Wusme workshop waste to energy final document hq san marino

WUSME
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
WASTE TO ENERGY
Sept. 6th 2014, Rep. of San Marino
1
WUSME, the WORLD UNION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
in Consultative Status with UN ECOSOC since 2013
International Headquarters: Piazzale M. Giangi n. 2, 47890 San Marino – Republic of San Marino
Tel.: +378 0549 991277 Fax: + 378 0549 807710
e-mail: info@wusme.org – website: www.wusme.org
WUSME
WASTETOENERGY
INTERNATIONALWORKSHOP
.

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WUSME INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP
on
WASTE TO ENERGY
as an Integral Part of Sustainable Waste
Management
Issues, Solutions & Technologies and Role of SMEs for Turning
Polluting Waste into Clean Energy
REP. OF SAN MARINO
September 6th, 2014
AN INSIGHT
PREPARED BY:
DR. J S JUNEJA
WUSME VICE PRESIDENT & MEMBER OF THE BOARD
WORKSHOP PRESIDENT & COORDINATOR

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CONTENTS
S.No.
Preface
Title Speakers
Page
No.
6
1 Welcome Address Dr. G. F. Terenzi, President WUSME 9
2 Opening Speech H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni, State
Secretary of Territory and Environment,
Rep. of San Marino
11
3 Introduction to the theme of the
Workshop : Waste to Energy
Dr. J. S. Juneja, Vice President WUSME 12
4 The Waste Treatment Hierarchy
& Management
Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff,
Secretary General WUSME
23
5 Waste Management – Case
Study of Hungary
Mr. Imre Biczo, Director General,
National Institute for Environment (NeKI)
Hungary
30
6 How the European Union
supports Green Energy projects
through funding
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni, Chief Executive
Officer of Pragmata Institute
34

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7 Case Study of China Ms. Rongyong Yang, WUSME Member of
the Board & President, Shanghai High
Victory Fine Chemical Co. Ltd., China
42
8 Waste Problem – A Case study
of India
Mr. Arun Agrawal, WUSME Member of
the Commission on Financial Issues
44
9 Eco area , Better living – A Case
study of Rimini, Italy
Mr. Romano Ugolini, CEO, Eco Area,
Better Living, Rimini, Italy
46
10 Zhongguancun Federation of
Social Organization, China
Mr. Jian Dai, Secretary General,
Zhongguancun Federation of Social
Organization
49
11 Preparing Action Plan for
Camerooon
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz’e, Ministry of Small
and Medium Enterprises, Social
Economy and Handicraft of Cameroon
50
12 A Case study of Cameroon Mrs. Angeline Henzen, National
Coordinator and Spokesman for WUSME
in Cameroon
52
13 World leading waste to energy
solutions – Complete Solution
Mr. Helmut Konig, Director, Avis Global
Energy, Canada
54
14 Generating Electric Energy from
Organic and Plastic waste
Ms. Marta Laczko, Director, Intech
Energy Ltd.
57

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15 Humic acids, humus and humic
substances
Dr. Rafael Pizarro and Dr. Pal Gormory,
Lord Miedrich & Partners Ltd., U.K -
61
16 WUSME & UNESCO Initiatives Dr. Robert Holz, WUSME Vice President &
representative to UNESCO in Paris
(France – Europe), France
63
17 Conclusions and
Recommendations
67
18 Glimpses of the Workshop 70
19 Annex I: Agenda for the
Workshop
72

