consideration for the complex interactions between major land use activities such as housing,
agriculture, transportation and biodiversity.
Key Opportunities
The Horizon 2020 Expert Group (2015) identified four (4) goals that offer exciting opportunities for
promoting systemic and sustainable NBSs, which will help Europe to achieve its aim of being a
world leader in responsible innovation, while meeting the needs of society. The four goals are:
Goal one: Enhancing Sustainable Urbanization
Challenge, Trend
Currently, 73% of Europe's population live in cities and this is projected to increase to 82% by
2050, resulting in over 36 million new citizens (UN, 2014; http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/). This will
pose a range of challenges for cities, including resource availability and equitable economic growth.
The quality of urban environments is also at risk, necessitating their sustainable development and
regeneration in order to provide citizens with healthy and liveable conditions. This also represent a
business opportunity, for all actors that will need to be engaged with, in meeting the extensive
demands for new construction and renovation of housing, infrastructure, and other facilities.
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7. Due to the ongoing financial depression in EURO zone, European cities are struggling to integrate
economic migrants, which puts further pressure on living conditions, health and quality of life in
cities. We need to rethink our cities, if we are to achieve significant social, economic and
environmental gains. They need to be developed and regenerated, so that they provide healthy and
liveable environments. Thus, when addressing sustainable urbanization, including healthy and well-
being, we must consider the social, environmental and economic aspects of cities and the complex
relationship between them.
Strategic Opportunity Areas
Sustainable urbanization requires increased attention on how human health and wellbeing in cities
can be maintained and promoted. This challenge calls for improved residential design and
transportation systems, new technologies, new business models and a stronger focus on healthy
urban environments through accessible green spaces and public sites. The enhancement of the
quality of life is a crucial factor for the sustainability, vitality and competitiveness of a city. NBSs
can play a pivotal role by in many areas – ensuring access to basic necessities, as well as supporting
healthy-promoting individual activities and meaningful interactions among fellow citizens as well
as improving the attractiveness of cities to residents and businesses, thus influencing property value
and economic activity and providing climate change resilience. However, the precise ways in how
urban green-spaces can achieve these outcomes needs further assessment. One of the socio-
economic benefits of the greening of neighbourhood spaces is that social ties and support networks
are strengthened, as citizens are encouraged to utilize these public spaces and be less fearful of
moving around freely. Therefore, there is a need for more awareness of the benefits of NBSs in
public spaces such as parks, squares, schools, and hospitals. Economic development in urban areas
is highly dependent on the wealth and quality of natural resources. This means that we will have to
find ways of maintaining growth that do not extract and deplete our scarce natural resources, and it
calls for business innovation modeling on how NBSs have the potential to reduce energy and
resource costs drastically an act as carbon sinks to mitigate risks of climate change. NBSs can also
be used to tackle increased inequality and unemployment amongst youth.
The economic depression has put an ever greater strain on cities and forced politicians,
administrations, researchers and citizens to think more innovatory in order to generate sustainable
economic growth and inclusion. This presents the opportunity to think and act in new ways, by
viewing cities as innovation hubs for NBS – in sustainable urban planning are most often linked to
the regeneration of derelict areas, the improvement of recreation facilities and to the general well-
being of citizens. However, they can also be used to stimulate growth and new jobs by encouraging
NBSs, actions and demonstration projects with a strong replication and up-scaling capacity, using
existing city networks to identify front runners and followers. This approach can also be applied to
historic districts in cities, as well as derelict industrial sites and run-down urban areas that can be
transformed by enhancing their attractiveness and converting their use. Attention should also be
paid to visionary approaches for innovation cities using nature, such as climate-adapted and
resource-efficient NBSs for improved transportation systems, new technologies and new business
models. Policies should encourage developers and local authorities to consider NBSs from the
outset of any urban project or strategy.
Examples of NBSs
Careful deployment of NBSs in the city can cut energy and resource costs and act as carbon sinks
to mitigate risks of climate change. For example, energy sayings from green roofs have been
estimated at around 10-15%, with a 12% reduction in energy demand reported for a green roof in
the Mediterranean region, while in cities such as Athens, they have been shown to be able to reduce
high cooling loads in buildings by 66%, with 4-hour reductions in cooling energy demand being
reported. They may also contribute to improving human health. Increasing the provision of green
space can ameliorate the temperature of urban areas, thus reducing heat stress.
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8. Urban parks have been found to be able to reduce ambient daytime temperature by an average of
0.94 Celsius; with an average night-time reduction of 1.15 Celsius. While modeling found that a
10% increase in the green area dense urban areas of Greater Manchester could retain maximum
surface temperature at, or bellow the 1961-1990 baseline until 2080s for all emissions scenarios,
thus mitigating the effect of climate change.
