1. GRAMMAR BOOK
Nikki

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Imperfect………………………………………………………………………………………………...Slide 3
 Preterite……………………………………………………………………………………………. …..Slide 4
 car, gar, zar………………………………………………………………. ……………….Slide 5
 Spock……………………………………………………………………………………… Slide 6
 Cucaracha………………………………………………………………………………… Slide 7
 Snake y snakey……………………………………………………………………………Slide 8
 Modal…………………………………………………………………………………. …………….…..Slide 9
 Adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………... ………..Slide 10
 Progressive Present
Tense…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Slide 11
 Progressive Past Tense……………………………………………………………………….. ………Slide 12
 Future ……………………………………………………………………………………………………Slide 13
 Irregulars………………………………………………………………………………....Slide 14
 Conditional………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 15
 Superlatives…………………………………………………………………………………………..….Slide 16
 Formal Commands…………………………………………………………………………………..….Slide 17
 Prepositions………………………………………………………………………………………………Slide 18
 Demonstratives
Adjective…………………………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 19
 Demonstratives
Pronoun………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 20

3. *USES*
-ongoing action(was/were)
-repeated action(used to)
-no definite beginning or end
-time/date/age/feelings/description
-interrupted activity(cuando)
REGULAR HABLAR COMER ESCRIBIR
Yo hablaba comía escribía
Tú hablabas comías escribías
Él/ella/Ud. hablaba comía escribía
Nosotros hablábamos comíamos escribíamos
Vosotros hablabais comíais escribíais
Ellos/ellas/uds. hablaban comían escribían

4. Preterite
used for past actions that have been already completed
AR ER
0e 0i
0 aste 0 iste
0o 0 io
0 amos 0 imos
0 aron 0 ieron

5. CAR, GAR, ZARS – IRREGULAR PRETERITES
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Yo Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tú Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Ud Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Nos Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Uds Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

6. SPOCK VERBS
ir-to go ser-to be dar-to give ver-to see
ir
d/v-i d/v-imos
fui fuimos
d/v-iste d/v- isteís
fuiste fuisteís
fue fueron d/v-io d/v- ieron
hacer-to make or do
hice hicimos
hiciste hicisteís
hizo hicieron

7. CUCARACHA VERBS
•e
•iste Andar / anduv-
Estar / estuv –
•o Poder / pud-
•imos Poner / pus-
Querer / quis-
•isteis Saber / sup-
Tener / tuv-
•ieron Vener / vin-
Conducir / conduj-
Producir / produj-
Traducir / traduj-
Decir / dij-
Traer / traj-

8. SNAKE Y SNAKEY
ei
venir, servir, oy
pedir oir
ou ey
dormir, morir leer, creer
Irregular preterite Irregular preterite that
that changes in the changes in the third
third person person buy adding a ‘y’

9. MODAL VERBS
Ir + a + infinitive  going to do something
Poder + infinitive  are able to do something
Querer + infinitive  want to do something
Deber + infinitve  should do something
Tener que + infinitve  to have to do
something

10. ADVERBS
• Claro When two adverbs modify the
• Constante same verb, only the 2nd
adjective uses the –mente.
Adjective • Dificil EX:
Javier lee rapida y claramente
• Clara Irregulars
• Constante • Mucho
Feminine • Bien
Form • Dificil
• Ya
• Muy
• Mal
• Claramente • Tan
• Constantemente • Bastante
Adverb • Dificilmente • Siempre

11. PROGRESSIVE PRESENT TENSE
The General Rule
1. Conjugate Estar
2. Change the –ar verbs to –ando
OR
Change the –ir/-er verbs to -iendo
-AR Present
Verbs Participle
comprar comprando
esperar esperando -ER Present
Verbs Participle
enseñar enseñando
correr corriendo
estudiar estudiando -IR Present
tener teniendo Verbs Participle
beber bebiendo vivir viviendo
comer comiendo pedir pidiendo
abrir abriendo
salir saliendo

12. PROGRESSIVE PAST TENSE
Take the verb in the infinitive form… trabajar comer partir
Drop the infinitive ending…
2 trabaj- com- part-
Add the verb ESTAR (to be) and past progressive ending…
3
Yo estaba I was trabajando comiendo partiendo
Tú estabas You were (informal) trabajando comiendo partiendo
Usted You were (formal)
estaba trabajando comiendo partiendo
Él – Ella s-he was
Nosotros estábamos We were trabajando comiendo partiendo
Ellos estaban They were trabajando comiendo partiendo

13. EL FUTURO
 Pronoun + infinitive form of verb + ending
 Yo + infinitivo + é
 -ar, -er, and –ir verbs all have the same ending
-é -emos
-ás -éis
-á -án
 Yo estudiaré
 Tú estudiarás
 Ella estudiará
 Nos estudiaremos
 Vos estudiaréis
 Ellos estudiarán

14. EL FUTURO IRREGULARS
 decir- dir
 hacer- har
 poner- pondre
 salir- saldr Yo diré
 tener- tend Tú sabrás
 valer- valdr El tendrá
venir- vendr

Nos valdremos
 poder- podr
 querer- quer
Ellos podrán
 saber- sabr
 caber- cabr
 haber- habr

15. CONDITIONAL
 The conditional tense is used to express probability in the
future tense.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the
conditional, simply add one of the following to the
infinitive:
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

16. SUPERLATIVES
**Be sure
 The Most the
 The Least
 el más… adjectives
 el menos… matches the
 los “ “
 la “ “
… or …  los “ “ noun in both
 la “ “ gender and
 las “”  las “ “
number
When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality.
To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the
**
article
example: Luis es el chico más alto.
Luis is the tallest boy
When you use an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo
Irregulars: el/la mejor(best) el/la poer(worst)el/la
meyor(oldest) el/la menor(youngest)

17. COMMANDS
Los Mandatos Formales (Ud)
-ar put in yo change
Irregulars
verbs form ending to -e
Tener- tenga
Venir- vengo
-er put in yo change Dar-de
verbs form ending to -a Ir- vaya
Ser- seya
Hacer- haga
-ir put in yo change Estar- este
verbs form ending to -a
Saber- sepa

19. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
 Adjectives whose function is to point at something.
 English- this, that, these, those
 Spanish- three sets
 They are typically placed before the noun they modify.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masculine Masculine Feminine Feminine
• este (this) • estos (these) • esta (these) • estas (those)
• ese (that) • esos (those) • esa (that) • esas (that)
• aquel (that) • aquellos (those) • aquella (that) • aquellas (those)
Me gusto este perro. (I like this dog)
Voy a comprar ese coche. (I’m going to buy that car)
Me gustan aquellas casas. (I like those houses)
Prefiero estas computadoras. (I prefer those computers)

20. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
 Acts as the equivalent of ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’
 They stand for nouns rather than modifying them
Singular Masculine
•éste (this)
•ése (that)
•aquél (that)
Plural Masculine
•éstos (these)
•ésos (those)
•aquéllos (those)
Singular Feminine
•ésta (this)
•ésa (that)
•aquélla (that)
Plural Feminine
•éstas (these)
•ésas (those)
•aquéllas (those)