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PREFACE
The theme of the WUSME Workshop “Waste to Energy” is a topical subject being debated
all the world over by political leaders, scientific communities, municipalities,
enviromentalists and intellectuals since the menace of waste is increasing every day in
geometrical progression on the one hand and depleting landfills, due to limited landmass,
on the other hand. Therefore, minimizing waste, converting waste into energy, recycling
waste into economically useful products are emerging solutions and some of them have
been well tried and adopted towards integrated approach for waste management.
In this context, the opening remarks at the Workshop by H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni, State
Minister of Territory, Infrastructures and Relation to the AASP, San Marino and Dr. Gian
Franco Terenzi ,WUSME President that waste should be treated as a resource instead of a
problem for the community, were very befitting and inspiring. This in fact set the direction
of the Workhop which dwelt on various technologies for turning polluting waste to clean
energy and other possible solutions.
The editing team went through all the proceedings and presentations of the speakers and
has structured this document keeping in view the premise to find solutions for utilization of
waste as a resource through recycling of waste into economically viable products and
raw materials for the industry, particularly SMEs and its conversion into clean energy.
Keeping this objective in view, the editors have gone through in detail the presentations
and relevant subjects from websites of speakers and other relevant sources since each
presentation team had limited time during the workshop. Clarifications were also sought,
so that this useful document could comprehensively give ‘An Insight’ into the problems,
issues and solutions for waste management and Role of SMEs for turning waste into Energy.
The introduction of the theme of the Workshop, that is, `Growing menace of waste, useful
utilization of waste and its conversion into useful end products for waste management and
energy was presented by the undersigned as the Chairman of the Workshop. Dr. Norbert
Knoll von Dornhoff, Secretary - General described the` Hierachy of Waste Treatment` and
presented a specific case study on Adriatic Sea Pollution hotspots. Mr. Imre Biczo,
eleborated on total management of all wastes in Hungary including its conversion to

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energy. Ms. Claudia Mularoni highlighted Europeon Union’s commitment and financial
support measures for Green Energy projects from waste. Case studies of China were
presented by Ms. Yang Rongyong and Mr. Dia Jian. Ms. Rongyong informed of the policy
initiatives planned & implemented in China for waste management. Mr.Jian described
the Zhongguancin high tech Park and the role and activities of his organisation aimed at
integrating resources, enhance exchange and cooperation between domestic and
overseas organisations for entrepreneurial development. A Plan of Action for promoting
small and medium enterprises and artisans in Cameroon was presented by Mr. Leon Ayana
Ndz’e. Mrs. Angeline Henzen presented a case study on coordinating & promoting
WUSME activities in Cameroon for SMEs . Dr. Arun Agrawal presented a case study from
India on waste management and the Indian Govt. support for energy from waste.
Mr. Romano Ugolini presented a case study of Eco area – a
better living example in Rimini, Italy, a place very near to San
Marino based on the concept of SMART buildings, incorporating
energy efficiency and materials having low environmental
impact. Mr. Helmut Konig described technology developed by
his organization for converting waste to energy on a large scale
which is commercially practiced and operated in many parts of
the world. According to him, although its initial cost is very high,
its pay back value makes it viable and hence could be
adopted. Ms. Marta Laczko specially, illustrated projects for
converting organic and plastic wastes into clean energy. She
also distributed a questionnaire to the participants so that she
could provide solution for the treatment of any waste and
could be approached in this context along with the filled up questionnaire. Humic
acids/humic substances produced in the soil by soil bacteria from organic substances and
their effects on human health were presented by Mr. Rafael Pizarro and Mr. Pal Gormory,
M. Dr. Robert Holtz elaborated on issues requiring WUSME`s attention.
I am thankful to WUSME President Dr. Gian Franco Terenzi for inviting me to chair this
International Workshop and to prepare a document for use and reference of the members
and other interested in the subject. I am indeed grateful to Dr. Maria Valeria Pasquini for
her backup support for providing all the relevant materials from the speakers and other
sources on continuous basis.
I am grateful to Ms. Pooja Das for her untiring efforts in providing her support for converting
the inputs into An Insight, backed by research on this important subject and without whose

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support it would not have been possible to focus and finalize the same. Dr. S. N. Sharma,
my colleague merits my gratitude for going through the document objectively and
providing valuable editorial support to give finishing touches.
I am grateful to WUSME speakers, members and participants for extending their full
support in this effort.
Dr. J S Juneja
Vice President, WUSME
&
Chairman, Global Projects & Services (Pvt.)
Ltd.
707, ANSAL CHAMBER – II
BHIKAJI CAMA PLACE
NEW DELHI, INDIA
Email: globalprojects95@gmail.com
www.globalprojects.co.in