Living close to green space has a positive influence on several general health indicators for and may
also reduce crime rates. It has been estimated that the provision of equitable access to good quality
green space for every household in England could lead to annual savings of 2.1 bn Pound in averted
health costs.
Actors
Europe is faced with a series of global urban mega trends and challenges that require collaboration
of actors, working across different professions and disciplines, sectors, institutions, governments
and national borders. These diverse actors include practitioners, researchers, citizens, grass-root
activists, policy-makers, think-tanks, companies involved in the design, creation and maintenance
of nature etc. Numerous methods and approaches are available to facilitate multi-stakeholder
involvement, including methods of co-creation, crowd-sourcing, task force groups, grassroots
initiatives, citizen movements, social innovation community, amongst others. These offer viable
ways of engaging complex multi-stakeholder collaboration in accelerating the identification,
implementation and evaluation of NBSs.
We need to draw on expertise from multiple stakeholders, including actors from the private and
public sectors. To achieve more systemic urban governance, it is important to use a multi-
stakeholder approach. This acknowledges how the individuals, organizations and governments, in
interaction with others, play a pivotal role in identifying new ways, innovations and knowledge for
better cities. There is a need for overarching coordination in order to map, analyze and assess
existing successful business models, financing mechanisms and municipal initiatives to innovate
cities with NBSs, while adopting a systemic, multi-stakeholder and trans-disciplinary approaches.
The focus should be not only on capital cities but also on small-medium cities. Moreover, there is a
need to propose and suggest tools and trainings for visionary architects, practitioners and policy
makers.
One of the best examples is: The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, located in East London and a
formerly deprived area, has been at the heart of a major urban regeneration plan, in view of the
2012 Olympic Game.
Indicators
As an answer to the claim of sustainability, cities should be approached as labs and hubs for
innovation and experimentation in the field of NBSs. One way to maintain this development is by
encouraging actions and demonstration projects with a strong replication and up-scaling capacity,
relying on existing city networks to identify front runners and followers.
Moreover, we need to pay attention to historic districts in cities, as well as derelict industrial sites
and vast urban areas that are not functioning anymore, but can be transformed by enhancing their
attractiveness and converting their use.
Strong attention should be also paid to visionary approaches for innovating cities with nature,
combining engineering and scientific approaches (i.e. eco-dynamic solutions).
In addition, the demonstration projects should prove the added value of NBSs for energy efficiency
and climate change resilience in particular in contrasting urban heat island effect and investigating
into blue and green solutions, creating recreational areas, improving air quality, and reducing noise.
Policies that encourage developers and local authorities to consider NBSs from the outset of any
urban project or strategy.
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9. Goal two: Improving the Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems
Challenge, Trend
In Europe, significant areas of ecosystems are being lost or degraded as a result of homosap
activities, especially by fragmentation, change in management, pollution and invasive species.
For example, between 60% and 70 % of European wetlands have been completely destroyed.
The details of the drivers vary according to ecosystem type, but the key European pressures include
agricultural intensification, grey infrastructure expansion, pollution of brown field sites,
hydrological modifications to water bodies, the intensification of forestry practices and, generally
speaking, climate change.
The resultant degradation threatens the health of ecosystems and their ability to function and deliver
essential services, such as water purification, carbon storage, soil erosion protection, nutrient
cycling, flood damage control (e.g. river Sava in Slavonija – Županja, Croatia, in 2014), forest
carbon storage, and the provisioning of liveable places and recreational opportunities.
Consequently, degraded ecosystems also jeopardize human well-being, economic stability and
physical security. According to economists, each year we lose 3% of GDP due to the loss of
biodiversity and nature, which costs the EU 450 billion EUR.
For more on this see on: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/comm2006/2020.htm
While the first priority is to prevent further degradation of ecosystems and avoid unsustainable
use of natural resources, the restoration of degraded ecosystems presents a current major key
challenge.
Strategic opportunity areas
With increasing population and expanding resource needs there are increasing competing demand
for land within Europe, weather for agriculture, forestry, energy, transport, industry, human
settlements or for provision of environmental benefits.
There is growing appreciation of the benefits of restoring ecosystems and establish a green
infrastructure that delivers a wide range of services of benefits to society, such as reduced storm
water runoff or decreased costs of dealing with extreme temperatures.
There is growing interest and awareness within the business community of the need to maintain,
and also to restore, the functionality of degraded ecosystems and their services, as an essential
ingredient within business investments for generating revenue.
There is an increased awareness of and a rapidly growing interest across society in implementing
solutions that increase the attractiveness of landscape and cities so generating investment and
economic benefits and contributing to human health and well-being.
