كتاب

3. 

5. ِ‫ـ‬‫م‬‫ـ‬ِ‫ذ‬‫ـ‬‫ح‬
ً‫خ‬‫ظغ١غ‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ز١حص‬ ‫ظغ١غض‬ ‫خٌّدً١ص‬ ‫خٌـٕٛخض‬ ‫سالي‬ً‫خ‬‫وس١غ‬‫ٍِٚذٛظد‬‫فمض‬ ،‫ؤ‬‫هسذط‬
‫ٚخ‬ ‫خٌذدؿٛذ‬ ‫ٚؤٔظّص‬ ‫خٌّؼٍِٛدض‬ ‫ظمٕ١ص‬‫إل‬ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌ١ِٛ١ص‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ز١حص‬ ِٓ ‫٠عجؼؤ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ـؼءخ‬ ‫ٔعغٔط‬
٠‫خٌذض‬ ‫خٌّىعر‬،‫ػ‬‫خ‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫خٌّٕدفـص‬ ‫خكعضض‬ ٜ‫ؤسغ‬ ‫ٔدد١ص‬ ِٓٚ‫ال‬‫خ‬ ‫ٔفعدح‬‫ال‬ٌّٟ‫خٌؼد‬ ٞ‫لعودص‬
‫ٚؤهس‬‫خٌؼو‬ ‫ؿّدض‬ ِٓ ‫ؿّص‬ ‫ٚخألؿٛخق‬ ‫ٚخٌسلغ٠ص‬ ‫خاللعودص٠ص‬ ‫خٌّٛخعص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ُ‫خٌعؼخد‬ ‫خ‬.‫غ‬
‫خٌجٛخٔر‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ظغ١١غخض‬ ‫بدضخغ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌّاؿـدض‬ ‫ٚل١دصش‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ِٓ ‫٠عٍِر‬ ‫خألِغ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬
‫ٚخألؿدٌ١ر‬ ‫خألصٚخض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ِٛخلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ٚؤؿدٌ١ر‬ ‫ُغق‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ؿٛخء‬ ‫خٌّشعٍفص‬
.ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّـعشضِص‬
ٔ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌمٛي‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ٌظخ‬ْٗ‫ب‬ ً‫ز‬ ،‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬ ‫خٌشدعـ١ص‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ‫ظمعوغ‬ ‫ال‬
‫خدع١دـدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّـعّغش‬ ‫خٌعغ١غخض‬ ً‫ِؽ‬ ،‫ٚسِٛعش‬ ‫ؤّ٘١ص‬ ً‫ظم‬ ‫ال‬ ‫صخسٍ١ص‬ ‫ظغ١غخض‬ ‫ٕ٘دن‬
‫ٚؤؿدٌ١ر‬ ‫ٚخألٔظّص‬ ً‫خٌٙ١دو‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌذعّ١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌعغ١غخض‬ ،‫خٌٛظ١ف١ص‬ ُٙ‫ٚؤ٘ضخف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫ٚظٛلؼدض‬
‫خإلهد‬ ِٓ ُ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫دّد٠ص‬ ‫ظـعٙضف‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬‫ٚخٌعشٍف‬ ‫زدٌجّٛص‬ ‫زص‬.
‫ًٚغ‬ ‫ٌعجدٚػ‬ ‫زٙد‬ َ‫خٌم١د‬ ‫الزض‬ ٜٛ‫لو‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬ ‫ؤد١دٔد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫لض‬
‫ِّد‬ ،ِٕٗ ُٙ‫ٚسٛف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٌٙظخ‬ ‫خٌغدٌر‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫عفي‬ ٛ٘ ٟ‫خألؿدؿ‬ ً‫خٌّلى‬ ٓ‫ٌى‬ ،ٓ١‫ِؼ‬
ٍٗ‫ظمس‬ ُ‫٠ع‬ ٝ‫دع‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٌٙظخ‬ ‫فؼدٌص‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ٟ‫٠ـعضػ‬ّ‫خٌّٕظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ُغف‬ ِٓ ّٗ‫ٚصػ‬.‫ص‬
٘ ٜ‫ؤص‬ٍٗ‫و‬ ‫ظخ‬‫ب‬،‫ِّٙص‬ ‫دم١مص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٗٔ‫ؤ‬‫ٚظـعٛػر‬ ‫ظعغ١غ‬ ٌُ ‫طخ‬‫خٌّٕظّدض‬‫ِـعجضخض‬
٠‫زة‬ ‫ِؼٙد‬ ًِ‫ٚظعؼد‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ز١حص‬ ُٙ‫ظعف‬ ٌُ ‫ٚبطخ‬ ،‫خٌؼوغ‬‫ج‬‫بصخعظٙد‬ ٓ‫ٚظذـ‬ ‫دز١ص‬‫فةٔٙد‬ ،‫كه‬ ‫زال‬
‫ٔفـ‬ ‫ؿعجض‬‫ٙد‬‫ِٛلؼ‬ ‫فمضض‬ ‫ٚلض‬‫ٙد‬‫بسغخؾ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚؤؿّٙط‬‫خٌّاؿـص‬‫ٚخٌّٕدء‬ ‫خٌسمدء‬ ‫ؿسدق‬ ِٓ
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫سِِٙد‬ ‫ٚؤفلٍط‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخفٙد‬ ‫ظذم١ك‬ٌٍِّٛ‫خ‬ ٗ‫خٌٛـ‬.‫ذ‬
١ّ٘‫ٚؤ‬ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ َٛٙ‫ِف‬ ‫خٌىعدذ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ‫خؿعؼغى‬ ‫ٌظخ‬ٗ‫ع‬ٚ،ٗ‫ؤؿسدز‬
.‫ٚفدػٍ١ص‬ ‫زىفدءش‬ ٟ‫خٌّاؿـ‬ ‫ٚخٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ‫ٚو١ف١ص‬

7. ‫فهرس‬‫المحتويات‬
‫مـقـدمـة‬.............................................................................................................................4
‫الفصل‬‫ل‬‫ألاو‬:‫مفهوم‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬..............................................................................................8
‫مفهوم‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:......................................................................................................01
‫الفرق‬‫بٌن‬‫التغٌٌر‬‫ّر‬ٌ‫والتغ‬‫ال‬ً‫تنظٌم‬:.........................................................................................01
‫خصائص‬‫إدارة‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:............................................................................................01
‫أسباب‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:......................................................................................................01
‫أهداف‬‫برنامج‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:.............................................................................................01
‫أهمٌة‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:.......................................................................................................03
‫أنواع‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:.......................................................................................................03
‫خطوات‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:....................................................................................................05
‫عوامل‬‫حدوث‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:..............................................................................................06
‫مجاالت‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:....................................................................................................06
‫الفصل‬‫الثاوي‬:‫مقاومة‬‫التغٌٌر‬......................................................................................................11
‫أنواع‬‫مقاومة‬‫التغٌٌر‬:.........................................................................................................10
‫مراحل‬‫المقاومة‬‫الفردٌة‬:......................................................................................................10
‫أسباب‬‫مقاومة‬‫التغٌٌر‬:........................................................................................................11
‫استراتٌجٌات‬‫التعامل‬‫مع‬‫مقاومة‬‫التغٌٌر‬:.....................................................................................14
‫ع‬‫وامل‬‫نجاح‬‫برامج‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:........................................................................................16
‫عناصر‬‫المناخ‬ً‫الصح‬‫للتغٌٌر‬:..............................................................................................17
‫أسالٌب‬‫التغٌٌر‬:................................................................................................................17
‫ما‬‫الذي‬‫ٌتغٌر‬‫وٌؤثر‬‫على‬‫التطوٌر‬‫التنظٌمً؟‬...............................................................................17
‫غاٌات‬‫التغٌٌر‬:.................................................................................................................21
‫الفصل‬‫الثالث‬:‫إدارة‬‫التغٌٌر‬‫والتطوٌر‬............................................................................................21
‫مصادر‬(‫أسباب‬)‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫ف‬‫المشارٌع‬‫والمنظمات‬‫العامة‬:...................................................................22
‫قٌادة‬‫التغٌٌر‬:...................................................................................................................24
‫ال‬‫تحدٌات‬ً‫الت‬‫تواجه‬‫مدٌري‬(‫المشارٌع‬)‫العامة‬(‫المنظمات‬‫العامة‬)ً‫ف‬‫العالم‬ً‫العرب‬ً‫ف‬‫إدارة‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫ف‬‫منظماتهم‬....25
‫تحدٌات‬‫التنمٌة‬‫بٌن‬‫التغٌٌر‬‫والتطوٌر‬:........................................................................................26
‫الفصل‬‫ابع‬‫ز‬‫ال‬:‫أدوات‬‫ووسائل‬‫التغٌٌر‬.............................................................................................27
‫أوال‬:‫التدرٌب‬‫ورفع‬‫المهارات‬‫الفنٌة‬‫والسلوكٌة‬:.............................................................................28
‫ثانٌا‬:‫جماعات‬‫العمل‬‫المس‬‫تقلة‬:................................................................................................31
‫ثالثا‬:‫جدول‬‫العمل‬‫المرن‬:.....................................................................................................31
‫رابعا‬:‫المشاركة‬ً‫ف‬‫اإلدارة‬:..................................................................................................31
‫خامسا‬:‫تكبٌر‬‫الوظٌفة‬‫وتعظٌم‬‫الوظٌفة‬:......................................................................................30
‫سادسا‬:‫تدرٌب‬‫الشبكة‬‫اإلدارٌة‬:...............................................................................................30

8. ‫الفصل‬‫الخامس‬:‫مداخل‬‫التغٌٌر‬....................................................................................................31
0-(‫مدخل‬‫رفض‬ً‫الماض‬:)..................................................................................................32
1-(‫مدخل‬‫االنسالخ‬‫عن‬‫الحاضر‬:)..........................................................................................33
2-(‫مدخل‬‫أحالم‬‫المستقبل‬‫من‬‫أجل‬‫الت‬‫غٌٌر‬:)................................................................................34
3-(‫مدخل‬‫صناعة‬‫المستقبل‬:)................................................................................................34
‫الفصل‬‫السادس‬:‫إدارة‬‫التغٌٌر‬ً‫ف‬‫نظام‬‫الموارد‬‫البشرٌة‬ً‫ف‬‫ظل‬‫ظروف‬‫االنخفاض‬ً‫التنظٌم‬................................35
‫المراحل‬ً‫الت‬‫ٌمر‬‫بها‬‫استراتٌجٌة‬‫التحول‬:...................................................................................36
‫سٌاسات‬‫الموارد‬‫البشرٌة‬‫خالل‬‫فترة‬‫التحول‬‫للنمو‬:..........................................................................36
‫تغٌٌر‬‫االتجاهات‬‫النفسٌة‬:......................................................................................................37
‫الفصل‬‫السابع‬:‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬.................................................................................................41
‫مفهوم‬‫وتعرٌف‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:...........................................................................................40
‫أهداف‬‫عملٌة‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:.............................................................................................40
‫مستوٌات‬‫عملٌة‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:...........................................................................................41
‫مصفوفة‬‫هٌوز‬:................................................................................................................41
‫خطوات‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:...................................................................................................42
‫أنواع‬‫التدخل‬‫لتحقٌق‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:.....................................................................................42
‫الفصل‬ً‫الثام‬:‫األطراف‬‫المسؤولة‬‫عن‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬.......................................................................43
‫من‬‫ٌقوم‬‫بالتطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:..................................................................................................44
‫من‬‫له‬‫سلطة‬‫التطوٌر‬‫داخل‬‫المنظمة‬:.........................................................................................44
‫االستشارٌون‬‫من‬‫خارج‬‫المنظمة‬:.............................................................................................45
‫أطراف‬‫مؤثرة‬ً‫ف‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:........................................................................................45
‫الفصل‬‫الخاسع‬:‫مساهمات‬‫الفكر‬‫اإلداري‬ً‫ف‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬..................................................................47
‫مساهمة‬‫الفكر‬‫اإلداري‬ً‫ف‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:...............................................................................48
‫أهم‬‫األسس‬ً‫الت‬‫قام‬‫علٌها‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:................................................................................48
‫مراحل‬‫مساهمة‬‫النظرٌات‬:...................................................................................................51
‫اإلدارة‬‫والفكر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬‫والتحدٌات‬:..........................................................................................51
‫عالقة‬‫إدارة‬‫الجودة‬‫الشاملة‬‫بالتطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬:.............................................................................52
‫الفصل‬‫العاشز‬:‫القٌم‬ً‫ف‬‫التطوٌر‬ً‫التنظٌم‬.......................................................................................55
‫تعرٌف‬‫القٌم‬:...................................................................................................................56
‫تصنٌف‬‫القٌم‬:..................................................................................................................56
‫اختالف‬‫القٌم‬:..................................................................................................................57
‫خصائص‬‫القٌم‬‫التنظٌمٌــة‬:....................................................................................................57
‫قائمة‬‫المراجع‬.....................................................................................................61

9. 9
:‫ل‬‫ألاو‬ ‫الفصل‬
ّٟ١‫اٌتٕظ‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ َٛٙ‫ِف‬

10. 10
‫مفهىم‬‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬:
ٛ٘ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬:١‫ظغ‬١ٍ‫ع‬‫ٚٚخ‬ ‫ٚ٘دصف‬ ‫ِٚموٛص‬ ٗ‫ِٛـ‬ ‫غ‬
ٟ‫خٌس١ح‬ ‫ّف‬١‫خٌعى‬ ‫ٌعذم١ك‬ ٝ‫٠ـؼ‬‫(خٌضخ‬)ٟ‫ٚخٌشدعـ‬ ٍٟ‫س‬،ٌّٓ٠ ‫زّد‬
.‫خٌّلىالض‬ ً‫د‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫لضعش‬ ‫ؤوؽغ‬ ‫ظٕظ١ّ١ص‬ ‫ددٌص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خالٔعمدي‬
:‫الخىظيمي‬‫ر‬ّ‫والخغي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ق‬‫الفز‬
‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ٛ٘:‫ٌعذم١ك‬ ٝ‫٠ـؼ‬ ‫ٚ٘دصف‬ ٗ‫ِٛـ‬ ‫ظغ١غ‬
‫خٌضخسٍ١ص‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫زدٌعغ١غ‬ َ‫ِٚغظس‬ ٟ‫خٌس١ح‬ ‫خٌعى١ف‬
.‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬
‫ّ١غ‬‫غ‬‫خٌع‬ٛ٘:‫د١دش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِٚـعّغش‬ ‫ُس١ؼ١ص‬ ‫ظد٘غش‬
ٌّ‫خ‬‫ز١حص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫زدٌعغ١غ‬ َ‫ِٚغظس‬ ،‫ٚػفٛ٠ص‬ ‫ظٍمدج١ص‬ ٟٙ‫ف‬ ،‫ِـسك‬ َ١ِ‫ظش‬ ْٚ‫ص‬ ‫ٚظذضغ‬ ‫ٕظّدض‬
.‫خٌشدعـ١ص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬
‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬ ‫خصائص‬:
:‫خالؿعٙضخف‬‫ُذضغ‬‫ظ‬ ‫ال‬ ٟٙ‫ف‬ ‫ِؼٍِٛص‬ ‫ٚغد٠ص‬ ‫٘ضف‬ ‫ٌعذم١ك‬ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ٝ‫ظـؼ‬ ‫د١ػ‬
.ٌٟ‫خعظجد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ٟ‫ػلٛخج‬ ‫دغخن‬
:‫خٌٛخلؼ١ص‬‫خٌع‬ ‫بصخعش‬ َ‫ظغظس‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫٠جر‬‫ِٛخعص٘د‬ ً‫ظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٗ‫ظؼ١ل‬ ٞ‫خٌظ‬ ٍّٟ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫زدٌٛخلغ‬ ‫غ١١غ‬
.‫زٙد‬ ‫ظّغ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫ٚظغٚفٙد‬ ‫ٚبِىدٔدظٙد‬
:‫خٌعٛخفم١ص‬‫عغسدض‬ ٓ١‫ٚز‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫خٌعٛخفك‬ ِٓ ‫ِٕدؿر‬ ‫لضع‬ ‫ٕ٘دن‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫٠جر‬
.‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌّشعٍفص‬ ٜٛ‫خٌم‬ ‫ٚظٍِؼدض‬
‫خٌفؼدٌ١ص‬:ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ ‫ظٍّه‬ ،‫فؼدٌص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ْٛ‫ظى‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٓ١‫٠عؼ‬‫ِغ‬ ‫ِٕدؿسص‬ ‫زذغ٠ص‬ ‫خٌذغوص‬
.‫ػٍّٙد‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌّـعٙضف‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ٗ١‫ٚظٛـ‬ ٓ٠‫خ٢سغ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌعإؼ١غ‬
‫خٌّلدعوص‬:ٜٛ‫ٌٍم‬ ‫خٌٛخػ١ص‬ ‫خٌّلدعوص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٗ‫ٌعذم١م‬ ‫٠ذعدؾ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫خال٠جدز‬ ً‫خٌعفدػ‬
.‫زدٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌّعإؼغش‬ ‫ٚخألُغخف‬