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1. Welcome Address by Dr. G.F. Terenzi♦
, President, WUSME
WUSME President Dr. Gian Franco Terenzi, while extending his warmest welcome to
WUSME Annual Conference 2014 stated that the conference has been organized to
offer all those involved in Small and Medium Enterprises and Crafts a time and a place
to meet and discuss the main difficulties, challenges and opportunities they were
facing today. The Workshop concerns, in fact, with an issue of greater interest and
importance not only for SMEs, but more generally for all the communities and countries
in the world, an issue that touches everyone closely and propels both human and
environment in the future.
"WASTE TO ENERGY" is meant to be a moment of
constructive thought on how we can turn waste from
problem to resource for our communities, on how we
can realize a virtuous - efficient and sustainable - waste
management, on how we can retrieve and transform
waste into clean energy, a field in which SMEs can play a
truly important role with many benefits for everyone, the
enterprises themselves, the community and the
environment.
A more efficient, sustainable use and re-use of the
resources in the production processes not only yield a
more environmentally friendly impact, but also offer new
opportunities for growth and employment, starting from
SMEs.
In fact, there are many ways and means available for
them to participate in this
change. Innovative design, better and more durable products, more efficient and
sustainable production processes, greater efficiency in the supply chain through
enterprises networks and farsighted business models may contribute to increase the
efficiency and hence the competitiveness of enterprises.
It is prudent to become more aware of how all this is possible and will further be
possible and real, especially in view of a stronger - general and entrepreneurial -
culture and more widespread concern for the environmental issues as well as the
♦
President, World Union of Small & Medium Enterprises, Republic of San Marino.
WUSME President Gian Franco

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adoption, by international organizations such as the European institutions, of policies
and measures which help SMEs take advantage of the opportunities arising from the
transition to a green and circular economy. The theme of the re-utilisation of waste is,
in fact, part of a wider process of transition to a new development model, so-called
"circular", where sustainability is at the center of the system.
In WUSME, we are committed to help SMEs seize all the opportunities this
paradigm shift will bring, take an active and protagonist role in this transition
process.
In this sense, occasions like this International Workshops and Conferences are evidence
of our ongoing commitment to create the conditions necessary for a direct interaction
among all those who act as entrepreneurs and/or in their interest, to identify and
exploit the synergies available to put in place concrete and profitable actions that
shall protect, benefit and support SMEs, Craft and the environment.

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2. Opening Speech by H.E. Dr. Antonella Mularoni♦
H.E. Antonella Mularoni delivered the opening speech on behalf of the San Marino
Government. She warmly welcomed all the participants for the WUSME International
Workshop at the headquarters of the World Union of
Small and Medium Enterprises, which is the main world
organization representing at the level of the United
Nations. She also raised the problem of waste disposal
and the possibility to have a waste virtuous circle,
enabling men to make it a resource instead of a big
problem for the community. The contribution of small
and medium enterprises plays significant role in this
regard. She appreciated the topic for the workshop,
which was very timely for all countries of the world.
She added that San Marino is engaged to reach a
100 % rate of house by house, waste recovery by the
end of next year. The project is already partially in
place and in the areas concerned is giving very
good results in terms of quantity of the waste
collected. The problem remains the same as how to
recycle it better and make it a profitable exercise instead of an expensive one. She
wished the workshop, conference and other programs, all the success.
♦
Dr. Antonella Mularoni, State Minister of Territory, Infrastructures and Relation to the AASP, San
Marino
H.E. Antonella Mularoni during
her speech
WUSME President Dr. Terenzi with H.E. Dr.
Antonella Mularoni

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3. Introduction to the theme of the Workshop : Waste to Energy by Dr. J. S. Juneja#
WUSME President Dr. G. F. Terenzi invited Dr. J. S. Juneja, Vice President, WUSME to Chair
and introduce the theme of the workshop. Dr. J.S. Juneja introduced the concept of
Waste-to-Energy to the participants and its importance particularly for the SMEs of the
world and other emerging avenues.
Dr. Juneja quoted an article appeared in the journal Nature by Dan Hoornweg, Bhada-
Tata, and Chris Kennedy which stated that “ if business continues as usual, solid waste
generation rates will more than triple from today to exceed 11 million tonnes per day by
2100. The amount of garbage humans throw away is rising fast and won't peak this century
without transformational changes in how to use and reuse materials. That level of waste
carries serious consequences – physical and fiscal – for cities around the world.”
The authors have further prophesied for future:
“Through a move towards stable or declining
populations, denser and better-managed cities
consuming fewer resources, and greater equity and
use of technology, we can bring peak waste forward
and down. The environmental, economic and social
benefits would be enormous.”
Dr. Juneja complimented H.E. Antonella Mularoni and
Dr. G. F. Terenzi for their foresight in treating Waste as a
Resource, thereby, setting a direction for the
workshop.
Dr. Juneja drew attention of the participants to the
fact that the menace of Waste has been increasing.
Throughout most of history, the amount of waste
generated by humans was insignificant due to
low population density and low societal levels of the
exploitation of natural resources. Common waste
produced during pre-modern times was mainly ashes and human biodegradable waste
and these were released back into the landfills, with minimum environmental impact.
Today however menace of waste was increasing in geometric progression and has
become a major challenge for humanity to control and use it as a resource.
#Dr.J.S.Juneja, WUSME Vice President and Chairman, Global Projects & Services Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi,
India.
WUSME Vice President, Dr J.S. Juneja
introducing the theme of the workshop