It is increasingly appreciated that environmental restoration can play a key role in increasing
resilience to impeding threats, such as climate change, by, for example, limiting extreme
temperatures of urban environments and making coastal communities more capable of withstanding
sea level rise.
Also, restoring forest ecosystems through afforestation or change in management can, amongst
other things, significantly contribute to CO2 sequestration, achieving an additional sink of 90 to 180
MtCO2/yr and reduce the risk of landslides and avalanches in mountainous areas resulting in high
cost savings (e.g. between 1.5 to 2.5 billion EUR per year in Switzerland, or in Cambridgeshire,
U.K., the conversion of drained, intensively farmed arable land to a wetland habitat resulted in a net
gain to society of 160/ha/yr Pound for a one-off investment in restoration of 1.900/ha Pound).
So, restoring and enhancing such habitats can also provide wider benefits, for example, boosting
local tourism including related economic activities – providing employment and education
opportunities and augmenting biodiversity conservation.
Restoration may lead to economic and social regeneration through increasing the environmental
quality of life, and reduced social tension.
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10. Examples of NBSs
Enhanced flood alleviation and improved water quality – Reducing the risk of flooding impacting
upon society by the restoration of watersheds, wetlands, woodlands, riverbanks and floodplains, so
delaying the downstream passage of flood flow, enhancing rainfall infiltration into the soil and
increasing flood storage capacity so reducing extent and speed of water runoff. Restored areas are
likely to have further benefits for society including through recreation, tourism, and increased
investment linked to the enhanced human well-being.
Coastal protection to deal with sea level rise and storm risk – Natural habitats, such as salt-marshes,
dunes and reclaimed coastal areas, that allow natural processes such as coastal sedimentation, have
often been shown to provide cost effective solutions compared to hard engineering options.
Restoring and enhancing such habitats can also provide wider benefits, for example to tourism and
biodiversity conservation.
Climate change mitigation – Afforestation and re-wetting peatlands, financed through CO2
certificates and public private partnerships (including foundations, schools, public authorities) and
involving a wide range of stakeholders, such as individuals, tourists, schools or business, can serve
to enhance carbon storage and provide a range of simultaneous solutions to society.
The best example: The hydrological restoration of the natural dynamics of Danube floodplain to
the east of Vienna was aimed at protecting riverine habitats and species but also at moderating
floods and droughts – which included the removal of all artificial elements to generate a natural
river bank structure.
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11. Goal three: Developing Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (CCAM)
Challenge, Trend
Addressing climate change is a challenge as its impacts on Europe are likely to increase and it
effects all aspects of the environment, economy and society. For example, the annual damage of
climate change to the EU economy, measured as GDP loss from today's conditions, could be
between 20 billion Pound for a 2.5 Celsius scenario and 65 billion Pound for a 5.4 Celsius scenario
with sea level rise. There are two responses to climate change: adaptation that seeks to reduce the
impacts and mitigation to decrease CO2 emissions or energy demand or increase carbon storage.
CCAM are different, but complementary strategies for addressing their impacts forms an over-
arching and cross-cutting priority given the widespread impacts of climate change.
A holistic approach, therefore, is needed in order to integrate solutions that meet both adaptation
and mitigation objectives, harmonizes regulations and mainstreams CCAM into sectoral policies.
Nature-based approaches to CCAM present possible solutions, but less is known about the extent to
which CCAM can address not only mean climate change and extreme weather events, but also other
environmental, social and economic challenges. In this context, a theoretical and empirical
exploration of the concept of insurance value of ecosystem is needed.
Strategic opportunity areas
A number of innovative nature-based opportunities for CCAM exist, both for further development
of specific methods of CCAM, but also the realization of the cross-sectoral synergies. These are:
Developing holistic, integrated NBSs for CCAM, that are applicable across different sectors and/or
challenges, such as integrating grey, green and blue infrastructure and enhancing the natural
components, as well as the social and economic benefits;
Improved natural resource management by “zero-waste” production, were waste is seen as a
resource and the use of natural resources is circular, learning from and thus mimicking natural
ecosystems, such that nutrient, gas, water and energy cycles are closed whenever possible. This
could include re-designing human-made infrastructure as natural ecosystems, using both nature-
inspired and nature-supported solutions or developing nature-based “frugal technologies” for
lowering energy use;
Enhancing the cost-effectiveness of responses to societal and environmental challenges through
investing in NBS which can address multiple challenges, such as developing low cost, low
maintenance and low carbon emissions solutions to climate change challenges; and
Responsible innovation through investing in new approaches, for example bio-inspiration and bio-
mimicry, to enhance carbon sequestration through techniques, such as carbon bio-mineralisation, as
well as learning from nature adapts to extreme events.