11. 11
:‫خإلهالح‬‫ٚخ‬ ‫خٌمدجّص‬ ‫خٌؼ١ٛذ‬ ‫ظوٍخ‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ‫ٔجدح‬ ‫ؤؿدؽ‬ ٛ٘‫خٌّٛـٛصش‬ ‫السعالالض‬
.‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬
‫خٌلغػ١ص‬:‫ِغ‬ ‫ٚخدض‬ ْ‫آ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخألسالل١ص‬ ‫خٌمدٔٛٔ١ص‬ ‫خٌلغػ١ص‬ ‫بُدع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ُ‫٠ع‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫الزض‬
.‫خٌلغػ١ص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ّ‫ٌٍذفد‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بـغخء‬ ً‫لس‬ ْٛٔ‫خٌمد‬ ‫ٚظغ١١غ‬ ً٠‫ظؼض‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬
:‫خٌغكض‬‫خٌعىٍفص‬ ‫الػعسدعخض‬ ‫لغخع‬ ً‫و‬ ‫٠شٌغ‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ‫سدم‬ ً‫زلى‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫الػِص‬ ‫هفص‬ ٛ٘
‫ٚخٌؼدجض‬.‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬ ‫ِٕٚدؿسعّٙد‬
‫ٚخالزعىدع‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬:َ‫ٚخٌعمض‬ ‫خالعظمدء‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ًّ‫٠ؼ‬ ٗٔٛ‫و‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫الػِص‬ ‫سده١ص‬
.ً‫د‬١ٌ‫دد‬ َ‫ِـعشض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ُ‫لدج‬ ٛ٘ ‫ِّد‬ ًٌ‫ألف‬
:‫خألدضخغ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫خٌـغ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعى١ف‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ً‫ز‬ َ‫فم‬ ‫خألدضخغ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ً‫ظعفدػ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بصخعش‬
٠ٛ١‫د‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌإلزمدء‬ ‫ػٍ١ٙد‬ ‫ٚظـ١ِغ‬ ‫ِؼٙد‬ ‫ظعى١ف‬.‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ص‬
‫االستهداف‬
‫التكٌف‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬
‫الواقعٌة‬
‫التوافقٌة‬
‫الفعالٌة‬
‫المشاركة‬
‫الرشد‬
‫الشرعٌة‬
‫التطوٌر‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬
‫االصالح‬

12. 12
:‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫أسباب‬
.‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ً‫صخس‬ ‫خٌفدػٍص‬ ‫خٌذ١ٛ٠ص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ّ‫خٌذفد‬
‫خ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ ‫ظّٕ١ص‬‫إل‬.‫زضخع‬
‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٌعفج١غ‬ ‫ٚخالعظمدء‬ ٓ١‫ٚخٌعذـ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌغغسص‬ ‫بؼدعش‬.
.‫خٌذ١دش‬ ‫ِعغ١غخض‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫خٌعٛخفك‬
‫خألصخء‬ ٜٛ‫ِـع‬ ‫ػ٠دصش‬.
‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫بزهامج‬ ‫أهداف‬:
‫لض‬ ‫ػ٠دصش‬‫ؤ٘ضخفٙد‬ ‫إلٔجدػ‬ ‫خٌّعشووص‬ ‫خٌّجّٛػدض‬ ‫ِشعٍف‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ْٚ‫خٌعؼد‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫عش‬
.‫خٌؼدِص‬
.‫ّٚٔٛ٘د‬ ‫ٌسمدجٙد‬ ‫ٚخٌعى١ف‬ ًِ‫خٌعؼد‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫لضعش‬ ‫ػ٠دصش‬
.‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ُ٘‫ٚدفؼ‬ ُٙ‫ِلىالظ‬ ‫ظلش١ن‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ِـدػضش‬
.ٌُٙ ٟ‫خٌٛظ١ف‬ ‫ٚخٌغًد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخف‬ ‫ظذم١ك‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ظلج١غ‬
‫إل‬ ‫خٌوغخع‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌىلف‬.‫خٌّٕظّص‬ َ‫٠شض‬ ‫زّد‬ ٗٙ١‫ٚظٛـ‬ ٗ‫صخعظ‬
.‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخٌّجّٛػدض‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫ٚخٌؼد‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫ٚخالٔفعدح‬ ‫خٌؽمص‬ ِٓ ٛ‫ـ‬ ‫زٕدء‬
.‫خٌعمٍ١ض٠ص‬ ‫خإلصخعش‬ ِٓ ً‫ال‬‫زض‬ ‫زدأل٘ضخف‬ ‫خإلصخعش‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬ ‫بظسدع‬ ِٓ ٓ٠‫خٌّض٠غ‬ ٓ١‫ظّى‬
‫ػٍّ١دض‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫زدٌّؼٍِٛدض‬ ‫زعؼٚ٠ض٘د‬ ‫ظٛخـٙٙد‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ً‫خٌّلدو‬ ً‫د‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ِـدػضش‬
ٌّٕ‫خ‬.‫ٚٔعدججٙد‬ ‫ظّص‬

13. 13

14. 14
:‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫أهميت‬
‫ز‬ٌ‫د‬‫ال‬ ٗٔ‫ؤ‬ ‫ٔضعن‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫الزض‬ ‫ؤٕٔد‬ ‫بال‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؤّ٘١ص‬ ِٓ ُ‫غغ‬
ٖ‫ٚؤزؼدص‬ ٗ‫سودجو‬ ‫ِجعّغ‬ ً‫فٍى‬ ،‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ٌٟ‫ِؽد‬ ‫ّٔٛطؾ‬ ‫٠ٛـض‬
.‫ٚخٌعدع٠ش١ص‬ ‫خٌذٌدع٠ص‬
َ‫ػد‬ ً‫زلى‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬‫بدضخغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؤّ٘١ص‬ ّٓ‫ظى‬
ٚ ‫ُغق‬ ‫زدؿعذضخغ‬ ُ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫ٚؤ٘ضخف‬ ‫ؿ١دؿدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ظؼض٠الض‬ً‫ؤـ‬ ِٓ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ًّ‫ػ‬ ‫ؤؿدٌ١ر‬
‫خٌعٕظ١ّ١ص‬ ً‫خٌٙ١دو‬ ٜٛ‫ِـع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫طٌه‬ ْ‫ود‬ ً‫ء‬‫ؿٛخ‬ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خألصخء‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّـعّغ‬ ٓ١‫خٌعذـ‬
‫٠عٛخفك‬ ‫زّد‬ ‫خٌشدعـ١ص‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬ ٜٛ‫ِـع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ُ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ٜٛ‫ِـع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬
‫ِٚى‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخف‬ ‫ظذم١ك‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ُ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫ِـدػضش‬ ً‫ؤـ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌس١حص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّـعّغش‬ ‫ٚخٌعغ١غخض‬‫دؿر‬
‫بعًدء‬ ً‫ٚؿدج‬ ٓ١‫ٚظذـ‬ ‫خالـعّدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌغفد٘١ص‬ ‫ٚظذم١ك‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫بعًدء‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخٌّـدّ٘ص‬ ‫بًدف١ص‬
‫ٌألفغخص‬ ‫خٌٌغٚع٠ص‬ ‫خٌذدـدض‬.
:‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫أهىاع‬
‫اٌتغط١ح‬ ٜ‫ِذ‬ ‫حسة‬:
‫زدٌٍجٛء‬ ْٛ‫ٚظى‬ )‫ؤفغخص‬ ،‫ِوٕغ‬ ،ُ‫لـ‬ ،‫بصخعش‬ ،‫(ِٕظّص‬ ٍِٗ‫زىد‬ ‫ٔظدِد‬ ًّ‫٠ل‬ :ٍٟ‫و‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬
‫خٌج‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خالٔضِدؾ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫(خٌشوشوص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬‫ٛصش‬)‫خٌلدٍِص‬،ٍٟ‫خٌى‬ ‫ٌٍعِٛع‬ ‫ؤِؽٍص‬ ٟ٘ٚ.
ٟ‫ـؼج‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬:ً‫ِؽ‬ .‫خألٔظّص‬ ‫زؼي‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خألٔظّص‬ ‫ؤدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ؤـؼخء‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ػٕدهغ‬ ًّ‫٠ل‬:‫ِذدٌٚص‬
ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،َ‫خأللـد‬ ‫ؤدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫ظضع٠ر‬‫ب‬‫ظ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،‫بصخعش‬ ً‫صخس‬ ‫ظٕمالض‬ ‫دغوص‬ ‫ـغخء‬‫ذض٠ػ‬
‫خإلصخعخ‬ ‫ؤدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعىٌٕٛٛـ١د‬.‫ض‬
‫ددٌص‬ ‫بدضخغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫خٌجؼج‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫سِٛعش‬ ّٓ‫ظى‬‫ـٛخٔر‬ ‫ظعِٛع‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ،ْ‫خٌعٛخػ‬ َ‫ػض‬ ِٓ
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫فدػٍ١ص‬ ِٓ ًٍ‫٠م‬ ‫لض‬ ‫ِّد‬ ،‫ـٛخٔر‬ ‫ٚظعشٍف‬
ٗ‫تغط١ت‬ ُ‫٠ت‬ ‫ِا‬ ‫حسة‬:
‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ً‫و‬:‫خ‬‫خٌىٍ١ص‬ ‫خٌٙ١ىٍص‬ ‫بػدصش‬ ،‫خالؿعذٛخط‬ ،‫الٔضِدؾ‬.
ُ‫لـ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫بصخعش‬:‫ف١ٙد‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫فغق‬ َ١‫ظٕل‬ ،‫صِجٙد‬ ،‫ظفع١عٙد‬ ،‫ظٕظ١ّٙد‬ ‫بػدصش‬.

15. 15
‫ِوٕغ‬:ٌٕٛ‫خٌعى‬ ‫ظذض٠ػ‬ ‫بػدصش‬ ،ٖ‫زٕدئ‬ ‫بػدصش‬‫ٌألزض‬ ٗ‫بغالل‬ ،ٗ‫ػّدٌع‬ ً١ٍ‫ظم‬ ،‫ٛـ١د‬.
‫ؤفغخص‬:‫زّشعٍف‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫زغخِؿ‬ ،‫ٚخإلصخع٠ص‬ ،‫ٚخٌفٕ١ص‬ ،‫ٚخٌـٍٛو١ص‬ ،‫خٌلشو١ص‬ ‫خٌّٙدعخض‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬
ً‫خٌٕم‬ ‫لغخعخض‬ ،‫خٌعغل١ص‬ ‫لغخعخض‬ ،‫ؤٔٛخػٙد‬.
‫اٌٙ١ىٍح‬ ‫دسجح‬ ‫حسة‬:
ٍٟ‫٘١ى‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬(:)‫خٌشِٛخض‬ ‫ِذضصش‬ ‫عؿّ١ص‬ ‫سِص‬‫ِذضص‬ ،‫خٌٕعدجؿ‬ ‫ِذضص‬ ،ً‫خٌلى‬ ‫ِذضص‬
‫خٌعضسالض‬،ٌٗ‫ِٚ١ؼخٔ١دض‬ ،‫ػِٕ١ص‬ ‫ـضخٚي‬.
ٞٛ‫ػف‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬(‫٠ذضغ‬:)‫ظمغ٠سد‬ ّٟ‫عؿ‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ً‫ٚزلى‬ ‫٠ظوغ‬ ً‫ظضس‬ ْٚ‫ص‬ً‫صخس‬ ِٓ ‫٠ذضغ‬
‫زؼي‬ ‫ٌٚعذّؾ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ٟ‫خٌِس١ؼ‬ ٌّٕٛ‫ٚخ‬ ‫ٚخالعظمدء‬ ‫خٌٕلٛء‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫ظِٛع‬ ٛ٘ٚ .ٓ١ٌٛ‫خٌّـح‬
‫ٌألك١دء‬.
‫اٌتطٛ٠ش‬ ‫سشػح‬ ‫حسة‬:
ٟ‫ظضع٠ج‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬:ٗ‫٠لس‬‫خٌشسغش‬ ،ٍُ‫خٌعؼ‬ ،‫ٌٍفغص(خٌٌٕؿ‬ ٟ‫خٌِس١ؼ‬ ٌّٕٛ‫خ‬)،‫زِٟء‬ ‫ظِٛع‬ ٛ٘ٚ
‫٠عغن‬ ّٟ‫ٚظغخو‬‫فل١حد‬ ‫ك١حد‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚخٌسٕدء‬ ‫خٌـدزمص‬ ‫خٌعجدعذ‬ ِٓ ٍُ‫ٌٍعؼ‬ ‫فغهص‬.
ٟ‫فجدج‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬(ٌُ‫خ‬ ‫ظف١ك‬ ٗ‫خٌٛـ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫(ٌِّص‬ ‫ِٚعالدك‬ ‫ؿغ٠غ‬ ‫ظِٛع‬ ٛ٘ :)ٞ‫ؼٛع‬‫ٔظّص‬
‫ؤسغ‬ ‫ِغش‬ ‫ِـدع٘د‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ٚظؼ١ض٘د‬)ٜ.
‫إلدض‬ ‫خٌـغػص‬ ‫خسع١دع‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫بال‬ ،‫خٌـغ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعِٛع‬ ِٓ ‫عؿٛسد‬ ‫ؤوؽغ‬ ٟ‫خٌعضع٠ج‬ ‫خٌعِٛع‬‫خغ‬
.‫خٌظغف‬ ‫ُس١ؼص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ظؼعّض‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬
ّْٛ‫اٌّع‬ ٚ‫أ‬ ً‫اٌشى‬ ‫حسة‬:
ٍٟ‫كى‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬:ُ‫٠ٙع‬‫ظوّ١ّٙد‬ ‫بػدصش‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ؤٔظّص‬ ُ١ّ‫ظو‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫(خٌعغو١ؼ‬ ،ً‫ٚخٌلى‬ ‫زدإلـغخءخض‬
ْٚ‫ص‬‫بػدصش‬ ،‫ظٕف١ظ٘د‬ ْٚ‫ص‬ ‫خإلـغخءخض‬ َ١‫ظسـ‬ ،ُ١ٍ‫ؿ‬ ً‫زلى‬ ‫ٚظٕف١ظ٘د‬ ‫زعِس١مٙد‬ َ‫خال٘عّد‬
‫خٌٛظدجف‬ ُ١ّ‫ظو‬ْٚ‫ص‬‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ً‫٠جؼ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ .)‫ظِس١مٙد‬ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫كىٍ١د‬‫بـغخج١د‬.
ٌٌّّْٛ‫خ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬:ُ‫٠ٙع‬‫ز‬‫ٚخٌؼالؾ‬ ً‫ٚخٌّلدو‬ ‫ٚخٌٕعدجؿ‬ ‫دأل٘ضخف‬‫خإلٔـدٔ١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌّٙدعخض‬
ٟ‫خٌل‬ ‫ٚـٛ٘غ‬ٚ ،)‫ء‬ُ‫٠ع‬َِ‫س‬ ‫ًٚغ‬‫خ‬ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ٚظذٛ٠ٍٙد‬ ،‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ً‫زّلدو‬ ُ‫ظٙع‬ ‫ؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬
‫ف١ٙد‬ ‫٠لدعن‬ َِ‫س‬،‫ٌٙد‬ ‫ظٕف١ظ٠ص‬ ‫هالد١دض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٍْٛ‫ٚ٠ذو‬ ،‫ػٍ١ٙد‬ ْٛ‫ٚ٠عضعز‬ ،ٍِْٛ‫خٌؼد‬
ْٛ‫ٚ٠عدزؼ‬‫ظٕف١ظ‬ً‫٠جؼ‬ ‫ٚ٘ظخ‬ .‫٘د‬ٌ‫خ‬‫ٌٚ١ؾ‬ ٌٌّّْٛ‫زد‬ ُ‫ظٙع‬ ‫دم١م١ص‬ ‫ٕعدجؿ‬ً‫خٌلى‬.