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Waste management and disposal issues are not just problem of a certain country or a
continent. It is a global issue which should be addressed globally & immediately. Countries
and governments are expressing concerns over problems with their waste disposal as it has
a major impact on individual and community health. There could be chemical spills which
could pose danger to water supplies. Poor
landfills and incinerators could release
cancerous carcinogens and other pollutants in
the air. Landfills in Asia, Latin America and Africa
are claimed to be blamed for about 40 % of
methane emissions every year. Which was equal
to about 37 million metric tons of carbon dioxide.
Experts approximate that developed and
industrialized nations produce more waste
compared to developing countries. In the United
States, each American will produce an average
of 0.75 tons of trash every year. Those in Europe
are estimated to accumulate almost half a ton
of trash annually. In Asia, an average person
would produce 0.2 tons of trash annually.
Although, Asia has the lowest waste average, it
does not mean that they have better waste
management system. There are studies and
surveys conducted in Asia about waste disposal
procedure. According to World Bank, China’s
whopping 190 million tons of waste every year is
not totally properly disposed. Only less than 50 %
of China’s solid wastes are treated properly, whether it is through landfill or incineration.
China is not alone. Other Asian countries, like India, Indonesia and the Philippines also
have poor waste disposal methods.
Regardless of territories and boundaries, pollution affects everybody. Environmental
problems in Asia could still affect North America, Europe and Africa. This is why there are
efforts among different countries in helping each other resolve environmental and waste
problems. An example would be the efforts between European and Asian countries.
Europe is leading in environmental technologies, about 60 % of environmental discoveries
and technologies came from them. They would play a major role in helping Asian and
other countries to become aware of different environmental damage happening in their
nations. Asian countries mostly would have to deal with issues of water and air pollution,
WUSME President, Dr G.F. Terenzi along with
VP, Dr J.S.Juneja during the introduction of
the theme of the workshop

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waste management for both households and industries, deforestation and loss of
biodiversity.
Countries, like the United States and Canada, are encouraging more individuals to go
back to the basics of waste reduction: reduce, reuse and recycle. The government are
passing laws, state regulations about trash disposal that would help homeowners to start
smart and proper waste management at home. Environmental issues are not just an issue
of a specified country. We should be more aware that by starting waste management in
our homes, workplace or school, we get to reduce the impact of pollution and climate
change.
Dr. Juneja informed that as per UN/OECD, the Waste and Waste Management have been
defined as follows:
A. Waste
According to the United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.):
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the
market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of
production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes
may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials
into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human
activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."
B Waste Management
At a workshop in Berlin organized by the OECD in 1996, a definition of waste minimization
was worked out, according to which waste minimization is “Preventing and/or reducing
the generation of waste at the source; improving the quality of waste generated, such as
reducing the hazard, and encouraging re-use, recycling, and recovery.”
3.1 Treatment of wastes
Dr. Juneja at length deliberated on types of wastes being generated and different
technologies that were available or were under development for treatment of different
type of wastes. The rapid industrialization has resulted in the generation of huge quantity of
wastes, both solid and liquid, in industrial sectors and civic communities.
In a broad sense, industrial wastes could be classified into two types: i) Hazardous industrial
waste and ii) Non-hazardous industrial waste

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i) Hazardous Industrial Waste
Hazardous wastes, could be in solid, liquid or gaseous form and may cause danger to
health or environment, either alone or when in contact with other wastes. Various
agencies have defined hazardous wastes in different ways and as such, there is no
uniformly accepted international definition so far. Hazardous waste in particular includes
products that are explosive, flammable, irritant, harmful, toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive,
infectious, or toxic to reproduction.
Management and Treatment Options for Hazardous Waste
• Use of Hazardous Wastes : as Alternate Fuels
• Incinerationof Hazardous waste: to reduce both the toxicity and the
volume of the waste
• Disposal of Hazardous wastes in (secured) landfill: area designed
scientifically to have an impervious stratum at bottom to stop
leaching/percolation, and thus to avoid soil and water
pollution/contamination.
ii) Non-Hazardous Industrial Waste
The non hazardous wastes are generated by industrial and commercial activities and
are similar to household wastes and treated by same methods. The table below gives
treatment option for various non hazardous wastes.