Examples of NBSs
Flood risk management – floodplain recreation can be the/part of the solution to flood risk through
increasing water storage and slowing river response times. It can have multiple other benefits
including: long-term improvement in water quality, increase in wetland habitats and species and
carbon sequestration. The restoration of the flood plain of the Noordwaard polder, Netherlands is a
good example. There is, however, a mitigation trade-off with increased CH4 and N2O emissions.
Heat stress in urban environments – green infrastructure can decrease temperatures and heat stress
events. Trees are particularly effective, but green roofs and walls, gardens and parks all contribute,
not only in addressing this issue, but also they are a good example of integrated NBS, as they can
improve human health and well-being, biodiversity, reduce flood and drought risk and store carbon.
Carbon sequestration for climate change – planting sustainable woodlands can not only provide a
long-term store for carbon, but also they can be beneficial for biodiversity, provide recreation
opportunities and a source of natural products.
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12. Goal four: Improving Risk Management & Resilience
Challenge, Trend
Our world is exposed to a range of natural and technological hazard types: drought, earthquakes,
epidemics, extreme temperatures, floods, industrial accidents, wet mass movements (landslides and
avalanches), storms, transport accidents, volcanoes and wildfires. Between 2002 and 2013, within
the European Union, numerous events generated more than 80,000 fatalities and several hundreds
of billions EURO of damages. Whilst fatalities are, for great part, due to extreme temperature,
floods account for 40% of the amount of damages and 50% of the total population affected. Without
strong prevention and adaptation policies, the damages could reach unbearable amounts by the end
of 21st
century, due to the evolution of human activities concentrated in exposed areas and to the
effects of climate change (floods, heat waves, droughts). Most NBSs should aim to reduce the
frequency or intensity of different types of hydro-meteorological hazards, such as floods, droughts,
heat waves, forests fires and reduce their impacts, thus making the system more resilience.
For example, estimations of the expected annual damages in Europe by the 2080s from coastal
flooding are 17.4 to 25.4 billion of Pound (currently 1.9 billion) and from fluvial flooding 97.9
billion (currently 5.5.billion) of Pound, unless strong prevention and adaptation policies are
implemented.
The classical definition of sustainable development (SD) focuses on how to manage resources in a
way that guarantees equity and welfare of current and future generations, while resilience addresses
the capacity of a system to absorb shocks and disturbances and undergo change in order to maintain
approximately the same identity. While SD is inherently normative and positive, representing an
overreaching goal for society, resilience is non-normative since it denotes a property of a system.
The desirability or non-desirability of resilience depends on careful analysis of resilience “of what,
to what and for whom.”
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13. Further, resilience is an attribute of a system not of a locality, for example the concept of resilient
city is problematic unless cities are viewed as open complex systems of systems extending over
large spatial scales.
To become meaningful, urban resilience has to address multiple scales, both below and above the
city scale. A too narrow focus on a single city scale may be counterproductive and even destructive,
since building resilience in one city often may erode it somewhere else with multiple negative
effects across the globe (Elmqvist, T., 2014. Urban Resilience thinking. Solutions, 5, 26-30).
However, it is evident that they don't offer complete protection to vulnerable exposed
territories/communities and there is always a residual risk of large-scale potential events.
NBSs are, therefore, not the only solution for risk management, but definitely a part of the
solutions. They should be considered as a part of a range of measures and actions from an integrated
risk management perspective. However, NBS aiming to improve risk management are still in an
emerging phase.
Strategic opportunity areas
The implementation of NBS offers major opportunities. When NBS aim to to prevent risk, they
often combine multiple functions and benefits: reducing of pollution, carbon storage, preservation
of biodiversity, recreational activities, and economic opportunities. Moreover, NBS may offer
synergies in reducing multiple risks (drought and floods, for instance) and meet the objectives of
different current regulations in Europe, for instance the Flood Directive and the Water Framework
Directive. Also, they will contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Risk prevention
particularly needs multi-functional solutions. Why?
Because investments in risk prevention generate long term benefits from a statistical perspective
(every 10, 30 or 100 years). In the short term, other kind of regular benefits are funding of such
solutions. This is why multi-functional measures, such as NBS, are great opportunities in the field
of risk management.
Cities are particularly concerned due to the high exposure of populations and activities to different
kinds of risks. The implementation of NBS so far has been slow since the evidence base needs to be
built, new approaches in integrating living systems with built systems (innovative combinations of
soft and hard engineering) need to be developed and financial and institutional arrangements need
to be developed to create opportunities, incentives and legal frameworks. Of special interest would
be to developed the methodology and empirical studies of the insurance value of ecosystem, i.e. the
value of the sustained capacity of ecosystems to reduce risks to human society caused by natural
disasters. Promoting ecosystem-based solutions is in itself an innovative may to consider risk
management as an integrated approach, combining different scales and planing perspectives.
