Normally we think of producing food or biomass with terraculture (growing in earth), but aquaculture (growing in water) can be many times more productive for the same surface area.   Therefore knowing how Aquaculture works is important if we want to create super-productive systems. In this class we explore the basic principles & various good examples of very productive aquaculture (& multifunctional) in different parts of the world. Also we explore how we can start very small in order to add mini-aquaculture-systems which are very easy to install & maintain, in our surroundings.

2. wangari maathai " If they had resources, they would not be killing each other over grazing ground and water " Kenia 1 april 1940 - 25 septemb er 2011 "Until you dig a hole, you plant a tree, you water it and make it survive, you haven't done a thing. You are just talking."

4. Over-fishing (collapsed stocks) Pollution oil plastics pollution from rivers (industry, sewage) Climate Change

5. The over-fishing problem is a prime example of badly designed (or non-designed) system Positive feedback loops in the economy drive negative feedback loops in nature Economy = management of the home Ecology = knowledge of the home collapse

8. Climate Change plankton absorbs 30-50% of the world's CO2 every other breath we take comes from the ocean scientists not sure how temperature raises might affect plankton negative feedback loops possible when they die, they deposit big stores of carbon on ocean floor (large carbon sink)

11. Dan Barber (Chef) 2.5:1 'sustainable proteins' 30% chicken far out to sea ('a world onto ourselves') (fell out of love) farmed tuna, 15:1 feed ratio 90% large fish in oceans collapsed then he found a more sustainable fish farm ...

12. Finca Veta la Palma Guadalquivir basin, Spain Miguel Medialdea biologist farm or ecosystem? 32 km sq expert in relationships

13. 1,200 tons of sea bass , bream, r ed mu llet an d shrimp e ach year. (37 tons per square kilometer) with no imported feed (all supplied by the ecosystem) How do they measure success? Health of the predators! important nature sanctuary water purification

14. systems designers think in terms of & work with patterns (models) principles + much knowledge & observation of natural systems Miguel Medialdea biologist "I didn't know anything about fish ... I'm an expert in relationships"

15. Basic Patterns the cycles of life Inorganic matter, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, phosporus Primary producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Excrement & organic matter Microorganisms bacteria phytoplancton zooplancton

16. It is very common to use animal deposits to fertilize lakes & ponds in Asia chickens pigs In aquaculture systems we simply try to reproduce the abundance of nature

17. waste feed urine feces other use in the farm waste bacteria inorganic nutrients fitoplancton zooplancton deitrus accumulates on bottom of tank fish feces the more faithfully we can replicate all types of fertile connections, the better the system will work our main aim as designers of sustainable systems is to create perennial polycultures (terrestrial or aquatic)

18. inclined floor board floor in addition to supplying animal manures, we also plant edges of ponds with as many as possible bushes & trees which drop their fruit in the water insects of all types are important fish-food, as are smaller fish, tadpoles, etc.

20. Sepp Holzer Has created a Self-regulated System Where Water is the key element That produces: Moisture Drinking water Warmth Many different fish species Biodiversity Money Energy Supply And Beauty

21. He Started observing how the pigs make ponds by wallowing in water pools (their motion creates an impermeable seal) So he creates his ponds in the same way moving & compressing the earth with big machines to make the impermeable layer

22. Roots and trees create refuge for the small fish & juveniles (act as nurseries) Stones warm the water in summer and allow gas interchanges in winter

23. ponds are protected from the wind & act as sun-traps sun is reflected by the pond surface, giving warmth & moisture to nearby terraces

24. ponds are connected by diversion channels a mixture of shallow & deeper ponds allow for tadpoles to multiply away from danger & allow control of the ponds temperature Hot water from a shallow pond Cold water from a deep pond

25. it is useful to place ponds in the fire-sector also Chinampas maximize edge

26. Pond Profiles

31. Aquatic biomes Pond Littoral Intertidal zone Mangrove forest Kelp forest Coral reef etc.

34. Mangroves help stabilize (& create) soils on tropical & sub-tropical coasts They are amongst the richest, most fertile (& probably the smelliest) biomes on Earth Principles & Functions increase edge biodiversity natural succession stacking relative location ...

36. Pond or Lake Biomass Aquaculture Biodiversity BioControl Purifier Water collection & Storage Fire barrier Mirror Heat Deposit (Microclimate) Beauty, Health Leasure

38. plateau slopes valley river inflection point key-line defined by a spring frost limit place house under springs to collect water easily deep soils best place for woodland or forest garden finer soils due to erosion, plant permanent vegetation on slopes >12 + reforest in all slopes > 18 best zone for intensive commercial crops, fertile stable soils, easy to water best place for low intensity crop, arable good place to store water & / or for wind energy AQUACULTURE

39. Tyre islands for fresh water ponds

40. Mini Urban Aquaculture

42. Brisbane – Northey St. City Farm: biotope

43. Ragman’s Lane Farm: Chinampa

44. duck weed water hyacinth

46. Water Lily

47. Azolla

50. Fat mixed with water is not necessary and Can cause problems afterwards

51. water hyacinth

55. As Brock says “Our critical head-waters (the human brain) needs a project of ego-restoration" & the life-boat of this restoration journey is our Watershed” Poetically, our society has to undergo a “Reverential Rehidration Revolution" adjusting our water management patterns away from the “problem-causing systems of: Pave it, Pipe it, Pollute it ” toward a “solution-creating systems of: Slow it, Spread it, Sink it ” Hope lies in creating at world-level a “water literacy" installing a commitment to water-management based on the 4 Rs of the “Conservation Hydrology: Receive, Release, Recharge & Restore”

56. Living Machines... to be continued ... Findhorn, Escocia