16. 16
:‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫خطىاث‬
‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ِودصع‬ ‫ِؼغفص‬.‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬ ‫خٌشدعـ١ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌضخسٍ١ص‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬ ٖ‫ِوضع‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫لض‬ ،
‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌذدـص‬ ‫ظمض٠غ‬.ٗ‫ٌعذم١م‬ ‫ظِّخ‬ ‫ِٚد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ٚخلغ‬ ‫ظمض٠غ‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ،
‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ِلىالض‬ ‫ظلش١ن‬‫زإ‬ ‫خٌّعؼٍمص‬ ،.‫طٌه‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ِٚد‬ ،ٗ‫ٚؤصٚخظ‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ؿدٌ١ر‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ِمدِٚص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌعغٍر‬
.‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌالػِص‬ ‫خٌجٙٛص‬ َ١ِ‫ظش‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫خؿعغخظ١ج١دض‬ ‫ًٚغ‬
.‫خٌشِص‬ ‫ظٕف١ظ‬
.ُ١١‫ٚخٌعم‬ ‫خٌعٕف١ظ‬ ‫ِعدزؼص‬
:ٟ٘ٚ ،‫ٌٍتغ١١ش‬ ،‫أساس١ح‬ ‫استشات١ج١اخ‬ ‫ثالثح‬ ‫ٕ٘ان‬ ٗٔ‫أ‬ ٌٝ‫إ‬ ‫اإلشاسج‬ ‫تجذس‬
‫خٌمٛش‬ ‫خؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬:‫خٌّىد‬ َ‫ظـعشض‬‫عج١ـ١د‬ ‫ددفؼخ‬ ‫ٚخٌؼمٛزدض‬ ‫فأض‬،ُ‫ف١ع‬
‫خٌّىدفأض‬ َ‫خؿعشضخ‬ ُ‫٠ع‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خالػعغخى‬ ‫ػٕض‬ ‫زدٌؼمدذ‬ ‫خٌعٙض٠ض‬
‫ٚغ١غ٘د‬ ‫خٌّدص٠ص‬‫ٌعلج١غ‬‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٞ‫ِٕفظ‬.
‫خ‬:ٟ‫خٌِّٕم‬ ‫خإللٕدع‬ ‫ؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬‫ٚبلٕدع‬ ‫خٌِّٕك‬ َ‫خؿعشضخ‬ ٌٝ‫خ‬ ‫خٌٍجٛء‬ ُ‫٠ع‬
.ِٕٗ ‫خٌّعٛلؼص‬ ‫ٚخٌؼٛخجض‬ ٗ١ٌ‫ب‬ ‫زدٌذدـص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٞ‫ِٕفظ‬
‫خ‬:‫خٌّلدعوص‬ ‫ؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬‫خٌّجّٛػدض‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ٓ١ٍ‫ٌّّؽ‬ ‫خٌـّدح‬ ُ‫٠ع‬
‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخف‬ ‫ًٚغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫زدٌّلدعوص‬ ‫زدٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ظعإؼغ‬ ‫ؿٛف‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬
.ٖ‫ٚظٕف١ظ‬ ٌٗ َ١ِ‫ٚخٌعش‬‫فؼدٌ١ص‬ ‫خالؿعغخظ١ج١دض‬ ‫ؤوؽغ‬ ٖ‫ٚ٘ظ‬.

17. 17
‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫خدوث‬ ‫عىامل‬:
:‫خاسج١ح‬ ًِ‫ػٛا‬
‫ٚخاللعودص٠ص‬ ‫خٌـ١دؿ١ص‬ ‫خٌّعغ١غخض‬ِٓ ٟ‫ظـعضػ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ :
ٌّ‫خ‬.‫خٌعى١ف‬ ‫ٕظّدض‬
‫ٚخٌذٌدع٠ص‬ ‫ٚخٌؽمدف١ص‬ ‫خالـعّدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌّعغ١غخض‬ٟ‫ظـعضػ‬ ٟ‫ٚخٌع‬ :
.‫خٌٛخػ١ص‬ ‫خالؿعجدزص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ِٓ
‫ٚخٌعلغ٠ؼدض‬ ‫ٚخألٔظّص‬ ٓ١ٔ‫خٌمٛخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّعغ١غخض‬‫خالؿعجدزص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ِٓ ٟ‫ظـعضػ‬ ٟ‫ٚخٌع‬ :
ُ‫خٌضخج‬ ‫ٚخٌعغ١غ‬ ‫ٌٍعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ٚخألٔظّص‬ ٓ١ٔ‫خٌمٛخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌذدهٍص‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١١غخض‬.
ٕٛ‫خٌعى‬ ‫خٌعغ١غخض‬‫خٌّعالدمص‬ ‫ٌٛـ١ص‬ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؿعذضغ‬ ‫ألٔٙد‬ ‫زٙد‬ ‫خألسظ‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬ ‫الزض‬ :
.ٞ‫ٚخٌسلغ‬ ٞ‫خٌّدص‬ ٓ١ٌ‫خٌّجد‬
ٓ١‫خٌّـعٍٙى‬ ‫ٚددـدض‬ ‫ؤطٚخق‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١غخض‬ً‫ؤـ‬ ِٓ ‫ِعدزؼعٙد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ِٓ ٟ‫٠ـعضػ‬ ‫ِّد‬ :
‫خألطٚخق‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫٠عٕدؿر‬ ‫زّد‬ ‫خإلٔعدؾ‬.
‫داخٍ١ح‬ ًِ‫ػٛا‬:
‫خٌّعسؼص‬ ‫خإلصخع٠ص‬ ‫خألؿدٌ١ر‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬–‫خٌعٕـ١ك‬‫ٚخٌّاؿـ١ص‬ ‫خٌفغص٠ص‬ ‫خالدع١دـدض‬ ٓ١‫ز‬
‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌمدجّص‬ ‫خٌؼاللدض‬ ٟ‫ٚف‬–‫ظذممٙد‬ ً‫ٚؿدج‬ ‫ٚظٛف١غ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ؤ٘ضف‬ ‫ظغ١غ‬–
.‫خالٔشفدى‬ ‫ؤؿسدذ‬ ‫ٌؼالؾ‬ ‫ظٕظ١ّ١ص‬ ‫ظغ١١غخض‬ ‫بصسدي‬ ٟ‫٠ـعضػ‬ ‫ِّد‬ ‫خٌّؼٕٛ٠ص‬ ‫خٌغٚح‬ ‫خٔشفدى‬
:‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫مجاالث‬
ٟ‫االستشات١جـ‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ـش‬:
ٌّ‫خ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫٠ذضغ‬‫خالؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬ ‫ف١ٙد‬ ‫زّد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫خؿعغخظ١ج١دض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫جدي‬
.‫خٌٛظ١ف١ص‬ ‫ٚخالؿعغخظ١ج١دض‬ ‫خٌفغػ١ص‬ ‫خإلصخعخض‬ ‫خؿعغخظ١ج١دض‬ ،‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬ ‫خٌىٍ١ص‬
‫ف‬‫ظشو١ن‬ ‫زؼٍّ١ص‬ ‫خٌّعؼٍمص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫لغخعخض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٛ٘ ٟ‫خالؿعغخظ١ج‬ ‫دٌعغ١١غ‬
‫خأل٘ضخف‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ً‫د‬ٌ٠‫ٚؤ‬ ،‫خٌّٛخعص‬،ٌّٕ‫خ‬ ُ٠‫ظمض‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫ؤِؽٍص‬ ِٓٚٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ٌّٕعجدض‬ ‫ظّص‬
‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ؤؿٛخق‬ ‫صسٛي‬.

18. 18
ٟ‫اٌٙ١ىٍـ‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ش‬:
ً‫٘١دو‬ ً‫د‬ٌ٠‫ٚؤ‬ ،‫ٌٍّٕظّص‬ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ً‫خٌٙ١ى‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٍٟ‫خٌٙ١ى‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ً‫٠عّؽ‬
‫خٌمغخعخض‬ ‫خظشدط‬ ‫ِودصع‬ ًّ‫٠ل‬ ‫وّد‬ .‫خٌٛظدجف‬ ‫ٚظٛػ٠غ‬ ‫خٌفغػ١ص‬ ‫خإلصخعخض‬،‫خٌغؿّ١ص‬ ‫صعـص‬
‫خإلكغخف‬ ‫ِٔدق‬ ،‫ٚخٌّغوؼ٠ص‬‫ِد‬ ‫ٚخٌؼاللدض‬‫زدإل‬ .‫خٌؼّدي‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّعسؼص‬ ‫خألٔظّص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ًدفص‬
‫خٌغلدزص‬ ُ‫ٚٔظ‬ ،‫خألصخء‬ ُ١١‫ظم‬ ،‫خٌّىدفأض‬ َ‫ٔظد‬ :ً‫ِؽ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬.
ٟ‫اٌتىٌٕٛٛجـ‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ـش‬:
‫خألًٚدع‬ ‫ٌّٛخـٙص‬ ٟ‫خٌعىٌٕٛٛـ‬ ‫زدٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ َٛ‫ظم‬
،‫زدٌفدجضش‬ ‫ػٍ١ٙد‬ ‫ظؼٛص‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌعىٌٕٛٛـ١دض‬ ‫ٚخلعٕدء‬ ‫خٌجض٠ضش‬
‫خٌعىدٌ١ف‬ ‫وعشف١ي‬،ًٌ‫ؤف‬ َ‫ٚخالٌعؼخ‬ ‫خٌجٛصش‬ ٓ١‫ظذـ‬‫زّٛخػ١ض‬
.‫خإلٔعدؾ‬ ُ١ٍ‫ظـ‬
ٍِٛ‫ٚس‬ ‫ُغق‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫دض٠ؽص‬ ‫بٔعدؾ‬ ً‫ٚؿدج‬ ‫بصسدي‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫خٌعىٌٕٛٛـ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ً‫٠عّؽ‬
ً‫ٚٚؿدج‬ ‫ُغق‬ ‫زعِٛ٠غ‬ َٛ‫ظم‬ ً‫د‬١ٌ‫دد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ،‫خإلٔعدؾ‬ ‫ٚظ١فص‬ ٜ‫٠عؼض‬ ٗٔ‫ؤ‬ ‫وّد‬ .‫خإلٔعدؾ‬
َ‫خٌعمض‬ ً‫ظٛه‬ ،‫طٌه‬ ِٓ ‫ٚؤزؼض‬ .‫خٌجض٠ضش‬ ‫خالظودي‬ ‫ٚظمٕ١دض‬ ً‫ٚؿدج‬ ‫زدلعٕدء‬ ‫خالظودي‬
‫خٌعى‬ً‫زٛؿدج‬ ‫ٚخٌضفغ‬ ‫خألِٛخي‬ ً٠ٛ‫ظذ‬ ‫ُغ٠مص‬ :‫ِٕٙد‬ ‫خٌّؼدِالض‬ ‫ُغق‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٟ‫ٌٕٛٛـ‬
‫خإلٌىعغٚٔ١ص‬ ‫(خٌعجدعش‬ ‫خإلٔعغٔط‬ ‫كسىص‬ ‫ػسغ‬ ‫خٌعجدع٠ص‬ ‫زدٌوفمدض‬ َ‫خٌم١د‬ ً‫د‬ٌ٠‫ٚؤ‬ ،‫خٌىعغٚٔ١ص‬)ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ،
‫ٚخٌعضع٠ر‬ ُ١ٍ‫خٌعؼ‬ ‫زغخِؿ‬ ُ٠‫ظمض‬ ً‫ِؽ‬ ‫خٌّجدالض‬ ‫ـّ١غ‬ َ‫ظشض‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌلسىص‬.
ٟ‫اإلٔسأـ‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ـش‬:
‫خ‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٟٕ‫٠ؼ‬ٓ١ٍ‫كى‬ ‫ٚ٠إسظ‬ ًّ‫زدٌؼ‬ ٓ١ّ‫خٌمدج‬ ‫ألفغخص‬:
‫ِذٍُٙ؛‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ُ٘‫غ١غ‬ ‫ٚبدالي‬ ٌُٙ‫زؼ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫زدالؿعغٕدء‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬
ُٙ‫ؿٍٛو‬ ٍ‫ؤّٔد‬ ً٠‫ظؼض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ُٙ‫لضعخظ‬ ‫ٚظّٕ١ص‬ ُٙ‫ِٙدعخظ‬ ‫زغفغ‬ ‫ٚطٌه‬ ،‫ٌألفغخص‬ ٟ‫خٌٕٛػ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬
‫خٌسلغ٠ص‬ ‫ٚخٌعّٕ١ص‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ُ‫ٔظ‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌـ١ىٌٛٛـ١ص‬ ‫خٌجٛخٔر‬ ً‫ٚو‬ ُّٙ١‫ٚل‬
١‫ٚزعِس‬‫خٌعٕظ١ّ١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌجؼخءخض‬ ‫خٌّىدفأض‬ ‫لٛخػض‬ ‫ك‬.

19. 19

20. 20
‫الفصل‬‫الثاوي‬:
‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ ‫ِماِٚح‬

21. 21
:ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ِمدِٚص‬ٌٗ ‫خالِعؽدي‬ َ‫ػض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫خِعٕدع‬ ٟٕ‫٠ؼ‬
‫زةـغخءخض‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ َ‫زم١د‬ ُ‫خٌمدج‬ ‫خًٌٛغ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّذدفظص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ْٛ‫ٚخٌغو‬ ‫خٌّٕدؿسص‬ ‫زدٌضعـص‬
‫ِٕدٌ٘ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ِٕدلٌص‬.‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬
:‫الخغيير‬ ‫ملاومت‬ ‫أهىاع‬
‫ؿٍس١ص‬‫ب٠جدز١ص‬
‫ؿغ٠ص‬‫ظد٘غ٠ص‬
‫فغص٠ص‬‫ـّدػ١ص‬
‫الفزدًت‬ ‫امللاومت‬ ‫اخل‬‫ز‬‫م‬:
.‫خٌعوغف‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ َ‫ٚػض‬ ْ‫خالظؼخ‬ َ‫زؼض‬ ‫ددص‬ ‫كؼٛع‬ ٟ٘ :‫خٌوضِص‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ظٙٛع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخًٌّٛٛػ١ص‬ ‫خٌٛخلؼ١ص‬ َ‫زؼض‬ ‫خٌلؼٛع‬ :‫خٌعوض٠ك‬ َ‫ػض‬
ِ‫زش‬ َ‫لد‬ ٗٔ‫زإ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫كؼٛع‬ :‫خٌظٔر‬.‫٠ذضغ‬ ٞ‫خٌظ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫٠عٍِر‬ ‫ِد‬ ‫إ‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫لسٛي‬ َ‫ٌؼض‬ ‫ؤؿسدذ‬ ‫زًٛغ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ َ‫ل١د‬ ٛ٘ٚ :ٍ‫خإلؿمد‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫لسٛي‬ َ‫ٌؼض‬ ‫ؤؿسدذ‬ ‫زًٛغ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ َ‫ل١د‬ :‫خٌعسغ٠غ‬
.َ‫خٌٕظد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫زٙد‬ ‫٠عّعغ‬ ‫ٌّؼخ٠د‬ ٍٗ٠ٛ‫ٚظذ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫زددعٛخء‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ َ‫ل١د‬ :ًِ‫خٌعىد‬
‫ز‬ ‫خٌجض٠ض‬ ‫ًٌٍٛغ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫ظذّؾ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫سٌٛع‬ ٛ٘ :‫خٌمسٛي‬.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؼض‬
‫الصدمة‬‫التصدٌق‬ ‫عدم‬‫الذنب‬
‫االسقاط‬‫التبرٌر‬‫التكامل‬
‫القبول‬