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Table: Various industries producing wastes and treatment adopted and their applications
Industries Prominent Wastes Generated Treatment Option Application
Sugar Mills Sugar bagasse Combustion and
Gasification
Heat and Power
Press mud Composting Fertilizer
Sugar molasses Fermentation Ethanol synthesis
Fermentative Yeast biomass Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Slaughter
houses
Organs, Tissues, Blood, Hides,
Animal excreta and Carcass etc
Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Paper mills Pulp Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Paper shavings Combustion Heat and power
Wood wastes and Paper boards Combustion and
gasification
Heat and power
Dairy Plants Whey and Milk cream Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Sago
factories
Starch materials and peels Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Tanneries Hides and skins Acid treatments and
bio methanation
Biogas production
& digestate
Animal
Husbandries
Animal excreta and body fluids Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Fruits and
vegetable
processing
units
Pulp wastes Bio methanation Biogas production
& digestate
Please Note: It does not include the finished goods from industries such as plastic and
cables etc thrown off as urban solid wastes.

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3.2 RECYCLING OF WASTE
Recycling of waste is a crucial productive method of waste utilization. Recycled products
are also becoming more popular and important and are growing every day, as oil
exploration moves to ever more hostile and
difficult to reach locations, which will result in
prices of products made from oil to increase.
Hence, recycling is the best option for waste
management for plastics, textile, paper,
metal and other wastes.
i) Plastic Recycling involves different
stages, namely:
Millions of tons of plastic waste end up in
landfill when the vast majority of it can be
recycled. Plastic recycling is processing
waste plastic, turning old or scrap plastic
into useable products that can re-enter the
manufacturing chain.
In order for plastic to be suitable for re use in the manufacturing environments there are
different stages involved, namely:
Stage 1: Sorting the plastic into specific types;
Stage 2: Washing Waste Plastic to remove foreign material;
Stage 3: Shredding the Plastic into small pellets for packaging;
Stage 4: Identify and classify the Plastic by chemical tests;
Stage 5: Extruding into form of pellets for manufacturing plastic products.
Dr. Juneja addressing the gathering

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Figure: 1.1
ii) Metal Recycling
Steel scrap from the demolished ships is a major source of raw material for the re-rolling
mills in India. Normally at least 70 % of the total light displacement tonnage of a ship
broken constitutes of re-rollable scrap. These are converted into bars and rods that are
used in the construction sector. Gujarat coast in India has become the biggest ship
wrecking yard of the world. The other sources for the scrap are re roll able scrap from
railways, pencil ingots from induction furnaces, semis from integrated plants etc.

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Figure:1.2
Incidentally, everywhere else in the world the scrap from the demolished ships are usually
sent into melting furnaces, India is probably only country that has the technique of re-
rolling scrap into producing construction steel without having to first cast scrap as billets
and ingots.
iii) Textile Recycling
Textile recycling is the method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material
and clothing scraps from the manufacturing process and used clothing from households.
Figure:1.3

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Clothing fabric generally consists of composites of cotton (biodegradable material) and
synthetic plastics. The textile's composition will affect its durability and method of recycling.
In case of specialized polyester based materials the shredded fabric is granulated and
formed into small pellets. The pellets are broken down polymerized and turned into
polyester chips. The chips are melted and spun into new filament fiber used to make new
polyester fabrics. Woolen fabrics are processed to make coarse yarn which is woven to
make blankets for the weaker sections of the society.
iv) Paper recycling
Paper recycling involves converting waste paper comprising paper waste from mills, pre
and post consumer paper waste etc.The waste is converted chemically into pulp ,
cleaned, deinked and converted into paper. SMEs produce corrugated and packaging
boxes,paper for packaging consumer products etc. SME in India produce quality hand
made paper through the recycling process.
Paper Recycling
SORTING AND
STACKINGWASTE
PAPER
PROCESSING IN
RECYCLING PLANT
ROLLS OF RECYCLED
PAPER
DIFFERENT PRODUCTS i.e.,
PAPER BAG, HANDMADE PAPER
Figure: 1.4