Examples of NBSs
Today, NBS aiming to prevent risks are implemented in different, often interconnected, areas, e.g.
flooding along rivers (e.g. natural water retention measures, dyke relocation, re-naturing rivers,
buffering areas, restoration of wetlands, woodlands, floodplain, re-meandering), sea level rise and
erosion in coastal regions (e.g. de-poldering, set back of estuarine defences, maintaining dunes and
beaches, salt marshes), heat island effects in cities (e.g. multi-functional green public spaces,
sustainable urban drainage sstems), droughts in rural areas (sustainable agricultural practices and
irrigation systems), landslides, avalanches and rockfalls in mountainous zones (reforestation,
rainfall water management, human settlements regulation in mountain regions).
The best example: Improved protection against natural hazards, including avalanches, through
intentional afforestation, adapted forest management (densification) and additional technical
measures in Persenn (Switzerland) between 1945 and 2007.
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14. What is Green Infrastructure?
GI can be broadly defined as a strategically planned network of high quality natural and semi-
natural areas with other environmental features, which is designed and managed to deliver a wide
range of ecosystem services and protect biodiversity in both rural and urban settings.
More specifically GI, being a spatial structure providing benefits from nature to people, aims to
enhance nature's ability to deliver multiple valuable ecosystem goods and services, such as clean air
or water. This will in turn:
− foster a better quality of life and human well-being, for instance by providing a high quality
environment in which to live and work,
− improve biodiversity, for instance by reconnecting isolated nature areas and increasing the
mobility of wildlife across the wider landscape,
− protect us against climate change and other environmental disasters, for instance, by alleviating
floods, storing carbon or preventing soil erosion,
− encourage a smart, more integrated approach to development which ensures that Europe's
limited space is utilized in as efficient and coherent a way as possible.
One of the key attraction of GI is its ability to perform several functions in the same spatial area. In
contrast to most “grey” infrastructures, which usually have only one single objective, GI is multi-
functional which means it can promote win-win solutions or “small loss-big gain” combinations
that deliver benefits to a wider range of stakeholders as well as to the public at large. However, for
this to happen, the ecosystem must be in a healthy condition.
GI encourages a more sustainable and resource efficient development process in line with Europe's
2020 Strategy. It can act as a catalyst to economic growth by attracting investments and promoting
employment, reducing environmental costs and providing health benefits amongst others.
Experience has shown that investing in GI can contribute to the recovery of Europe's economy by
fostering innovative approaches and creating new green businesses. Green jobs already represent
around 5% of the job market. GI can also support different EU and nationally driven policies and
actions, including those in the fields of agriculture and rural development, forestry, biodiversity,
water, climate change, green growth, transport and energy, sustainable urban development, health
and spatial planning.
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15. For example, over the last few decades traditional land use activities, such as farming, have, on the
whole, become more intensive. Vast areas of Europe have also been transformed into urban zones or
cut up by an increasingly dense transport network.
Recent statistics from the European Environment Agency (EEA) illustrate just how significant
these changes are. In a single decade around 5% of EU territory was covered with concrete or
otherwise converted into artificial areas.
Europe's motorways have also increased in length by almost 41% (15,000 km) within that same
period and are set to increase by a further 12,000 km in the years to come. In densely populated
countries like Belgium, the average size of contiguous land units not cut through by major transport
routes has been reduced to just 20 km/2 (EU average is 130 km/2).
GI is made up of a wide range of different environmental features which can operate at different
scales, from small linear such as hedgerows or fish ladders or green roofs to entire functional
ecosystems, such as intact floodplain forests, peatlands or free-flowing rivers. Each one of these
elements can contribute to GI in urban, peri-urban and rural areas, inside and outside protected
areas.
It is important however to be aware that not all green spaces or environmental features necessarily
qualify to be part of GI. In addition to being of high quality they must also form an integral part of
an interconnected GI network and be capable of delivering more than simply “a green space.” An
urban park (individual tree) inside a city, for instance, might well be considered an integral part of
GI if it acts as a cool air corridor, absorbs excess water run-off and offers an attractive outdoor area
for recreation and wildlife.
How is a GI built up?
In practice, one of the most effective ways of building a GI is through spatial planning. This enables
interactions between different land uses to be investigated over a large geographical area.