22. 22
:‫الخغيير‬ ‫ملاومت‬ ‫أسباب‬
‫خالع‬‫خٌّجٙٛي‬ ِٓ ‫ٚخٌشٛف‬ ‫ٌٍّإٌٛف‬ ‫ظ١دح‬:‫خٌٕدؽ‬ ً١ّ٠
ُٙٔ‫أل‬ ‫خٌّإٌٛفص‬ ‫خألِٛع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّذدفظص‬ ‫در‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ػدصش‬
ٗ‫٠جٍس‬ ‫ٌّد‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ْٛ‫ٚ٠شل‬ ‫ٚخالعظ١دح‬ ‫زدٌغًد‬ ْٚ‫٠لؼغ‬
.‫ِإٌٛفص‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ؤًٚدع‬ ِٓ
:‫خٌؼدصخض‬ٍُ‫خٌعؼ‬ ‫ٔظغ٠دض‬ ‫ظضي‬ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬
‫ػدصخض‬ٚ‫ظ‬ ‫ُغ٠مص‬ ‫ظذض٠ض‬ ‫ؿٍٛن‬ ٍ‫ؤّٔد‬‫ٚو١ف١ص‬ ٗ‫وغف‬
ٚ ،‫ٌٍّٛلف‬ ٗ‫خؿعجدزع‬‫ِٛلف‬ ً‫و‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٌٍعفى١غ‬ ‫ٌِِغخ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ال‬ ٗٔ‫أل‬ ‫ٌٙد‬ ‫زدالعظ١دح‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫٠لؼغ‬
٠‫ـض‬ٚ ٓ١‫عٚظ‬ ‫٠وسخ‬ ً‫ز‬ ‫ـظع٠ص‬ ‫زِغ٠مص‬ ‫ض‬.‫ِد‬ ‫دض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ِسغِجد‬
:‫خإلصعخن‬ ‫ؿٛء‬‫بصع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ َ‫ػض‬ ْ‫ؤ‬‫خ‬ٌٟ‫خٌذد‬ ‫خًٌٛغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخٌموٛع‬ ‫خٌٌؼف‬ ٟ‫ٔٛخد‬ ‫ن‬
‫خٌمض‬ َ‫ػض‬ ‫ٚوظٌه‬ٟ‫ف‬ ‫وس١غخ‬ ‫ػدجمد‬ ً‫٠لى‬ ‫خٌجض٠ض‬ ‫خًٌٛغ‬ ‫ِٚؼخ٠د‬ ‫خٌمٛش‬ ‫ـٛخٔر‬ ‫بصعخن‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫عش‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٗ‫ٚـ‬
:‫خٌّىعـسص‬ ‫خٌّودٌخ‬ٍٗ‫٠جؼ‬ ‫ِّد‬ ُ‫خٌمدج‬ ‫زدًٌٛغ‬ ‫ٚؼ١مد‬ ‫خعظسدُد‬ ‫ؤد١دٔد‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫ِودٌخ‬ َ‫ظغز‬
ٚ‫ؤ‬ ٖ‫ِغوؼ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ٖ‫ٔفٛط‬ ‫وٌ١دع‬ ٌٗ ‫كشو١ص‬ ‫سـدعش‬ ٟٕ‫٠ؼ‬ ْ‫أل‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ً٠‫ظؼض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ َٚ‫٠مد‬
ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ِدٌ١ص‬ ‫سـدعش‬ ‫بٌذدق‬.ٗ‫ز‬ ‫ِؼٕٛ٠ص‬
:‫خٌشدعـ١ص‬ ‫خالٔعّدءخض‬‫ظمدٌ١ض‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫٠لؼغ‬ ‫ػٕضِد‬ ‫ؤد١دٔد‬ ‫خٌعغ١غ‬ ‫ِمدِٚص‬ ‫ظٕلإ‬
‫لض‬ ‫خٌّؽدي‬ ً١‫ؿس‬ ٍٝ‫فؼ‬ ،‫خٌّفدـث‬ ‫خٌجض٠ض‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫ِٙضصش‬ ‫هض٠مص‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ‫ِٚؼد٠١غ‬
‫خ‬ ‫بصسدي‬ ‫ددٌص‬ ٟ‫ٚف‬ ،‫ِؼ١ٕص‬ ‫ٚـّدػدض‬ ‫ؤفغخص‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ُٚ١ضش‬ ‫ٚص٠ص‬ ‫ػاللدض‬ ‫ٌٍّغء‬ ْٛ‫ظى‬‫فمض‬ ‫ٌعغ١١غ‬
١‫٠و‬ٚ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫٘االء‬ ‫ر‬‫خٌعٌدعذ‬ ِٓ ‫ٔٛع‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫ػٕض‬ ‫ٕ٘د‬ ِٓٚ .‫ًغع‬ ‫خٌوض٠مص‬ ‫خٌجّدػدض‬
‫ِوٍذص‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫ٌٙد‬ ‫ِف١ضخ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ْٛ‫ؿ١ى‬ ٟ‫ٚخٌع‬ ‫ف١ٙد‬ ًّ‫٠ؼ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ِوٍذص‬ ٓ١‫ز‬
‫خٌوض٠مص‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ٚ َ‫خٌعؼخ‬ ‫ِلىٍص‬ ‫٠ـسر‬ ‫ٚ٘ظخ‬ ،‫زٙد‬ ‫ًدعخ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ْٛ‫ؿ١ى‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬‫ٚالء‬
.‫ٌٍّٛظف‬ ‫زدٌٕـسص‬
‫ِم‬ ‫ؤؿسدذ‬ ‫٠ؼ١ض‬ ِٓ ‫ٕ٘دن‬ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫فغص٠ص‬ ٜ‫ٚؤسغ‬ ‫ظٕظ١ّ١ص‬ ‫ؤؿسدذ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫دِٚص‬
:ٍٟ٠ ‫ف١ّد‬ ‫ػغًٙد‬

23. 23
:‫اٌتٕظ١ّ١ح‬ ‫األسثاب‬
:‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ـٙٛص‬ ِٓ ‫خٌـدزك‬ ً‫خٌفل‬‫ظشدف‬
‫ظجدعذ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٌفلٍٙد‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬
ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خؿعفدصظٙد‬ َ‫ٌؼض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ؿدزمص‬
ٟ‫ف‬ ٜ‫خألسغ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ً‫فل‬ ِٓ ‫ظؼٍّٙد‬ َ‫ٌؼض‬
.‫ظجدعزٙد‬
‫زدٌٕجد‬ ‫خٌغغٚع‬:ٌٟ‫خٌذد‬ ‫ح‬‫زؼي‬ َٚ‫ظمد‬
،‫ٌٙد‬ ‫خٌٕدـذص‬ ‫ٚخألٔظّص‬ ‫خٌّٕدطؾ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌذدٌ١ص‬ ‫ِّدعؿعٙد‬ ‫ٔجدح‬ ِٓ ‫غغٚع٘د‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬
ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ً‫ز‬ ،‫خٌغض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌوٛعش‬ ٖ‫زٙظ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ٌٓ ْ٢‫خ‬ ‫ٔدـخ‬ ٛ٘ ‫ِد‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫ظؼغف‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ٍٝ‫ٚػ‬
ٝ‫دع‬ ،‫دٌٛٙد‬ ِٓ ‫٠عغ١غ‬ ‫ز١ّٕد‬ ،‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؿؼ١ٙد‬ َ‫ػض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌـسر‬ ٛ٘ ‫خٌغغٚع‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ْ‫ؤ‬
‫٠إظ‬.‫ـدٔسد‬ ‫زدٌّٕظّص‬ ‫٠ِ١خ‬ ‫لض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ػٕٛش‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٟ
:‫خٌعِٛع‬ ‫ٔعدجؿ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌعإوض‬ َ‫ػض‬،‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌشٛى‬ َ‫ػض‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ‫زؼي‬ ًٌ‫ظف‬
‫ظًٛخ‬ ‫ِذضصش‬ ‫سِص‬ ‫ٚـٛص‬ َ‫ػض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫ٚ٠غـغ‬ ،‫ٚخًذص‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ٔعدجؿ‬ ْ‫أل‬ ‫ٚطٌه‬
.‫ِٚ١ؼخٔ١عٙد‬ ،‫ِٚـاٌٚ١دظٙد‬ ،‫ٚسِٛخظٙد‬ ،‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ )‫(ٚٔعدجؿ‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخف‬
‫خأل‬ ٞ‫ٚ٠اص‬‫بػدلص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬ ‫لض‬ ً‫ز‬ ،ْٚ‫خٌعؼد‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ُِٙ‫ٚبدجد‬ ‫خٌّـاٌٚ١ص‬ ‫سٛف‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ِغ‬
.ٗ‫ِٚمدِٚع‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬
:‫ٌٍعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ػدٌ١ص‬ ‫ظىٍفص‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ،‫خٌفىغش‬ ‫ٌمسٛي‬ ‫وس١غ‬ ‫ػدجك‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ٚظىٍفص‬ ‫ِ١ؼخٔ١ص‬ ً‫ظّؽ‬
ِٓ ‫خٌىؽ١غ‬ ْٛ‫خٌّلىى‬ ‫٠ؽ١غ‬ ‫ٕ٘د‬ ،‫ِذـٛذ‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌؼدجض‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٌٛ ً‫خألل‬
‫ػٍّ١دض‬ ٜٚ‫ـض‬ ‫دٛي‬ ً‫خٌّلدو‬.‫خٌّٕلٛص‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ٌّمدِٚص‬ ‫ؿسسد‬ ‫طٌه‬ ً‫ٚ٠ّؽ‬ .‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬
:ًٌ‫ؤف‬ ٓ٘‫خٌغخ‬ ‫خًٌٛغ‬‫ٚطٌه‬ ،‫ـ١ض‬ ٓ٘‫عخ‬ ‫زًٛغ‬ ‫ظعّعغ‬ ‫ؤٔٙد‬ ‫ِٚض٠غٚ٘د‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٜ‫ظغ‬ ‫لض‬
‫ٚل١دصش‬ ،‫لٛ٠ص‬ ‫ِٚٛخعص‬ ،‫عخؿشص‬ ‫ٚبصخعش‬ ،‫ِـعمغش‬ ‫ٚزس١حص‬ ،‫ـ١ضش‬ ‫ظٕظ١ّ١ص‬ ً‫٘١دو‬ ‫زـسر‬
‫خ‬ ‫ٚلٛش‬ ‫خؿعمغخع‬ ‫٠ٙضص‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٕٗ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ٚظِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٜ‫ظغ‬ ‫ٚلض‬ ،‫دى١ّص‬‫ِّد‬ ،ٓ٘‫خٌغخ‬ ‫ًٌٛغ‬
.ٗ‫ِٚمدِٚع‬ ً‫ز‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ً١ٌ‫ظف‬ َ‫ػض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬

24. 24
:‫اٌفشد٠ح‬ ‫األسثاب‬
:‫ٚظ١ف١د‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫٠ٙضص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬‫٠ىعلف‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫٠ذدٚي‬
‫ٚخٌّؼخ٠د‬ ،ٖ‫ٚدٛخفؼ‬ ،ٗ‫عخظس‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫زؼض‬ ٗ‫ًٚؼ‬
،ٟ‫خٌٛظ١ف‬ ٖ‫ِٚـعٛخ‬ ،‫ػٍ١ٙد‬ ً‫٠ذو‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫ٚخٌشضِدض‬
ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خألِٛع‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫ظٙضصض‬ ْ‫فة‬ ،ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٗ‫ٚؿٍِع‬‫زؼٌٙد‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٌّمدِٚص‬ ‫ودف١د‬ ‫ٚخػؼخ‬ ‫طٌه‬ ْ‫ود‬
:‫خٌفغص‬ ‫ػاللدض‬ ‫٠ٙضص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬ ‫لض‬
١‫ظغ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،ً‫زدٌٕم‬ ‫ٚظ١ف١ص‬ ‫ظغ١١غخض‬،ٓ١‫ٚخٌّغئٚؿ‬ ‫ٚخٌغئؿدء‬ ‫خٌؼِالء‬ ‫١غ‬‫ػاللدض‬ ‫ظعٙضص‬ ‫ٕٚ٘د‬
‫ٚخألفغخص‬ ‫ٚخٌٛظدجف‬ ٓ‫ٚخألِدو‬ ‫فدألكىدي‬ ،‫ًٚؼٙد‬ ٞ‫٠ضع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫زؼاللدض‬ ‫خٌّـعمغش‬ ‫خٌفغص‬
‫خٌجضص‬‫ظىٛ٠ٕٙد‬ ‫دٛي‬ ‫زدٌمٍك‬ ‫٠لؼغ‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ػاللدض‬ ‫ظعٍِر‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ُٙ‫ِؼ‬ ًّ‫٠ؼ‬ ٓ٠‫خٌظ‬.
:ٓ٘‫خٌغخ‬ ‫خًٌٛغ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ًْٛ‫عخ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ْ‫خألد١د‬ ِٓ ‫وؽ١غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ٘‫خٌغخ‬ ‫ًٌٍٛغ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ٓ١‫٠ـعى‬
ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬ ‫ز١ٕٙد‬ ،‫طٌه‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٗ‫ٔفـ‬ ‫عظر‬ ‫لض‬ ٗٔ‫ٚأل‬ ،‫خالؿعمغخع‬ ‫٠ٛفغ‬ ٗٔ‫ٚأل‬ ،ٗ‫٠غ٠ذ‬ ٗٔ‫أل‬
ٌ‫خ‬‫غّٛى‬.
:‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خًٌٛٛح‬ َ‫ػض‬ٖ‫ٚآؼدع‬ ٗ‫ٔعدجج‬ ِٓ ُ٘‫ظإوض‬ َ‫ػض‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ َٚ‫٠مد‬
َ‫ٌؼض‬ ‫ودف‬ ‫خٌغّٛى‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ً‫ِؽ‬ ْ‫ب‬ ،ُٙ‫ٚػاللدظ‬ ،ُٙ‫ِٚىدؿس‬ ،‫خٌٛظ١ف١ص‬ ُٙ‫ؤًٚدػ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬
.‫خٌّٕلٛص‬ ‫ٚخٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٌّمدِٚص‬ ‫ودف‬ ً‫ز‬ ْٚ‫خٌعؼد‬
:‫ِٚغ٘ك‬ ‫ؿغ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬‫ُٚغ٠مص‬ ُ١‫ٚل‬ ‫ِٚلدػغ‬ ‫ِٚٙدعخض‬ ‫ِؼدعف‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ؤد١دٔد‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫٠ذعدؾ‬
ًّ‫ػ‬ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫لض‬ ‫خٌـغ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫ٚخألوؽغ‬ .‫ٚزـغػص‬ ‫ٍِِٛذ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ً‫و‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ُ٘‫ٚخأل‬ ،‫ـض٠ضش‬
‫خٌمضعش‬ َ‫ٚػض‬ ‫ٚخإلع٘دق‬ ‫زدٌعؼر‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫كؼٛع‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬ ‫ِّد‬ ،‫زدؿعّغخع‬ ‫ِٚعغ١غخ‬ ‫ِعالدمد‬
‫ِجدعخ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫ش‬‫خٌعى١ف‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ َ‫ٚػض‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬.
:‫ٌألفغخص‬ ‫ِعددص‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ‫ِٙدعخض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫٠ذعدؾ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫٠ذعدؾ‬ ‫لض‬ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫زدٌّٕظّص‬ ‫خٌجض٠ض‬
ْ‫ٚؤ‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ِٙدعخض‬ ّٟٕ٠ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫٠جر‬ ٗٔ‫ؤ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،‫ٚهؼسص‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ِؼدعف‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ً‫٠عذو‬
ٗ‫٠ىلف‬ ٗٔ‫أل‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ‫دظغ‬ ٛ٘ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫بطخ‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫ٚ٠لؼغ‬ ،ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ‫هؼسد‬ ‫بصخع٠د‬ ‫ؿٍٛود‬ ‫٠ّدعؽ‬
.‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ِمدِٚص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫ف١ٍجإ‬ ،‫خٌعى١١ف‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٗ‫لضعظ‬ َ‫ٌؼض‬ ٗ٠‫ٚ٠ؼغ‬