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3.3 WASTE TO ENERGY
Waste is converted into energy in India in various forms by SMEs.
i. Timber recycling
Timber recycling or Wood recycling is the process of turning waste timber into usable
products. Recycled timber most commonly comes from old buildings, bridges and wharfs.
Sawdust from the saw mills is converted into briquettes by SMEs which is used as domestic
fuel for cooking or in the bakeries etc.
Timber/ Wood Waste
WASTER TIMBER
RECYCLING WOOD INTO
SAW DUST
PRODUCTS
WASTE TO ENERGY
Figure:1.5
ii. Biogas
Biogas commonly known as ‘Gobar Gas’ in rural India is a popular method of converting
cattle excreta into Gobar gas, used as clean fuel for household cooking. Government of
India has popularized this concept successfully for many years especially in rural India. The
leftover from the cattle waste or excreta after fermentation is utilized as organic manure or
fertilizers.

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Gobar Gas (Biogas)
COW DUNG
BIOGAS GENERATOR
COOKING
MANURE
METHANE
(BIOGAS)
Figure: 1.6
iii. Biomass
Among the renewable energy sources, biomass plays a vital role especially in rural areas,
as it constitutes the major energy source to majority of households in India. India is the
7th largest country in the world spanning 328 million hectares and amply bestowed with
renewable sources of energy .Typically technologies for biomass energy are broadly
classified on the basis of principles of thermo chemistry as combustion, gasification,
pyrolysis and biochemistry as anaerobic digestion, fermentation and trans-esterification.
Each technology has its uniqueness to produce a major calorific end product and a
mixture of by-products.
3.4 GOVERNMENT PROVIDE INCENTIVES AND OTHER SUBSIDIES:
Various countries provide incentives for converting non – conventional energy resources
into viable energy projects. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of the
Government of India provides Central Financial Assistance (CFA) in the form of capital
subsidy and financial incentives to the biomass energy projects and non conventional
energy resources utilization in India. CFA is allotted to the projects on the basis of installed
capacity, energy generation mode and its application etc. Financial support is available
selectively through a transparent and competitive procedure. Hence, Government of
India is also encouraging the waste to energy initiative and is working towards achieving
better results in the field of waste management.

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4. The Waste Treatment Hierarchy & Management by Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von
Dornhoff*
Prof. Knoll made an elaborate presentation on waste management hierarchy with special
reference to Adriatic Sea Environment
Programme. According by him SMEs and
Crafts supporting Associations like WUSME, The
World Union of Small and Medium Enterprises,
in Consultative Status with UN ECOSOC, were
aware since long that “WASTE” as a by-
product of economic activity by bigger and
smaller businesses was an integral part of the
global economy. SMEs and Crafts are
significantly contributing to new sustainable
technologies for waste recycling and the
production of energy (e.g. oil, gas, electricity,
building materials, and organic fertilizers) from
waste, such generating new business activities
for smaller companies.
* Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff, WUSME Secretary-General
Prof. Dr. Norbert Knoll von Dornhoff during the
workshop.

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Figure 1.7: The Waste Treatment Hierarchy
The waste hierarchy is a process used to protect the environment and conserve
resources through a priority approach established in waste policy and legislation. The
hierarchy establishes preferred program priorities based on sustainability. To be
sustainable, waste management cannot be solved only with technical end-of-pipe
solutions and an integrated approach is necessary.
The waste management hierarchy indicates an order of preference for action to
reduce and manage waste, and is usually presented diagrammatically in the form of
a pyramid. The hierarchy captures the progression of a material or product through
successive stages of waste management, and represents the latter part of the life-
cycle for each product.
The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from
products and to generate the minimum amount of waste. The proper application of
the waste hierarchy can have several benefits. It can help prevent emissions of
greenhouse gases, reduces pollutants, save energy, conserves resources, create jobs
promote enterprise & SMEs and stimulate the development of green technologies.