Strategic level spatial planning will help to:
− locate the best place for habitat enhancement projects (e.g. involving restoration, re-naturing or
re-creation of habitats) to help reconnect healthy ecosystem, improve landscape permeability or
improve connectivity between protected areas;
− guide infrastructure developments away from particularly sensitive nature areas and instead
towards more robust areas where they might additionally contribute to restoring, re-naturing or
recreating GI features as part of the development proposal; and
− identify multi-functional zones where compatible land uses that support healthy ecosystems are
favored over other more destructive single-focus developments.
Using a strategic approach to building GI ensures there is a clear focus for individual initiatives and
local-scale projects so that these can be scaled up to the point where, collectively, they will make a
real difference. In this way GI becomes much more than the mere sum of its parts. It is also a means
of bringing different sectors together in order that they may decide together on local land use
priorities in a transparent, integrated and cooperative way.
In May 2011, The European Union adopted a Biodiversity Strategy to halt biodiversity loss in
Europe by 2020. The strategy is built around six (6) mutually supportive targets which address the
main drivers of biodiversity loss.
Target 2. aims to ensure that “by 2020, ecosystems and their services are maintained and enhanced
by establishing GI and restoring at least 15% of degraded ecosystems. Responding to this political
ambition, as well as the Resource Efficiency Roadmap, the European Commission published a new
Strategy in May 2013 to promote the use of GI across Europe.
The Strategy aims to create a robust enabling framework in order to promote and facilitate GI
projects within existing legal, policy and financial instruments.
15

16. It recognizes that GI can make a significant contribution to the effective implementation of a wide
range of EU policies where some or all of the desired objectives can be achieved through NBSs and
re-naturing. It also places the use of GI firmly in the context of the Europe 2020 Growth Strategy
which calls for a smart, sustainable and inclusive growth agenda across the EU.
In their attempts to revive industry, job markets and competitiveness, European governments are
seeking more innovative and sustainable ways of promoting economic activities, whilst tackling
environmental challenges. A coherent and effective GI can play an important role in this new
approach.
The new GI Strategy is made up of four (4) main elements:
1. Promoting Green Infrastructure in the main EU policy areas,
2. Supporting EU-level GI projects,
3. Improving access to finance for GI, and
4. Improving information and promoting innovation.
The new GI Strategy advocates the full integration of a GI into many of the EU's main policies so
that it becomes a standard component of territorial development across the EU. For instance, the EU
cohesion policy supports Member States and regions to improve social, economic and territorial
cohesion. In this, framework, programmes and measures that target innovative and NBSs can have a
major role to play, such as through development and implementation of GI solutions. It will
positively impact the preservation of natural assets in regions but also provide new opportunities
for sustainable regional development.
Similarly, the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms have introduced a number of important
greening elements that will help develop a more coherent GI across the wider rural landscape. This
includes, for instance, the requirement for farmers receiving payments under the first pillar of the
CAP to have 5% of their arable land as Ecological Focus Areas and new opportunities to invest in
landscape features such as hedgerows, particularly through the use of agri-environment measures.
The EU's main policies and their accompanying financial instruments will be vital for mobilizing
the potential of EU regions and cities to invest in GI. EU financed interventions can help to change
underlying paradigm from one where economy and environment are seen as trade-offs to one where
the synergies and co-benefits are increasingly appreciated.
They will also enable decision makers, stakeholders and civil society to achieve complex policy
objectives such as regional and rural development, as well as water, resource efficiency and
biodiversity goals whilst at the same time promoting new business opportunities from SMEs, for
instance in the planning, implementation and monitoring of GI Initiatives.
The secondary element of the new GI Strategy looks at the possibility of developing a trans-
European Green Infrastructure (TEN-G) initiative, similar to that already in place for large-scale
EU transport (TEN-T) and energy (TEN-E) Networks.
Many ecosystems, for instance in mountain ranges ( the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Carpathians) and
along river basins (the Rhine, the Danube), extend beyond boundaries and are part of the EU's
shared natural and cultural heritage and identity. They too would benefit considerably from
coordinated, joined-up actions and a pan-European vision.
Developing an instruments for a TEN-G in Europe would not only have significant benefits for
securing the resilience and vitality of some of Eurpe's most precious ecosystems but could act as an
important flagship for promoting GI at national, regional and local levels and boosting the
importance of GI in policy, planning and financing decisions. Member States and regions are
encouraged to seize the opportunities for developing GI in a cross-border/transnational context
through the macro-regional strategies supported by the ERDF and through European territorial
cooperation programmes in particular.
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17. Recommended Research & Innovation Actions
Seven (7) priority nature-based research and innovative actions to meet societal challenges in the
above four (4) goals have been identified.