25. 25
ُ١‫ل‬ ً٘‫٠عجد‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬:‫خألفغخص‬‫د١ػ‬ ِٓ ‫ٚطٌه‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ُ١‫ل‬ ٗ‫ٚؤصٚخظ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ُ‫٠ٙدـ‬ ‫لض‬
‫ٚخٌلؼدجغ‬ ،ٟٔ‫خإلٔـد‬ ًِ‫ٚخٌعؼد‬ ‫ٚخٌٍّسؾ‬ ً‫زدٌّإو‬ ‫خٌشدهص‬ ٗ‫ٚػدصخظ‬ ٗ‫ٚؿٍٛو‬ ٗ‫ِؼعمضخظ‬
‫ٌٍعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ٌِدصش‬ ‫زوٛعش‬ ًّ‫ف١ؼ‬ ‫ظغ١١غ٘د‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫٠مضع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ؤِٛع‬ ٟ٘ٚ ،‫ٚخألصخء‬ َ‫ٚخٌضٚخ‬ ،‫خٌض٠ٕ١ص‬
.‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ َٚ‫ٚ٠مد‬
:‫خٌّلدعوص‬ َ‫ػض‬‫خألفغ‬ ً١ّ٠‫ٚظّؾ‬ ُّٙٙ‫ظ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خألِٛع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خالكعغخن‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌغغسص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خص‬
‫ِالِخ‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخالكعغخن‬ ،‫خًٌٛغ‬ ُ١١‫ٚظم‬ ،ً‫خٌسضخج‬ ‫ٚظذض٠ض‬ ،‫زدٌّؼغفص‬ ‫ؿٛخء‬ ،ٍُّٙ‫ػ‬
‫خألفغخص‬ ‫٠لعغن‬ ٌُ ْ‫فة‬ .)‫ؤسف١ٙد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫(ف١ٙد‬ ً‫زدٌّؽ‬ ‫ػّال‬ ‫ٚطٌه‬ ،‫خٌٍِّٛذ‬ ‫ٚخٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬
.ٌٗ ٞ‫ٚخٌعوض‬ ٗ‫ِمدِٚع‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ٔؼػٛخ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬
َ‫ػض‬:‫خالؿعفدصش‬."‫ِٕٗ؟‬ ‫خؿعفدصظٕد‬ ‫"ِد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ "‫ف١ٗ؟‬ ‫ٌٕد‬ ‫ِدطخ‬ " ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫٠ـإي‬ ‫ـض٠ض‬ َ‫ٔظد‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ ٟ‫ف‬
،‫ٚخٌّىدؿر‬ ‫خٌذٛخفؼ‬ ‫زسؼي‬ ٖ‫ظٕف١ظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫٠غظس‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫٠جر‬ ‫ـض٠ض‬ َ‫ٔظد‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫ِؼٍِٛد‬ ‫ٚؤهسخ‬
.ٞ‫ٚخٌعوض‬ ‫ٚخإلّ٘دي‬ ‫ٚخٌّمدِٚص‬ ‫خٌجض٠ض‬ َ‫خٌٕظد‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫ِو١غ‬ ْٛ‫٠ـى‬ ‫ٚبال‬
:ً‫خٌفل‬ ِٓ ‫خٌشٛف‬‫زؼ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ؤٔظّص‬ ٌّٓ‫ظع‬‫ٚ٠شدف‬ ،‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ٌىفدءش‬ ٞ‫خٌعذض‬ ِٓ ‫ي‬
ٙ‫فع‬ ٞ‫خٌعذض‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٍُٙ‫فل‬ ‫بِىدٔ١ص‬ ِٓ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫٘االء‬‫ع‬ُٙ‫ػِالج‬ َ‫ؤِد‬ ُٙ‫هٛعظ‬ ‫ؼ‬
‫خزعؼدصخ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ُٙٔٚ‫ظؼد‬ ‫زؼض‬ ‫خٌـالِص‬ ْٚ‫٠اؼغ‬ ُ٘ ٌٟ‫ٚزدٌعد‬ ،ُٙ‫ٚعئؿدج‬ ُٙ١‫ِٚغئٚؿ‬
.ً‫خٌفل‬ ‫ٚخدعّدي‬ ٞ‫خٌعذض‬ ٓ‫ػ‬
:‫الخغيير‬ ‫ملاومت‬ ‫مع‬ ‫الخعامل‬ ‫اجيجياث‬‫ر‬‫است‬
‫التعلٌم‬
‫واالتصال‬
‫المشاركة‬
‫واالندماج‬
‫والدعم‬ ‫التسهٌل‬
‫التفاوض‬
‫واالتفاق‬
‫االستغالل‬
‫واختٌار‬
‫األعضاء‬

26. 26
١ٍ‫اٌتؼ‬‫ٚاالتصاي‬ ُ:
،‫ِِٕمص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚخٌٛلٛف‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌذدـص‬ ‫عئ٠ص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫ظـدػض‬ ‫خالؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬
‫ظعشظ‬ ‫ٚلض‬ٚ ،‫خٌفغص٠ص‬ ‫خٌّٕدللص‬ ‫ِٕٙد‬ ‫ؤكىدي‬ ‫ػضش‬‫ٌٍّج‬ ‫خٌؼغى‬‫ّٛػدض‬،‫ٚظمدع٠غ‬ ‫ِظوغخض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،
ً١ٍ‫خٌعذ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّعٛفغش‬ ‫خٌّؼٍِٛدض‬ ‫لوٛع‬ ‫ددٌص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌٍجٛء‬ ُ‫ٚ٠ع‬
‫ؤ‬ ٖٛ‫خٌّل‬ٍِٛ‫ٌٍّؼ‬ ‫خٌشدُث‬ ٚٚ ،‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّٕلٛعش‬ ‫دض‬ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫ب٠جدز١دض‬ ‫ؤزغػ‬ ِٓ
‫ظِس١ك‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ّْٛ٘‫ؿ١ـد‬ ‫خٌّؼٍِٛدض‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خلعٕدع‬ ‫ػٕض‬ ٗٔ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬
ٓ١١ٕ‫خٌّؼ‬ ‫ػضص‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ػٕضِد‬ ‫سدم‬ ً‫ٚزلى‬ ‫ُٛ٠ال‬ ‫ٚلعد‬ ‫ظـعغغق‬ ‫ؤٔٙد‬ ‫طٌه‬ ‫٠ؼدذ‬ ‫ز١ّٕد‬
.‫وس١غخ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬
‫ٚاالٔذِاج‬ ‫اٌّشاسوح‬:
ْٛ‫٠ّعٍى‬ ‫زدٌعغ١١غ‬ ٓ٠‫خٌّعإؼغ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫ػٕضِد‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ َ‫ظـعشض‬
.ٗ‫ِمدِٚع‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌؼدٌ١ص‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬
ٚ ً١ٙ‫اٌتس‬:ُ‫اٌذػ‬
،‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ِٙدعخض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫ظضع٠ر‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ َٛ‫ظم‬َٚ‫خٌالػ‬ ُ‫خٌضػ‬ ُ٠‫ظمض‬
ٌُٙ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫زؼض‬ ‫عخدص‬ ‫فعغش‬ ُٙ‫ٚبػِدج‬.
:‫ٚاالتفاق‬ ‫اٌتفاٚض‬
‫ظـعشض‬‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ِٓ ‫ٚٚخًخ‬ ‫وس١غ‬ ً‫زلى‬ ‫ظعٌغع‬ ‫ـٙص‬ ‫ٚـٛص‬ ‫ػٕض‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ َ
‫ظٍه‬ ‫ظّعٍه‬ ‫خٌٛلط‬ ‫ٚزٕفؾ‬ ،‫خٌعغ١١غ‬‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ِمدِٚص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ ‫خٌجٙص‬‫خٌٕمدزص‬ ‫وةػِدء‬ ،
‫ِؼضي‬‫ؤ‬‫ظؼٍ١ّدض‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّٛخفمص‬ ً‫ِمدز‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ِٓ ‫ٌّٕعـس١ٙد‬ ٍٝ‫ؤػ‬ ‫ـغ‬
.ًّ‫خٌؼ‬
ٚ ‫االستغالي‬:‫األػعاء‬ ‫اخت١اس‬
‫زّٛـ‬ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫٘د‬ ‫ِٛلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ً‫لس‬ ِٓ ٌٛ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫٠ًٛغ‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫ر‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٗ‫ِودصلع‬ ْ‫ًّد‬ ‫زٙضف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ُ١ّ‫ظو‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬

27. 27
ٚ ‫اٌظا٘ش‬ ٖ‫اإلوشا‬‫اٌظا٘ش‬ ‫غ١ش‬:
‫ػٍٕد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ؿغخ‬ ْٚ‫ف١ٙضص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫لسٛي‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٍِْٛ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫٠جسغ‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫زّٛـر‬
‫خٌعغل١ص‬ ِٓ ُٙٔ‫زذغِد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ُٙ‫ٚظدجف‬ ْ‫زفمضخ‬ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌٍجٛء‬ ُ‫ٚ٠ع‬ ..ً‫خٌٕم‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ً‫خٌفو‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬
‫ددٌص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌِغ٠مص‬ٚ ،‫زدٌغص‬ ‫ؤّ٘١ص‬ ‫طخض‬ ‫خٌـغػص‬ ْٛ‫و‬‫٠ّعٍه‬ ‫ػٕضِد‬ ‫ؤ٠ٌد‬ٌ‫خ‬‫ّٕلا‬ٍْٚٝ‫ػ‬
‫وس١غش‬ ‫لٛش‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ٚ ‫ؿغ٠ؼص‬ ‫ؤٔٙد‬ ‫ب٠جدز١دظٙد‬ ُ٘‫ٚؤ‬ ،ِٓ ‫ٔٛع‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌعغٍر‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّمضعش‬ ‫ٌٙد‬
‫سِٛعش‬ ‫ؤّ٘ٙد‬ ‫ؿٍس١دض‬ ِٓ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ٍٛ‫ظش‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خٌٛلط‬ ‫ٔفؾ‬ ٟ‫ٚف‬ ‫خٌّمدِٚص‬ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خؿع١دء‬ ‫خؿعّغخع‬
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٟ‫ِٕلح‬ ِٓ
‫الخىظيمي‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫امج‬‫ز‬‫ب‬ ‫هجاح‬ ‫عىامل‬:
ٟ‫ف‬ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫زغخِؿ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٓ١ّ‫ٌٍمدج‬ ‫ظع١خ‬ ‫ِؼ١ٕص‬ ًِ‫ػٛخ‬ ‫ظٛفغ‬ ِٓ ‫الزض‬
:ٍٟ٠ ‫ِد‬ ًِ‫خٌؼٛخ‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ُ٘‫ٚؤ‬ ُ٘‫ـٙٛص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌٕجدح‬ ‫فغم‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬
ْ‫ٌٌّد‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٌجٙٛص‬ ٓ١٠‫خإلصخع‬ ‫خٌمدصش‬ ‫ٚظإ٠١ض‬ ُ‫صػ‬.‫خؿعّغخع٠عٙد‬
.ًٗ‫٠ؼدع‬ ‫ٚال‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ً‫٠مس‬ ٞ‫خٌظ‬ َ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خٌّٕدر‬ ‫ظٛفغ‬
.‫ٚسدعـٙد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ً‫صخس‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٚوالء‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫سسغخء‬ ‫ٚـٛص‬
.‫ٚظٕف١ظ٘د‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخف‬ ُ‫عؿ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخٌجّدػدض‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫بكغخن‬
.ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫ٌألفغخص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٚؤؿسدذ‬ ‫صٚخفغ‬ ‫ٚظًٛ١خ‬ ‫كغح‬
.‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٚخٌّؼٕٛ٠ص‬ ‫خٌّدص٠ص‬ ‫خٌفٛخجض‬ ْ‫ز١د‬

28. 28
‫املىا‬‫عىاصز‬‫خ‬:‫للخغيير‬ ‫الصحي‬
‫أساليب‬:‫الخغيير‬
‫اٌتمٍ١ذ‬ ‫األسٍٛب‬:ٞ
.‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫٠ـسسٙد‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خألًغخع‬ ُ١ِ‫ٚظغ‬ ‫خٌؽغغخض‬ ‫ؿض‬ ‫ِذدٌٚص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خألؿٍٛذ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ً‫٠عّؽ‬
ٗٔ‫ؤ‬ ُ‫٠عـ‬ً‫خٌفؼ‬ ‫عص‬ ً‫كى‬ ‫ٚ٠عشظ‬ ،ٗ‫ُس١ؼع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫صفدػ‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬.
‫اٌحذ٠ث‬ ‫األسٍٛب‬:)‫اٌتٕثؤ‬ ‫(أسٍٛب‬
‫ظٛلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خألؿٍٛذ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ً‫٠عّؽ‬‫ٚظٕسا‬‫خٌظغٚف‬ ‫ِغ‬ ًِ‫ٌٍعؼد‬ ‫خٌّـسك‬ ‫ٚخألػضخص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬
ًٌ‫ؤف‬ ‫ٔعدجؿ‬ ‫ظذم١ك‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ُ‫ؼ‬ ِٓٚ ‫خٌجض٠ضش‬ٛ٘ٚ ،‫ٚ٠عشظ‬ ،ٗ‫ُس١ؼع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ِٟٛ‫٘ج‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬
ٟ‫خٌٛلدج‬ ً‫خٌلى‬.
:‫ٚخالزعىدع‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ُس١ؼص‬‫فىغش‬ ٛٙ‫ف‬ ‫خالزعىدع‬ ‫ؤِد‬ ٓ٘‫خٌغخ‬ ‫ًٌٍٛغ‬ ً٠‫زض‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ ٛ٘ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬
‫خٌش‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌـٍؼص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌؼٍّ١ص‬ ٓ١‫ظذـ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ٌسضء‬ ‫ظِسك‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬‫ظل١غ‬ ‫خالزعىدعخض‬ ‫ـّ١غ‬ ْ‫ب‬ ،‫ضِص‬
‫خزعىدعخض‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غخض‬ ‫ـّ١غ‬ ‫ٌ١ؾ‬ ٓ‫ٌٚى‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬.
‫الخىظيمي؟‬‫الخطىيز‬ ‫على‬‫ويؤثز‬‫ًخغير‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫ما‬
‫األفشاد؟‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫٠تغ١ش‬ ٞ‫اٌز‬ ‫ِا‬
.‫خٌذدٌ١ص‬ ‫خٌٛظدجف‬ ‫خِىدٔ١دض‬ ‫٠عجدٚػ‬ ٞ‫خٌظ‬ ً‫زدٌلى‬ ٓ‫خٌـ‬ ‫ٌوغدع‬ ‫خٌِّٛح‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خالعظفدع‬
.‫ٚخألـٛع‬ ‫زدٌٕمٛص‬ ‫ِعؼخ٠ض‬ َ‫خ٘عّد‬

29. 29
ٌ‫خ‬ ‫ؼمص‬ َ‫ػض‬.ُ١ٍ‫خٌـ‬ ‫خٌعوغف‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ُٙ‫لضعظ‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ِٓ ُٙ‫زغئؿدج‬ ٓ١‫ّغئٚؿ‬
‫ٚخٌجؼخء‬ ‫خٌذٛخفؼ‬ ‫ؤٔظّص‬ ٜٚ‫ـض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌؽمص‬ َ‫ػض‬‫خ‬.‫خٌعّ١١ؼ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ٚلضعظٙد‬ ‫ض‬
.‫خٌـغ٠غ‬ ٟ‫خٌٛلع‬ ‫خٌىـر‬ ‫زإّ٘١ص‬ ‫خالدـدؽ‬
‫خٌٕؼػص‬‫ٌإلدـدؽ‬‫خألفغخص‬ ‫د١دش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خإلؼدعش‬ ‫ِودصع‬ ‫ؤدض‬ ٛ٘ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ْ‫زإ‬.
‫إٌّظّح؟‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫٠تغ١ش‬ ٞ‫اٌز‬ ‫ِا‬
‫د‬ ِٓ ‫ؤفغخص٘د‬ ‫صٚخفغ‬ٟ‫طخظ‬ ٍ‫ٚخٌٔسد‬ ‫ٚػضخٌص‬ ‫ّدؽ‬.
.‫ٚخظجد٘دظٙد‬ ‫ٚل١ّٙد‬ ‫ٚٚهفٙد‬ ‫ؤفغخص٘د‬ ‫كشو١دض‬
.‫ٚخٌّٕظّص‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫زىفدءش‬ ‫ٚػاللعٙد‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫ؤفغخص‬ ‫لضعخض‬
‫اٌؼًّ؟‬ ‫جّاػاخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫٠تغ١ش‬ ٞ‫اٌز‬ ‫ِا‬
.‫خٌجّدػص‬ ِٓ ‫زدٌشغٚؾ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫زدٌضسٛي‬ ‫٢سغ‬ ‫ٚلط‬ ِٓ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ً‫كى‬
.‫ًٚؼفٙد‬ ‫ٚلٛظٙد‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ‫ظّدؿه‬
ٟ‫خٌجّدػ‬ ‫خالظودي‬ ‫ؤؿدٌ١ر‬.‫ؤّٔدُٙد‬ ‫ظغ١غ‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ‫٠عغظر‬ ‫ِّد‬
.ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ِذدٚالض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫٠اؼغ‬ ‫ِّد‬ ‫ظعغ١غ‬ ‫لض‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ‫ِٚؼد٠١غ‬ ُ١‫ل‬
.‫ػالـٙد‬ ‫ٚؤؿدٌ١ر‬ ٟ‫خٌجّدػ‬ ‫ٚخٌوغخع‬ ‫خٌعؼدعى‬
.‫٢سغ‬ ‫ٚلط‬ ِٓ ‫ظعغ١غ‬ ‫لض‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ‫ؤ٘ضخف‬
‫اٌتٕظ١ُ؟‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫٠تغ١ش‬ ٞ‫اٌز‬ ‫ِا‬
.‫ٚخألػّدي‬ ‫خٌٛظدجف‬ ً‫٘١دو‬
.ٓ٠‫ٚخٌّٛعص‬ ‫ٚخٌؼّالء‬ ‫خٌعىٌٕٛٛـ١د‬
ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ٚبـغخءخض‬ ‫ٚؤؿدٌ١ر‬ ‫خألؿٛخق‬.