Urban regeneration through NBSs
Changes in land use, neglected land and abandoned areas are challenges for many cities. Urban
regeneration through NBSs offers a context for innovative interventions for green growth. NBSs
have an important role to play, for instance, through supporting the implementation and
optimization of green (roofs, walls), blue and grey infrastructure. The Promenade Plantee in Paris,
where an elevated freight rail line was transformed into a park and plans for the use of underground
space for underground parks in New York, Low Line (2015); http://www.thelowline.org/
NBSs for improving well-being in urban areas
An increasingly evidence base shows that the positive effects of access to green space and good-
quality landscape on health, well-being, social cohesion and community support. Using NBSs to
enhance neighbourhood spaces can stipulate healthy physical activity and promote the development
of social ties, as citizens are attracted outdoors to utilize public spaces together and in greater
numbers feel safer to move around freely. Even a permanent 1% reduction in the sedentary
population of the UK could deliver up to 1.44bn a year in economic benefits, equivalent to 800 per
person, through social benefits and reduced health risks.
Establishing NBSs for coastal resilience
New evidence shows that substantial changes have been and are being experienced by many inter-
tidal and sub-tidal habitats. For example, oyster reefs were once ubiquitous in estuaries but many of
these have now disappeared and the extensive sea grass beds are also largely gone. There is a
considerable need for scientific research and the development of innovative methods to identify the
cost-effective means of restoring coastal habitats and assessing the associated co-benefits
Multi-functional nature-based watershed management and ecosystem restoration
Watershed management and restoration using NBSs can help to reduce the risk of floods and
droughts, while improving water quality and quantity. Floodplain restoration, for example, can
generate multiple benefits. In the case of the River Elbe and its tributaries, it had in total economic
benefits of 1.2 billion of Pound and a cost-benefit ration of 1:3. Also, e.g. the restoration of
peatlands can reduce current emissions of 10-20 t CO2/hectare and for England this has been
estimated at being worth 570 million of Pound over 40 years. It has been estimated that upstream of
cities and on suitable lower grade agricultural land, wetland creation could give a benefit: cost ratio
of 3:1 and possibly up to 9:1.
NBSs for increasing the sustainable use of matter and energy
NBSs can decreased resource demand through energy and matter-efficient processes. Regarding
manufacturing, room temperature “growing materials” using mycelium and organic waste have
been recently commercialized, as well as nature based 3D printing techniques. Several studies
currently address the possibilities of copying atmospheric carbon photosynthetic sequestration for
fuel production - methanol and methane – Nanowerk (2009) http://nanowerk.com/news/
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18. NBSs and the insurance value of ecosystems
There is an urgent need assessing the insurance value of nature and to integrate this into the disaster
risk management agenda. This could be done, for example, by working with financial institutions
and insurance companies to develop innovative ways for promoting NBSs for risk management.
One strategy could be to translate risk reduction capacity into value through calculating
benefit/investment ratios in landscape management and restoration. Secondly, to develop an
economic approach to understanding ecosystems as representing the stock that generates the flow of
services and explore how to capture the long-term benefits of maintaining and enhancing that stock.
Thirdly, explore the cultural dimension of the insurance value of ecosystems and people's
perceptions of risks and insurance.
Increasing carbon sequestration through NBSs
Over the last 30 years, terrestrial and fresh water ecosystems have stored about a quarter (1/3) of
human generated CO2 emissions. This challenge can be addressed by using methods that increase
the biomass of living organisms, as well as by a range of new NBSs such as bio-sequestration, i.e.
the use of living organisms as natural (long-term) carbon stores. Some plants can store carbon in
inorganic forms as phytoliths (“stones”). Wheat cultivars, for example, differ by a factor of 10 in
their ability to store carbon in this way and phytolith carbon bio-sequestration rates indicate a
substantial potential of about 50mt CO2 equivalent yr-1.37. Bio-based geological CO2 storage
techniques using or mimicking micro-organisms' processes to combine calcium and CO2 to produce
minerals, are also under development or are being tested in some industrial processes -
The biomimicry institute (2015) http://www.asknature.org/product.
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19. CONCLUSIONS
Within the overall aim of contributing to greening economy and making development sustainable,
the Expert Group recommends that the EU Research & Innovation agenda on Nature-Based
Solutions and Green Infrastructures encompasses:
The development and deployment of NBSs and GI that maximize cost-effectiveness and co-benefits:
NBSs and GI addresses specific demands or challenges, and at the same time they speak to
maximize other environmental, social and economic co-benefits. They represent an effective,
resource-efficient and flexible approach to sustainable and inclusive economic growth, while
improving human health and well-being and the natural environment.
They can improve resilience to natural disaster and offer cost-effective options for adapting to
climate change and reducing pollution. Inspiration and support from nature can stimulate scientific
innovation and strengthen the economy. The goals and research and innovation actions clearly
demonstrate the opportunities to put NBSs and GI into practice.