30. 30
:‫الخغيير‬ ‫غاًاث‬
.) ‫ٚخالؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬ ‫خٌلىٍ١ص‬ َِ‫خٌش‬ ‫ٚخ٠جدص‬ ‫(ظًٛ١خ‬ ‫خؿعغخظ١ج١ص‬ ‫غد٠ص‬
)‫ٚخٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫ٚخٌعّٕ١ص‬ ‫خالسع١دع‬ ‫ِّٚدعؿدض‬ ٓ١١‫خٌعؼ‬ ‫(ظٕف١ظ‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫غد٠ص‬.
.) ‫ٌإلصخعش‬ ‫خٌّذضصش‬ ‫خٌغد٠دض‬ ً٠‫ظؼض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫(ًٚغ‬ ‫خأل٘ضخف‬ ‫غد٠ص‬
‫خٌّؼعم‬ ‫(ظًٛ١خ‬ ‫خٌؽمدفص‬ ‫غد٠ص‬)‫خٌجٛ٘غ٠ص‬ ُ١‫ٚخٌم‬ ‫ضخض‬.
)‫ٚخٌجّدػدض‬ ‫ٌألفغخص‬ ‫زدٌٕـسص‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ظوّ١ّدض‬ ‫(ظٕف١ظ‬ َ‫خٌّٙد‬ ‫غد٠ص‬.
)ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ٚظضفمدض‬ ‫ٚخٌعـٙ١الض‬ ‫خٌعجٙ١ؼخض‬ ٓ١‫خٌعىٌٕٛٛـ١د(ظذـ‬ ‫غد٠ص‬.
.)‫خ٢ٌ١دض‬ ‫ٚظٕـ١ك‬ ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ُ١ّ‫خٌعو‬ ‫(ظٕف١ظ‬ ً‫خٌٙ١ى‬ ‫غد٠ص‬
‫هٌكل‬
‫فردٌة‬
‫استراتٌجٌة‬
‫تنظٌمٌة‬
‫تكنولوجٌا‬
‫ثقافة‬
‫هادفة‬

31. 31

32. 32
‫الفصل‬‫الثالث‬:
‫ٚاٌتطٛ٠ش‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ ‫إداسج‬

33. 33
‫مصادر‬)‫(أسباب‬:‫العامت‬ ‫واملىظماث‬ ‫يع‬‫ر‬‫املشا‬ ‫في‬‫الخغيير‬
،‫صخسٍ١ص‬ ‫ٚظٛظغخض‬ ‫سدعـ١ص‬ ‫ًغُٛدض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ظعؼغى‬ ٟ‫خـعّدػ‬ َ‫وٕظد‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬
‫ؤؿسدذ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ظوٕ١فٙد‬ ٓ‫ٚ٠ّى‬ ،‫ػٍ١ٙد‬ ‫ٌٍعغٍر‬ َ‫خٌالػ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌسذػ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٓ١ٌٚ‫زدٌّـا‬ ‫ظضفغ‬
‫صخسٍ١ص‬.‫سدعـ١ص‬ ‫ٚؤؿسدذ‬
:‫اٌخاسج١ح‬ )‫(األسثاب‬ ‫اٌّصادس‬
‫خ‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬:‫ٌِس١ؼ١ص‬‫ِودصع‬ ‫ظٛفغ‬ ٜ‫ِض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ،‫خٌّٕعجص‬ ‫خٌسعغٚي‬ ‫زىّ١ص‬ ‫خٌّعؼٍمص‬ ‫خٌعغ١غخض‬ ً‫ِؽ‬
‫بػدلص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬ ‫ؿ١دؿ١ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خلعودص٠ص‬ ‫ألؿسدذ‬ ‫ؿٛخء‬ ‫خٌؼ٠دصش‬ ٚ‫خ‬ ‫خإلٔعدؾ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫فدٌٕمن‬ ،ٖ‫خٌّ١د‬
.‫خأل٘ضخف‬ ِٓ ‫خٌؼض٠ض‬ ‫ظٕف١ظ‬
:)‫(خٌض٠ّغغخف١ص‬ ‫خٌـىدٔ١ص‬ ‫خٌعغ١غخض‬‫ٌٍّجعّؼدض‬ ‫خٌّعـدعػص‬ ‫فدٌّضٔ١ص‬
١‫ٚخٌعغ‬ ‫خٌؼغز١ص‬‫ٚخٔعمدي‬ ْ‫خٌعّض‬ ‫ٚخٔعلدع‬ ٟٔ‫خٌـىد‬ ‫خٌعٛػ٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫١غ‬
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ُ‫٠ذع‬ ْ‫خٌّض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫خٌسدص٠ص‬ ِٓٚ ‫خٌمغٚ٠ص‬ ‫خٌذ١دش‬ ِٓ ‫خألفغخص‬
‫ودٌشضِدض‬ ‫خٌّٕدؿسص‬ ‫خٌّؼ١ل١ص‬ ‫خٌظغٚف‬ ‫ٚظٛف١غ‬ ‫خٌالػِص‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غخض‬ ‫بصسدي‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬
... ‫خٌوذ١ص‬
:‫خٌؼدٍِص‬ ٜٛ‫ٌٍم‬ ‫خٌؽمدف١ص‬ ‫خٌشودجن‬‫ٚخٌعضع٠ر‬ ُ١ٍ‫خٌعؼ‬ ‫ِـعٛ٠دض‬ ْ‫ب‬‫خٌؼمٍ١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌّؼد٠١غ‬
‫خٌضٚي‬ ٟ‫فف‬ ،‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غخض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫وس١غ‬ ‫صٚع‬ ‫ٌٙد‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬
ٟ‫ف‬ َ‫فم‬ ‫ٌ١ؾ‬ ‫خٌّدي‬ ‫عؤؽ‬ ِٓ ‫ًشّص‬ ‫وّ١دض‬ ‫ظٕفك‬ ‫خٌّعمضِص‬ ‫خٌوٕدػ١ص‬
‫خٌّٙدعخض‬ ‫ٌعّٕ١ص‬ ً‫ز‬ ‫خٌّجعّغ‬ ‫ؤػٌدء‬ ‫ٌجّ١غ‬ ّٟ٠‫خألودص‬ ُ١ٍ‫خٌعؼ‬ ٓ١‫ظذـ‬
ٍٝ‫فؼ‬ .‫خألِض‬ ً٠ُٛ ٟ‫ظضع٠س‬ ‫زغٔدِؿ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ِٓ ‫خٌٍِّٛزص‬‫خظشدط‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬
.‫خٌؼدٍِص‬ ‫ٌمٛخ٘د‬ ُ١ٍ‫ٚخٌعؼ‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫ٌعٛف١غ‬ ‫خٌالػِص‬ ‫خإلـغخءخض‬
:‫خٌوٕدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌعمٕ١ص‬ ‫ظٛفغ‬‫ِٕٚعلغش‬ ‫ِعٛفغش‬ ‫خٌوٕدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌعمٕ١ص‬ ‫ؤهسذط‬
‫ِشعٍف‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌوٕدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌضٚي‬ ِٓ ‫خٌعمٕ١ص‬ ‫خألٔظّص‬ ‫خؿع١غخص‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ‫ٚطٌه‬
.‫خٌٕلدُدض‬

34. 34
:‫خالـعّدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬‫ظٛخـ‬ ‫خٌّـعمٍص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬‫ز١حعٙد‬ ِٓ ‫ظٕسؼػ‬ ‫لٛ٠ص‬ ‫ًغُٛدض‬ ٗ
‫ؤٔٙد‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ٟ‫ب٠جدز‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ‫دضٚغ‬ ‫ِجدي‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ب٠جدز١ص‬ ْٛ‫ظى‬ ‫لض‬ ‫خٌٌغُٛدض‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ،‫خالـعّدػ١ص‬
.‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫زٙد‬ َٛ‫ظم‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ـٙٛص‬ ِٓ ‫خٌؼض٠ض‬ ًِ‫ظس‬ ‫لض‬ ٟ‫ػىـ‬ ً‫زلى‬
:‫اٌذاخٍ١ح‬ )‫(األسثاب‬ ‫اٌّصادس‬
‫الاجتماع‬ ‫والنظام‬ ‫الفردي‬ ‫السلوك‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الترابط‬ ‫عدم‬ :‫أوال‬‫املنظمات‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫ي‬
‫ٚخ٘عّدِدض‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫خ٘عّدِدض‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫ظٕدلي‬ ً‫٠ذو‬ ‫ػٕضِد‬ ‫خٌّلدع٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ظعٌٛض‬ ‫خٌعٛظغخض‬ ْ‫ب‬
.ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ـّدػدض‬ ً‫صخس‬ ‫خٌعٛظغخض‬ ‫دضش‬ ‫ػ٠دصش‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٞ‫٠اص‬ ‫ِّد‬ ،‫خٌّٕظّص‬
‫خٌّىدفحص‬ َ‫ٔظد‬ ‫ًؼف‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫خالٔذغخفدض‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ً‫ٚظذو‬ ،ٓ١ٔ‫ٚخٌمٛخ‬ ‫خٌمٛخػض‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خالٔذغخف‬
‫ٔٛع‬ ‫بًفدء‬ ِٓ ‫فالزض‬ ،‫ٚخٌؼمٛزص‬‫زذضٚغ‬ ‫ٌٍـّدح‬ ‫ٚخٌمٛخػض‬ ٓ١ٔ‫خٌمٛخ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّغٚٔص‬ ِٓ
.‫خٌالػِص‬ ‫خإل٠جدز١ص‬ ‫خٌعغ١غخض‬
‫ا‬ ‫ألانظمة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الترابط‬ ‫عدم‬ :‫ثانيا‬‫والاجتماعية‬ ‫لثقافية‬
‫ظعٍِر‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌعٛظغخض‬ ِٓ ‫ٔٛع‬ ‫٠ذضغ‬ ‫خٌّؼٍٕص‬ ُ١‫خٌم‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫ظٕدلي‬ ‫ٌٛـٛص‬ ‫وٕع١جص‬
‫ػ‬ ‫زدالػعّدص‬ ‫خٌّٕدصخش‬ ‫فّؽال‬ ،‫ٌّٛخـٙعٙد‬ َ‫خٌالػ‬ ‫زدٌعغ١١غ‬ َ‫خٌم١د‬‫وإؿؾ‬ ‫ٚخالؿعذمدق‬ ‫خٌجضخعش‬ ٍٝ
ْ‫ؤ‬ ٜ‫ٔغ‬ ‫ػٕضِد‬ ‫خٌؼٍّ١ص‬ ‫خٌذ١دش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٔظغ٠ص‬ ‫ٚؤُغ‬ ‫ؤلٛخي‬ ‫ِجغص‬ ‫ظوسخ‬ ‫خٌعغل١ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ٓ١١‫ٌٍعؼ‬
.‫ظؼعّض‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌّمد٠١ؾ‬ ٟ٘ ‫خٌـ١دؿ١ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌلشو١ص‬ ًِ‫خٌؼٛخ‬
‫الاجتماعي‬ ‫النظام‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫الترابط‬ ‫عدم‬ :‫ثالثا‬
ٞ‫ؤ‬‫ظٛظ‬ ‫٠ٌٛض‬ ‫ٚ٘ظخ‬ َ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خٌّلغٚع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌضخسٍ١ص‬ ‫خالـعّدػ١ص‬ ‫خٌس١حص‬‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ًّٓ ‫غخض‬
.‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫ِىؽفص‬ ‫ٚـٙٛص‬ ‫ٔؼخع‬ ‫ظشٍك‬ ‫لض‬ ‫ٚؤد١دٔد‬

35. 35
:‫الخغيير‬ ‫كيادة‬
ُٙ٠‫ٌض‬ ٓ١٠‫ل١دص‬ ‫زّضعخء‬ ‫خالؿعؼدٔص‬ ٟ‫ظـعضػ‬ ‫خٌؼغز١ص‬ ‫ِٕظّدظٕد‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٌٍعغ١غ‬ ‫خٌذدـص‬ ْ‫ب‬
‫ِد‬ ً١‫ظش‬ ِٓ ُٕٙ‫٠ّى‬ ‫ٚس١دي‬ ‫ِـعمسٍ١ص‬ ‫عئ٠ص‬
،‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ‫بـغخء‬ ‫زؼض‬ ‫خألًٚدع‬ ٗ١ٍ‫ػ‬ ْٛ‫ؿعى‬
ٌ‫خ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ‫ظٕجخ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ‫فال‬‫وغؽ‬ ‫بطخ‬ ‫بال‬ ‫عغ١١غ‬
‫خألؿدٌ١ر‬ ‫الزعىدع‬ ُٙ‫ُٚدلع‬ ُٙ‫ٚلع‬ ‫خٌّضعخء‬
‫ظذم١ك‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ًّ‫ظؼ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خإلزضخػ١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌِغق‬
‫ٚوظٌه‬ .‫خٌؼدٌّ١ص‬ ‫خٌّعغ١غخض‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ٚخٌعى١ف‬ ‫خأل٘ضخف‬
ُٙٙ‫ظٛخـ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌوؼٛزدض‬ ً١ٌ‫ظظ‬ ٜ‫ؤسغ‬ ‫ٔدد١ص‬ ِٓ
‫ظ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌّـعجضخض‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌِدعجص‬ ‫خٌذدالض‬ ‫ٌّٛخـٙص‬ ُِِٙ‫س‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌالػِص‬ ‫خٌّغٚٔص‬ ‫ٚظٛف١غ‬‫ِغؤ‬
‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ‫ؤؼٕدء‬.
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫اإلداسج‬ ‫دٚس‬‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ ‫ل١ادج‬:
ٞ‫خٌّدص‬ ُ‫خٌضػ‬ ُ٠‫ٚظمض‬ ،‫ٚخٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫زغخِؿ‬ ُ‫ٚظضػ‬ ‫خٌؼٍ١د‬ ‫خإلصخعش‬ ‫ظـدٔض‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬
.‫إلٔجددٙد‬ َ‫خٌالػ‬
‫ظغ١١غ٘د‬ ُ‫ؿ١ع‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌجٛخٔر‬ ‫ٚظذض٠ض‬ ‫خٌّـعٙضف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫ٚصعـص‬ ‫ؤّ٘١ص‬ ‫ظذض٠ض‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬
.‫صل١ك‬ ً‫زلى‬
ٌ‫خ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ َ‫عز‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬.‫ٚخٌذٛخفؼ‬ ‫زدألـٛع‬ ‫عغ١١غ‬
ِٓ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ٓ‫ٌ١عّى‬ ‫ؤٚؿغ‬ ‫ٚهالد١دض‬ ‫ظفٛ٠ٌدض‬ ‫ِٕٚخ‬ ‫خٌمغخع‬ ‫ِغوؼ٠ص‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ٍٟ‫خٌعش‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬
.َ‫ٚخٌعمض‬ ‫خإلزضخع‬
.ٞ‫خإلصخع‬ ‫خٌفىغ‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ًّ‫ظؼ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌذض٠ؽص‬ ‫خٌعىٍٕٛـ١د‬ َ‫ٚخؿعشضخ‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫ظلج١غ‬

36. 36
‫ي‬‫مدًز‬ ‫جىاحه‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الخددًاث‬‫العا‬ ‫(املىظماث‬ ‫العامت‬ )‫يع‬‫ر‬‫(املشا‬‫في‬ ‫العزبي‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫في‬ )‫مت‬
‫مىظماتهم‬ ‫في‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إدا‬
:‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّلدع٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخإلصخعش‬ ٓ١١‫خٌـ١دؿ‬ ‫خٌمدصش‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫خٌؼاللدض‬ ‫ُس١ؼص‬ٓ١‫ظؼ‬ ‫خٌذىِٛدض‬
ٓ١‫٠ؼ‬ ٞ‫خٌظ‬ ‫خٌٛلط‬ ٟ‫فف‬ ،‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّلدع٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ٓ٠‫ٚخٌّض٠غ‬ ‫خإلصخعش‬ ‫ؤػٌدء‬ ُ‫ِؼظ‬
‫ٚخ‬ ‫خٌشسغش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫زٕدء‬ ‫خٌشدم‬ ‫خٌمِدع‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٓ٠‫خٌّض٠غ‬ ٗ١‫ف‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫زٕدء‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌـدزك‬ ‫ٌعضع٠ر‬
‫خٌـدزمص‬ ُٙ‫بٔجدػخظ‬‫ٔجض‬ ،‫ؿدزك‬ ٞ‫ػـىغ‬ ‫ٌّـاٚي‬ ‫ف١ٙد‬ ‫خٌغجدؿص‬ ‫بؿٕدص‬ ُ‫٠ع‬ ‫لض‬ َ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫خٌمِدع‬
.‫ػعخػ١ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫هٕدػ١ص‬ ‫ِٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ًّ‫ٌ١ؼ‬
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫٠ؼعّض‬ ‫ال‬ ‫خإلصخعش‬ ‫ٚؤػٌدء‬ ٓ٠‫خٌّض٠غ‬ ‫ٚظغل١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌعغ١١غ‬ ٓ١١‫خٌعؼ‬ ‫ِؼ١دع‬ ْ‫ود‬ ‫بطخ‬
‫ٌإلزضخع‬ ‫خٌذم١م١ص‬ ‫خٌذغوص‬ ٓ٠‫ؤ‬ ‫د١ٕٙد‬ ،‫خٌىفدءش‬‫خٌّض٠غ٠ٓ؟‬ ‫ٌٙاالء‬
‫ٚخٌّٕعجدض‬ ‫خٌشضِدض‬ ٟ‫ِـعٍٙى‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫خٌؼاللدض‬ ‫ُس١ؼص‬ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫ٚبصخعش‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّلدع٠غ‬ ٟ‫ف‬
ٞ‫ِٚض٠غ‬ ٓ١‫خٌّـعٍٙى‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ‫خٌغخـؼص‬ ‫خٌعغظ٠ص‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ،‫زدٌٌؼف‬ ‫ظعّ١ؼ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌّلد٠غ‬
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ظمٛص‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ِٛـٛصش‬ ‫ودٔط‬ ‫بطخ‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫ِٛـٛصش‬ ‫غ١غ‬ ‫ؤٔٙد‬ ‫بِد‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّلدع٠غ‬
ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌـ١دؿدض‬.‫خٌىفدءش‬
‫خٌّعٛخًؼص‬ ٚ‫خ‬ ‫خٌٌؼ١فص‬ ‫خإلصخع٠ص‬ ‫خٌمضعخض‬‫خٌمٛخػض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخٌضٔ١د‬ ِٝ‫خٌٛؿ‬ ‫خٌّٛخلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬
..‫خٌشسغش‬ ‫ٚلٍص‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫ًؼف‬ ‫زـسر‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫ٌٍّلدع٠غ‬ ‫خٌعٕظ١ّ١ص‬
‫خٌعى‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫ٌٍّلدع٠غ‬ ‫خٌسِٟء‬ ‫خٌعى١ف‬ٕٛ‫خٌّعِٛعش‬ ‫ٌٛـ١د‬ُ‫ؤػظ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌٕمِص‬ ٖ‫فٙظ‬ ،
٠‫خٌّلدع‬ ٞ‫ِض٠غ‬ ٜ‫ٌض‬ ‫ٚخٌعذض٠دض‬ َ‫خٌّٙد‬ ‫ٚؤهؼر‬ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِعّؽٍص‬ ٟ‫خٌؼغز‬ ٌُ‫خٌؼد‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫غ‬
.‫خٌعىٍٕٛـ١د‬ َ‫ٚخؿعشضخ‬ ً١‫ظلغ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫لضعش‬ ‫ظِٛ٠غ‬
‫ٚخٌعلغ٠ؼدض‬ ٓ١ٔ‫ٌٍمٛخ‬ ‫خٌسِٟء‬ ‫ٚخٌعى١ف‬ ‫خٌعِٛع‬‫ـٙٛص‬ ٗ‫ظٛخـ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌعذض٠دض‬ ٜ‫بدض‬ ٟ٘ٚ
.‫خٌؼدِص‬ ‫خٌّٕظّدض‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫خإلزضخع‬

37. 37
‫والخطىيز‬‫الخغيير‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الخىميت‬ ‫جددًاث‬:
ٔ‫صٌٚص‬ ‫ظجغزص‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ل١غ‬ّٕٞٛ‫خٌع‬ َ١ِ‫ٚخٌعش‬ ‫ٌٍعفى١غ‬ ‫ـض٠ضش‬ ‫ِٕٙج١ص‬ ٟٕ‫ظس‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ْ‫خألعص‬
‫ِغ‬ ٍُ‫ٚخٌعإل‬ ،ٗ‫ِٚعٍِسدظ‬ ٍٟ‫خٌضخس‬ ٟٔ‫خألعص‬ ْ‫خٌلإ‬ ‫الؿع١ؼدذ‬ ٓ٠‫ـض٠ض‬ ُٙ‫ٚف‬ ‫زؼمٍ١ص‬
‫ٚػخعش‬ ًّ‫ظؼ‬ ‫ٌظٌه‬ .‫ِٚعغ١غخظٙد‬ ‫خٌؼٌّٛص‬ ً‫ظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٌُ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫٠لٙض٘د‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌّعـدعػص‬ ‫خٌّـعجضخض‬
‫خ‬ ‫ٚػخعش‬ ‫ِغ‬ َ‫خٌعد‬ ْٚ‫زدٌعؼد‬ ‫خٌّجدي‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌضخسٍ١ص‬‫خٌؼاللص‬ ‫طخض‬ ‫خٌٛػخعخض‬ ‫ٚودفص‬ َ١ِ‫ٌعش‬
.‫خٌّـعضخِص‬ ‫خٌعّٕ١ص‬ ‫ػٛخجض‬ ُ١‫ٌٚعؼظ‬ ٟ‫خٌّاؿـ‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ٌعؼّ١ك‬ ‫خٌعّٕٛ٠ص‬ ‫زدٌّلدع٠غ‬


38. 38
‫الفصل‬‫ابع‬‫ز‬‫ال‬:
‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ ً‫ٚٚسائ‬ ‫أدٚاخ‬

39. 39
:‫والسلىكيت‬ ‫الفىيت‬ ‫اث‬‫ر‬‫املها‬ ‫فع‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ‫يب‬‫ر‬‫الخد‬ :‫أوال‬
‫ٚخألٔلِص‬ ‫خٌجٙٛص‬ ‫ظٍه‬ ‫ٕ٘د‬ ‫زدٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫٠موض‬‫خٌجّدػ١ص‬ ٚ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌفغص٠ص‬ ‫خٌّٙدعخض‬ ‫زغفغ‬ ‫خٌشدهص‬
:‫خٌعدٌ١ص‬ ‫خٌشِٛخض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ًّ‫ظلع‬ ٟ٘ٚ ،ٓ١‫ِؼ‬ ‫ِجدي‬ ٟ‫ف‬
.‫ِؼ١ٕص‬ ‫ِاكغخض‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫زدٌٕظغ‬ ‫خٌعضع٠س١ص‬ ‫خالدع١دـدض‬ ‫ظذض٠ض‬
،‫خٌّ١ؼخٔ١ص‬ ،‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫"ؤؿٍٛذ‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫سِص‬ ُ١ّ‫ظو‬
"....‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ٓ‫ؤِدو‬.
‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫خٔعدـ١ص‬ ‫ػ٠دصش‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ‫فؼدٌ١ص‬ ُ١١‫ظم‬
‫ؤ‬‫ٌٍعضع٠ر‬ ٓ١‫خٌشدًؼ‬ ‫ؿٍٛن‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٚ.
‫أوال‬:‫والسلوكٌة‬ ‫الفنٌة‬ ‫المهارات‬ ‫ورفع‬ ‫التدرٌب‬
‫ثانٌا‬:‫المستقلة‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫جماعات‬
‫ثالثا‬:‫المرن‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫جدول‬
‫رابعا‬:‫اإلدارة‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫المشاركة‬
‫خامسا‬:‫الوظٌفة‬ ‫وتعظٌم‬ ‫الوظٌفة‬ ‫تكبٌر‬
‫سادسا‬:‫اإلدارٌة‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫تدرٌب‬

40. 40
:‫املسخللت‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫حماعاث‬ :‫ثاهيا‬
ِْٛٛ‫٠م‬ ‫ال‬ ُٙ‫ف‬ ‫ٚخالؿعمالي‬ ‫خٌذغ٠ص‬ ِٓ ‫ِؼ٠ض‬ ‫ٌٙد‬ ٟ‫ٚخٌع‬
ٛ٘ ٌٛ‫خٌؼ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ً‫ز‬ ‫ِٚعىغعش‬ ‫ِعشووص‬ ‫هغ١غش‬ ‫زؼٍّ١دض‬
‫ظذض٠ض‬ ‫ِغ‬ ٍٗ‫و‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫بٔجدػ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ٓ١ٌٚ‫ِـا‬ ‫خٌجّدػص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٖ‫ٚػِالء‬
ٕ‫زدٌع‬ ُٕٙ١‫ز‬ ‫خٌّـاٌٚ١ص‬ ‫ٚظضٚع‬ ‫خٌّـاٚي‬ ٌٛ‫خٌؼ‬‫ِّد‬ ‫دٚذ‬ٌٟ‫٠م‬
‫ػضص‬ ‫خسعودع‬ ‫ِغ‬ ،‫ٌٍجّدػص‬ ‫زدالٔعّدء‬ ‫خألػٌدء‬ ‫ٚ٠لؼغ‬ ًٌٍّ‫خ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬
َ‫ؤ٠د‬ِٓ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬(6ٌٝ‫ب‬5.)
:‫ن‬‫املز‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫ل‬‫حدو‬ :‫ثالثا‬
ٞ‫خٌظ‬ ‫خٌٛلط‬ ‫٠شعدع‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٌٍفغص‬ ‫خٌجضٚي‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫٠ـّخ‬
‫ظغٚف‬ ٓ١‫ز‬ ًِ‫ٌٍعىد‬ ‫ِّعدػش‬ ‫فغهص‬ ‫٠ع١خ‬ ٞ‫ٚخٌظ‬ ٗ١‫ف‬ ًّ‫٠ؼ‬
ٔٚ‫ِغ‬ ‫ِٕٚخ‬ ،‫ٌٍؼّدي‬ ‫خٌلشو١ص‬ ‫ٚخٌظغٚف‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬‫زضخ٠ص‬ ‫ٌٛلط‬ ‫ص‬
‫خٌط‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ؿدػدض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌعغو١ؼ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ٚٔٙد٠ص‬‫ظغظفغ‬ ٞ
.‫خإلٔعدـ١ص‬ ‫ف١ٙد‬
:‫ة‬‫ر‬‫إلادا‬ ‫في‬ ‫املشاركت‬ :‫ابعا‬‫ر‬
‫زفحص‬ ‫خإلصخعش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌّلدعوص‬ ٟٕ‫ٚظؼ‬ ،ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ص٠ّمغخُ١ص‬
ِٓ ‫ػضص‬ ‫٠جٍؾ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ‫بصخعش‬ ‫ِجٍؾ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌؼّدي‬ ِٓ
‫ٌإلصخ‬ ُ٘‫ٔظغ‬ ‫ٚـٙص‬ ً١‫ٌعٛه‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٞ‫ِض٠غ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫خٌؼّدي‬‫عش‬
.ُّٙٙ‫ظ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌمغخعخض‬ ‫خظشدط‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٌٚالكعغخن‬ ‫خٌؼٍ١د‬

41. 41
:‫الىظيفت‬ ‫وحعظيم‬ ‫الىظيفت‬‫جكبير‬ :‫خامسا‬
‫خ‬ ‫خٌعٛؿغ‬ ٛ٘‫أل‬َ‫ِٚٙد‬ ‫خألٔلِص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫فم‬
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خالزمدء‬ ُ‫٠ع‬ ‫ٕٚ٘د‬ ‫ٌٍٛظ١فص‬ ‫خٌّىٛٔص‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬
َ‫ِٚٙد‬ ‫ؤٔلِص‬ ‫بًدفص‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫ٌٙد‬ ‫خألؿدؿ١ص‬ ‫خٌّىٛٔدض‬
ًّ‫٠ل‬ ‫خٌٕٛع‬ ‫ٚ٘ظخ‬ .‫خٌٛظ١فص‬ ‫ٔٛع‬ ‫ٔفؾ‬ ِٓ ًّ‫ػ‬
ٔ‫خ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬‫خصخء‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌعٕدٚذ‬ َ‫ودؿعشضخ‬ ‫خٌعؼض٠الض‬ ِٓ ‫ٛخع‬
ٜٛ‫ِـع‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌّـعٛ٠دض‬ ‫زؼي‬ ‫ٚؿذر‬ ‫خٌٛظدجف‬
‫ٚظٕٛع‬ ٝٔ‫ؤص‬ ٟ‫ٚظ١ف‬ ٌٝٛ‫ِـع‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ٍٝ‫ؤػ‬ ٟ‫ٚظ١ف‬
.َ‫خٌّٙد‬
:‫يت‬‫ر‬‫إلادا‬ ‫الشبكت‬ ‫يب‬‫ر‬‫جد‬ :‫سادسا‬
‫ٚخإلٔعدؾ‬ ًّ‫زدٌؼ‬ َ‫ٚخال٘عّد‬ ٓ١ٍِ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫ِٙدعخض‬ ‫ٌغفغ‬
ٝ‫دع‬ ً‫خٌّعٛخه‬ ‫خٌعضع٠ر‬ ِٓ ‫ٌـٕٛخض‬ ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫٠عٍِر‬ ‫ٚ٘ظخ‬
ٍ‫٠عؼ‬‫ٚ٠ىعـسٛ٘د‬ ‫خٌّٙدعخض‬ ‫خٌّٕظّص‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خألفغخص‬ ‫ٚ٠ىعـر‬ ُ
.ُ‫صخج‬ ً‫زلى‬


42. 42
‫الفصل‬‫الخامس‬:
‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ ً‫ِذاخ‬

43. 43
1-:)‫ي‬ ‫املاض‬ ‫فض‬‫ر‬ ‫(مدخل‬
ٗٔ‫أل‬ ‫ط٘ر‬ ‫خألِؾ‬ ْ‫ؤ‬ ‫زدػعسدع‬ ْ٢‫خ‬ ُ‫لدج‬ ٛ٘ ‫ِد‬ ‫عفي‬ ٛ٘
ً‫زى‬ ًٟ‫خٌّد‬ ‫عفي‬ ٛ٘ ‫عفٌٙد‬ ، ‫خٔعجٙد‬ ٞ‫خٌظ‬ ًٟ‫خٌّد‬ ‫زمد٠د‬ ِٓ
.ٗ‫ؤسِدج‬ً‫ِضس‬ ‫ػٕدهغ‬ ِٓ:ًٟ‫خٌّد‬ ‫عفي‬ ‫ُغ٠ك‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌعغ١غ‬
.ًٟ‫خٌّد‬ ‫ٚزلدػص‬ ٍُ‫ظ‬ ُ١‫ظجـ‬
‫ب‬.‫خٌعغ١غ‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ً١ٌ‫وض‬ ‫خٌٌؼفدء‬ ‫زذك‬ ‫خعظىسط‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ٖ‫سِد٠د‬ ‫ظٙدع‬
‫ب‬ْ‫ػال‬‫ؤ‬.‫خٌّجعّغ‬ ‫خفغخص‬ ‫ًذ١عٙد‬ ‫ٚلغ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌظدٌّص‬ ًٟ‫خٌّد‬ ‫ؿغخع‬
.‫خٌِغدش‬ ِٓ ًٟ‫خٌّد‬ ‫ٌغِٛػ‬ ‫خٌؼٍٕ١ص‬ ‫زدٌّذدوّدض‬ َ‫خٌم١د‬
ٌ ‫ٚخٌـّدح‬ ٓ٠‫خٌّعٌغع‬ ‫ظؼٛ٠ي‬ ‫زدذ‬ ‫فعخ‬ُٙ‫ِٚـدٔضظ‬ ٍٟٕ‫ػ‬ ً‫زلى‬ ‫صػٛش‬ ‫زغفغ‬ ُٙ‫ب‬.‫ػالِ١د‬
‫أهم‬
‫مداخل‬
‫التغٌٌر‬
‫رفض‬ ‫مدخل‬
ً‫الماض‬
‫مدخل‬
‫عن‬ ‫االنسالخ‬
‫الحاضر‬
‫أحالم‬ ‫مدخل‬
‫من‬ ‫المستقبل‬
‫التغٌٌر‬ ‫أجل‬
‫صناعة‬ ‫مدخل‬
‫المستقبل‬