The scaling-up of NBSs and GI across Europe, through a better evidence base:
There is a clear need to compile a more comprehensive evidence base on the social, economic and
environmental solutions. The evidence base should also address the limits to NBSs and GI: beyond
certain boundaries of environmental change (e.g. in precipitation and temperature) where even large
investments may result in small net effects in, for example, risk reduction. The result of the research
and innovation actions would form an important input to the evidence base. This would offer the
opportunity to test the transferability of various solutions to different conditions in other regions of
Europe, and devise models and large- scale demonstration project for scaling up local solutions to
tackle large scale problem. It is important to synthesize and communicate the results effectively to
maximize uptake of the most effective solutions.
The development of new business and investment models and legal and institutional frameworks for
NBSs and GI: In order to be effective the research and innovation actions must be successfully
embedded into society,business and policy. This will require:
I) adequate integrated institutional and legal frameworks and governance structures, so that the
multiple benefits arising from NBSs and GI are captured;
II) new business and cooperation models involving the private sector and enabling long-term
financing, including public-private partnerships and market incentives.
These all needed to be developed, tested and employed.
The empowerment, involvement and reconnection of citizens with nature to enhance their well-
being: NBSs and GI offer s tremendous opportunity to enhance well-being and strengthen
community cohesion. Particular attention must be paid to the involvement of society and
individuals in restoration and other NBSs and GI, with the aim of re-connecting people with nature,
raising awareness of societal benefits, and creating a public demand for healthy natural
environments. In this context, living labs that allow for the development and testing of new forms
of social engagement and financing can be a potential instrument.
Delivering a sustainable future for our cities: More than 2/3 of European populations now live in an
urban setting, and their number are increasing. In a world where natural resources are limited,
dealing successfully with growing demand for housing, transport, waste disposal, energy, water and
other resources requires new solutions. Environmental innovation and greener business models will
help companies, cities and people use resources more efficiently, so that present and future
generations can continue to benefit clean air and water, efficient waste management, fluid transport
systems, abundant nature and recreational green space.
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20. In one sentence: NBSs and GI promotes dynamic forward-looking solutions that enables us to
tackle diverse and often competing land management issues in a spatial coherent manner, whilst at
the same time enhancing the potential for multiple co-benefits and triple “win-win” solutions.
In the 2015, the green economy will be at the center of the European Commission's environment
policy.
Each of the European Green Capital so far: Stockholm, 2010; Hamburg 2011; Vitoria-Gasteiz
2012; Nantes 2013; Copenhagen 2014; and Bristol 2015 - is an inspiring example of how cities can
drive environmental change. Each can share their expertize and actively influence planning and
strategy in other conurbations, both in Europe and beyond.
The European Green Capital Award encourages environmental excellence. It turns a spotlight on
cities with innovative practices, where progress in the social, economic and environmental spheres
is combined to improve the quality of life for citizens who live and work there. Each Award-
winning cities has shown strong commitment to improving resource efficiency and sustainable
development, for example through their approach to eco-innovation and defining a green growth
agenda, emphasized former EU's Commissioner for the Environment, Janez Potočnik.
O3 Macht frei
Consultants
20

21. REFERENCES
The Horizon 2020 Expert Group on “Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities”, chaired
by Dr. Wilhelm Krull, Secretary General of the Volkswagen Foundation, was established under
the 2014 Work Programme for the Societal Challenge “Climate action, environment, resource
efficiency and raw materials”.
Dr.Pam Berry, Senior Research Fellow at Oxford University, rapporteur, and 12 other renowned
experts, engaged in forward-looking reflection on future orientations for EU Research and
Innovation for Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities.
Nature -based solutions simultaneously provide environmental, social and economic benefits by
bringing more nature and natural features and processes into cities, landscape and seascape.
NB: The reports from the e-consultation and the stakeholder workshop can be downloaded
from: http://ec.europa.eu/research/environment/index_en.cfm
Studies and reports
EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Research and Innovations
Directorate 1 – Climate Action and Resource Efficiency
Unit1.3 – Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
European Commission, B-1049 Brussels
Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union, 2015.
European Commission, Building a Green Infrastructure for Europe; Luxembourg Publication
Office of the European Union, 2013
European Union, Copenhagen – European Green Capital 2014; Foreword by Janez Potočnik,
former EU's Commissioner for the Environment: “ Delivering a sustainable future for our
cities”, page 5, Luxembourg Publication Office of the European Union, 2013
Dedicated to the Victims of the Genocide in Srebrenica – 8752
In Novi Vinodolski, Croatia, 11th
July 2015