44. 44
2-:)‫الحاضز‬ ً‫ع‬ ‫الاوسالخ‬ ‫(مدخل‬
‫ظ١دعخض‬ ‫ًذ١ص‬ ‫خٌّجعّغ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫د١ػ‬
ٚ ‫خألفىدع‬ ٚ ‫خ٢عخء‬ ِٓ ‫ِٚعؼدعًص‬ ‫ِعٕدلٌص‬
ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ٚفٛق‬ ‫ٚخٌّؼعمضخض‬ ُ١‫خٌم‬
‫ٚسدًغ‬ ‫ِسّٙص‬ ‫ؤػِدض‬ ‫ٚدس١ؾ‬ ‫ؤؿ١غ‬ ‫خٌّجعّغ‬
‫ٚخٌضٌٚ١ص‬ ‫خٌظخظ١ص‬ ٜٛ‫ٚخٌم‬ ‫خٌّعغ١غخض‬ ِٓ ‫ٌٍؼض٠ض‬
‫٠وسخ‬ ‫ٕ٘د‬ ِٓ ٚ ،ٜٛ‫خٌم‬ ِٓ ‫ٚغ١غ٘د‬ ‫ٚخاللٍ١ّ١ص‬
ٓ‫٠ّى‬ ٝ‫دع‬ ‫خٌٛخلغ‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫ٌالٔـالر‬ ‫ًغٚعش‬ ‫ٕ٘دن‬
.‫خٌٍِّٛذ‬ ‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫بدضخغ‬
:ٟ٘ٚ ‫اٌحاظش‬ ٓ‫ػ‬ ‫االٔسالخ‬ ً‫ِذخ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ُ‫تت‬ ‫ِشحٍ١ح‬ ‫اساٌ١ة‬
:‫خٌذدًغ‬ ِٓ ‫خٌسؼػ‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬‫ٚ٠ؼعّض‬ ،‫ـض٠ضش‬ ٖ‫ٌذ١د‬ ‫خٌّٛض‬ ِٓ ‫زؼػ‬ ٗٔ‫ؤ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ٖ‫ظوٛ٠غ‬ ُ‫٠ع‬ ٞ‫ؤ‬
‫لد‬ ‫ٚـٛص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خالؿٍٛذ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬.‫سدهص‬ ‫ؿّدض‬ ٚ ‫هفدض‬ ٚ‫ط‬ ٞ‫بصخع‬ ‫جض‬
:‫خٌذدًغش‬ ‫خٌ١مظص‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬‫طو١ص‬ ‫ؤؿحٍص‬ ‫ؤؼدعش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َٛ‫٠م‬،‫ٌّٟٔ؟‬ ٓ٠‫ؤ‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ٔذٓ؟‬ ِٓ :ً‫ِؽ‬
‫ػٕض‬ ‫خٌ١مظص‬ ‫خؼدعش‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ًّ‫ظؼ‬ ‫زؼسمغ٠ص‬ ٚ ‫زّٙدعش‬ ‫خػضض‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌظو١ص‬ ‫خٌعـدئالض‬ ِٓ ‫ٚخٌؼض٠ض‬
.ٗ١‫ف‬ ‫خالؿعّغخع‬ ‫ٚسِٛعش‬ ُ‫لدج‬ ٛ٘ ‫ِد‬ ‫ٌشِٛعش‬ ُٙٙ‫ٚظٕس‬ ٓ١ٍ‫خٌغدف‬
‫خٌوذٛش‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬:‫خٌذدًغش‬‫خ‬ ٖ‫٘ظ‬ ‫ظؼّ١ك‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ َٛ‫ظم‬‫أل‬‫خٌذدًغ‬ ً‫زّلدو‬ ‫ٚخالددُص‬ ‫ؿدٌ١ر‬
ِٓ ‫ٚالزض‬ ،ٗ‫ٚػ١ٛز‬‫ب‬‫خ‬ ‫زؼي‬ ‫٠جدص‬‫أل‬ٟ‫ف‬ ِّٗٙ ‫ظؼعسغ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫ِٛع‬‫ب‬ٟ‫ف‬ ٟ‫ٚخٌٛػ‬ ‫خٌوذٛش‬ ‫ؼدعش‬
‫خٌذدًغ‬،ِٕٙ‫د‬‫ٌٍعغ١غ‬ ٟ‫(خٌضخػ‬ :-‫ٌٍعغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌسٛخػػ‬-.)‫ٌٍعغ١غ‬ ‫خٌّذفؼخض‬
:‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ٛ‫ٔذ‬ ‫خٌٌٕٙص‬ ‫ؤؿٍٛذ‬‫د‬ ‫خٌذغوص‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خالؿٍٛذ‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ ‫٠غوؼ‬‫خألؿؾ‬ ‫ًٚٚغ‬ ‫خٌسٕدء‬ ‫١ػ‬
‫خٌعغ١غ‬ ‫ِٚالِخ‬ ً‫كى‬ ِٟ‫ظؼ‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ً‫خٌٙ١دو‬ ‫ٚؤػّضش‬ ‫خالعظىدػ٠ص‬،‫ِد‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ُ‫ٚ٠ع‬:ٍٟ٠
‫خٌّاؿـدض‬ ‫(ؤؿّدء‬–‫خٌمدجّص‬ ‫خٌعٕظ١ّدض‬ ٚ ‫خٌّاؿـدض‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬-‫ٌٍّاؿـدض‬ ‫خإلصخع٠ص‬ ً‫خٌٙ١دو‬
‫ٚخٌعٕظ١ّدض‬-.)‫ِٕٚظّص‬ ‫ِاؿـص‬ ً‫و‬ ‫ٚصٚع‬ ‫ِـاٌٚ١دض‬ ٚ ‫خسعودهدض‬

45. 45
3-‫املسخلبل‬ ‫أخالم‬ ‫(مدخل‬:)‫الخغيير‬ ‫أحل‬ ً‫م‬
ِٓ ‫خٌسلغ‬ ‫ـّ١غ‬ ٜ‫ٌض‬ ‫خٌعفدئي‬ ْٚ‫ِشؼ‬ ‫آِدي‬ ٚ َ‫ؤدال‬ ِٓ ٗ١‫ف‬ ‫ِد‬ ً‫زى‬ ً‫خٌّـعمس‬ ‫٠ؼعسغ‬
‫خ‬ ِٓ ‫ِجّٛػص‬ َ‫٠ـعشض‬ .‫ٚخالػص٘دع‬ ِٓ‫ٚخأل‬ ‫خٌغسدء‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ْٛ‫٠ـؼ‬ ‫د١ػ‬ ،ٌُ‫خٌؼد‬ ‫صٚي‬ ً‫و‬‫إل‬:‫صخعش‬
‫خ‬ ٍٟ‫خٌّـعمس‬ ٍُ‫خٌذ‬‫أل‬:‫ٚي‬‫ب‬.َ‫خٌعمض‬ ‫هٕغ‬ ٚ ‫خٌم١ٛص‬ ‫ػخٌص‬
:ٍٟ١ّ‫ظى‬ ٍُ‫د‬‫إل‬‫خٌعغ١١غ‬ ‫دضخغ‬.
٘ ٍُ‫د‬.ٍُ‫خٌظ‬ ‫كض٠ض‬ ‫خٌٛخلغ‬ ْٛ‫٠ى‬ ‫:ػٕضِد‬ ٍٟ‫١ى‬
:ٟ‫خالعظمدج‬ ٍُ‫خٌذ‬ٝ‫ظـؼ‬‫ب‬.‫ٚخٌّٕدء‬ ‫خالعظمدء‬ ٌٝ
.‫خٌغزذ١ص‬ ‫ٚػ٠دصش‬ ‫خٌعٛؿغ‬ :ٞ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ٍُ‫خٌذ‬
‫خ‬ ٛ‫ٔذ‬ ‫خٌسلغ٠ص‬ ِٓ ً‫ِٚعو‬ ُ‫صخج‬ ٟ‫ؿؼ‬ ٛ٘ :‫خٌّـعّغ‬ ُ‫خٌضخج‬ ٟ‫خٌِّٛد‬ ٍُ‫خٌذ‬‫أل‬ًٌ‫ف‬
‫ٚخ‬‫أل‬.ٓ‫دـ‬
4-:)‫املسخلبل‬ ‫صىاعت‬ ‫(مدخل‬
‫خسعؼخي‬ ‫زٙضف‬ ً‫خٌّضس‬ ‫٘ظخ‬ َ‫٠ـعشض‬‫فدػٍ١ص‬ ‫ٚظذم١ك‬ ‫خٌعىٍفص‬ ‫ػدجض‬ ‫ػ٠دصش‬ ٚ ‫خٌٛلط‬
‫خٌجٙض‬،:ٍٟ٠ ‫ِد‬ ‫سالي‬ ِٓ ً‫خٌّـعمس‬ ‫ٌوٕغ‬ َٛ‫ظم‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌّـعمسٍ١ص‬ ‫ٌٍغئ٠ص‬ ‫ػٕدهغ‬ ‫ػضش‬ ‫ٕٚ٘دن‬
.ً‫خٌّـعمس‬ ‫هٕغ‬ ‫زغخِؿ‬ َ١ِ‫ظش‬
.ً‫خٌّـعمس‬ ‫هٕغ‬ ٜٛ‫ل‬ ُ١‫ظٕظ‬
.ً‫خٌّـعمس‬ ‫هٕغ‬ ‫ػٕدهغ‬ ٗ١‫ظٛـ‬
.ً‫خٌّـعمس‬ ‫هٕغ‬ ‫ػٍّ١ص‬ ‫ظٕف١ظ‬ ‫ِعدزؼص‬

46. 46
‫السادس‬ ‫الفصل‬:
‫ظشٚف‬ ً‫ظ‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫اٌثشش٠ح‬ ‫اٌّٛاسد‬ َ‫ٔظا‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫اٌتغ١١ش‬ ‫إداسج‬
ّٟ١‫اٌتٕظ‬ ‫االٔخفاض‬

47. 47
:‫ل‬‫الخدى‬ ‫اجيجيت‬‫ر‬‫است‬ ‫بها‬‫ًمز‬ ‫التي‬ ‫اخل‬‫ز‬‫امل‬
:ٌٝٚ‫األ‬ ‫اٌّشحٍح‬
‫خٌـغ٠ؼص‬ ‫خالؿعجدزص‬ ‫ٌعذم١ك‬ ‫خٌِٛخعت‬ ‫سِص‬ ً‫ظّؽ‬
‫ظض٘ٛع‬ ‫زٛلف‬ ‫خٌّٕلإش‬ ‫ظٛخـٙٙد‬ ٟ‫خٌع‬ ‫خٌِدعجص‬ ‫خٌظغٚف‬ ‫ٌّٛخـٙص‬
.‫ؤػّدٌٙد‬ ‫ِجدي‬ ٟ‫ف‬
‫ا‬ ‫اٌّشحٍح‬:‫ٌثأ١ح‬
‫ٔمض٠ص‬ ‫ظضفمدض‬ ‫ظذم١ك‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ٚظٙضف‬ ‫زدالؿعمغخع‬ ً‫ظعّؽ‬
.‫خٌغزخ‬ ‫٘دِق‬ ٓ١‫ٚظذـ‬
:‫اٌثاٌثح‬ ‫اٌّشحٍح‬
‫ػدجض‬ ‫ٌعذم١ك‬ ‫خٌؼٛصش‬ ٌٝ‫ب‬ ‫ٚظٙضف‬ ٌّٕٛ‫خ‬ ‫ِغدٍص‬ ً‫ظّؽ‬
.‫خٌّـعؽّغ‬ ‫خٌّدي‬ ‫عؤؽ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫ِؼمٛي‬
‫البشزيت‬ ‫د‬‫ر‬‫املىا‬ ‫سياساث‬:‫للىمى‬ ‫ل‬‫الخدى‬ ‫فترة‬ ‫خالل‬
‫االحتفاظ‬ ‫ِغ‬ ‫اٌؼّاٌح‬ ‫تىاٌ١ف‬ ‫تخف١ط‬ ‫س١اسح‬:‫اٌؼاٍِح‬ ٜٛ‫تاٌم‬
.‫خٌّوغٚفدض‬ ‫ظشف١ي‬
.‫خألـٛع‬ ‫ظشف١ي‬
.‫خٌجض٠ضش‬ ‫خٌعؼ١ٕدض‬ ً١‫ظإـ‬
.‫ٚخٌعّٕ١ص‬ ‫خٌعِٛ٠غ‬ ‫ِوغٚفدض‬ ‫ظشف١ي‬
‫ا‬ ‫السٌاسات‬ ‫أنواع‬‫إلد‬‫ارٌة‬‫البشرٌة‬ ‫بالموارد‬ ‫الخاصة‬
‫استخدام‬(1)،(2)
(2)
‫واالحتفاظ‬ ‫استخدام‬
‫وتحقٌق‬ ‫العاملة‬ ‫بالقوى‬
‫الضراء‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫الكل‬ ‫مشاركة‬
‫االجور‬ ‫بتخفٌض‬ ‫والسراء‬
‫والمصروفات‬
(1)
‫العمالة‬ ‫تخفٌض‬
‫بعض‬ ‫عن‬ ‫باالستغناء‬
‫لتخفٌض‬ ‫منهم‬
‫المصروفات‬

48. 48
.‫خٌّسىغش‬ ‫خالؿعمدالض‬ ‫ظلج١غ‬
.ً‫ٌٍسضخج‬ ٖ‫ٚخالظجد‬ ‫خإلصخع٠ص‬ ‫خٌّوغٚفدض‬ ‫ظشف١ي‬
.‫عخظر‬ ْٚ‫زض‬ ‫خٌِٛ٠ٍص‬ ‫خالـدػخض‬ ‫ظلج١غ‬
.ًّ‫خٌؼ‬ ‫ؿدػدض‬ ‫ظشف١ي‬
:‫الىفسيت‬ ‫الاججاهاث‬‫حغيير‬
‫ظاؼغ‬‫خالظجد‬ّٟ١‫خٌعٕظ‬ ‫خٌـٍٛن‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌٕفـ١ص‬ ‫٘دض‬،ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ِاؼغش‬ ‫ػٕدهغ‬ ‫ػضش‬ ‫ٕ٘دن‬ ٚ
‫خٌٕفـ١ص‬ ‫خالظجد٘دض‬ ‫ظغ١غ‬،:ٟ٘ٚ
‫ا‬‫إل‬‫ل‬‫ــ‬ٕ‫ــــ‬:‫اع‬
‫خ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خٌمضعش‬ ‫ظؼعّض‬‫إل‬ٚ ٗ‫ـدطز١ع‬ ٚ ‫زدإللٕدع‬ ُ‫خٌمدج‬ ‫خٌلشن‬ ‫لضعخض‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫لٕدع‬‫ؤ‬ٗ‫ؿٍٛز‬
‫زدإللٕدع‬،ْ‫ؤ‬ ٓ‫خٌّّى‬ ِٓ َ‫خال٘عّد‬ ً‫ِذ‬ ‫ًِٛٛع‬ ‫دٛي‬ ‫دّدؿص‬ ٚ ‫زدإللٕدع‬ ٗ‫ٚصخفؼ١ع‬ً‫ظٕعم‬
ِٕٗ‫ب‬‫خ‬ ً‫ِذ‬ ‫خالكشدم‬ ٌٝ‫إل‬‫خٌغؿدٌص‬ ْٛ‫ظى‬ ْ‫خ‬ ‫٠جر‬ .‫لٕدع‬‫ؤ‬‫خالظجد٘دض‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ‫خٌٍِّٛذ‬ ‫خٌفىغش‬ ٚ
‫ب‬.‫ِؼٕد٘د‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ٍٗٙ‫ؿ‬ ‫ٌ١ٙد‬
:ٟٔ‫اٌٛجذا‬ ‫اٌتٕافش‬
‫خدضخغ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫زدإللٕدع‬ ُ‫خٌمدج‬ ‫خٌلشن‬ ‫لضعش‬ ٟ‫ف‬ ‫خٌٕفـ١ص‬ ‫خظجد٘دض‬ ‫ظغ١١غ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫٠ـدػض‬
ٟ‫ف‬ ‫ٚظٕدفغ‬ ‫ظٍس١ص‬‫ؤ‬‫كٟء‬ ٖ‫خظجد‬ ‫خٌفغص‬ ‫ِلدػغ‬ ٚ ‫ِٚؼعمضخض‬ ‫فىدع‬.ٓ١‫ِؼ‬
.ٟٔ‫خٌٛـضخ‬ ‫خٌعٕدفؾ‬ ٍٝ‫ػ‬ ‫خؿعٕدصخ‬ ٖ‫خالظجد‬ ‫ظغ١غ‬ ‫٠ًٛخ‬ ٌٟ‫خٌعد‬ ً‫خٌلى‬
‫ادراك‬
‫التنافر‬
ً‫الوجدان‬
‫رفض‬
‫الفرد‬
‫لالتجاهات‬
‫النفسٌة‬
‫السابقة‬
‫افكار‬ ‫ادخال‬
‫ومعتقدات‬
‫ومشاعر‬
‫تقدٌم‬‫ماهو‬
‫بشكل‬ ‫جدٌد‬
ً‫ومنطق‬ ‫قوي‬
‫جذاب‬ ‫و‬
‫وباسناد‬‫امثلة‬
‫قوٌة‬
‫المنافسة‬
‫حول‬ ‫والحوار‬
‫االفكار‬
‫والمعتقدات‬
‫الجدٌدة‬
‫قبول‬
ً‫ف‬ ‫تغٌٌر‬
‫االتجاه‬
‫رفض‬
ً‫ف‬ ‫تغٌر‬ ‫ال‬
‫االتجاه‬

49. 49

50. 50
‫الفصل‬‫السابع‬:
ّٟ١‫اٌتٕظ‬ ‫اٌتطٛ٠ش‬