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Adriatic Sea Pollution Hot Spots
Figure:1.8
Dr. Norbert mentioned about the issues concerning the hot spot in the Adriatic Sea.
According to the World Bank Report on Adriatic Sea Environment Program, Rapid
Assessment of pollution Hotspots for the Adriatic Sea 2011. The Adriatic Sea is the most
significant tourism and recreational area in Europe and a major maritime route for the
goods transported to central and south-eastern European markets. It is a semi-enclosed
sea forming a distinct sub-region within the Mediterranean Sea region. Slow water
exchange mechanisms make it particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities from
more than 50 million people living within the Adriatic Sea catchment area, 20% of that on
the coastline itself, and about 30 million tourists visiting this area every year, out of which 15
million on the eastern coast. The study considered 41 potential pollution hotspot sites and
confirmed the existence of 27 hotspot pollution sites in the Adriatic Sea, out of which 6 at
the eastern coast were identified as priority sites that require immediate actions to be
taken in order to reach the desirable environmental conditions. These actions should be
followed by the measures to reduce pollution in the other 12 pollution hotspot sites at the
eastern Adriatic Sea coastline, which are considered as lesser priority. In the regional
perspective, the number of pollution hotspot sites in the Adriatic Sea represents 18% of all
the identified sites in the Mediterranean, which is significantly more than its relative size.
Total investments required to reach the desirable environmental conditions in the eastern

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Adriatic region are estimated to 1.76 billion €, out of which 853 million € are already being
implemented or are underway and 910 million € is the remaining funding gap. The
remaining funding at the priority hotspot sites is estimated to 404 million €.
Dr. Norbert elaborated on the sources of pollution and status of treatment in the Adriatic
countries:
(i) Albania: The priority pollution source in Albania is solid waste as there are no
sanitary landfills at the coast and the waste is being disposed in dumpsites close
to rivers and streams or near the sea.
(ii) Montenegro: The priority pollution source is untreated wastewater. There have
been improvements in the wastewater management infrastructure over the last
decade.
(iii) Croatian: The main identified source is solid waste. There are almost no sanitary
landfills at the coast and there are numerous dumping sites.
The Republic of Italy and the Republic of Slovenia as EU member states have to comply
with more stringent EU environmental regulation. Most of the required environmental
protection measures in these countries have already been implemented with national and
EU structural funds.
Dr. Norbert also emphasized the following:
1. Economics of Waste
For securing economic stability and continuing development in less advanced regions, all
kinds of raw materials must be used efficiently today and for future generations. However,
in most economies, particularly in the new emerging markets (e.g. the BRICS Countries,
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa), these resources are already today widely
over-consumed. Free market mechanisms alone would inevitably result in an
overproduction of waste. Such environmental externalities constitute market failures, as
decisions to produce and consume do not include the cost of negative environmental
consequences connected with excess waste being produced. In the context of waste,
economic efficiency is achieved when the amount of waste generated and treated is
optimal i.e. the costs of reducing waste by one unit is equal to the economic and
environmental benefits of having one less unit of waste (“PARETO Optimum”). Externalities
are several environmental impacts associated with waste management – greenhouse
gases, air quality, water pollution, noise and land use change. While there may be specific
impact categories associated with particular waste types – for example, hazardous wastes
– the preponderance of waste-related environmental impacts relate to greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions.

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Source: Waste Survey, Professor Philippe Chalmin, February 2011
2. Waste Volumes World
Every year the world produces more than 4 billion metric tons of municipal and industrial
waste:
• Municipal waste 1.7 to 1.9 billion
• Industrial waste 1.2 to 1.7 billion
• Hazardous industrial waste 0.5 billion
Other wastes include construction, mining, agricultural and forestry wastes.
If we include the many other categories of waste, the total is no doubt much higher
estimated at 3.4 to 4 billion (metric tons).
The richer an economy, the more waste is been produced:
• High revenue developed countries: 1 billion people 1.4 kg / capita / day
• Average revenue developing countries: 3 billion people 0.8 kg / capita / day
• “Third World” 2.5 billion people 0.6 kg / capita / day1
From Waste to Resource, The World Waste Challenge, Professor Philippe Chalmin, February 2011

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Figure:1.9
3. Waste to Energy and Recycling Technologies
The technologies mentioned hereunder all produce energy. We don’t refer to pure
incineration or other means of reducing municipal solid waste that does not produce
energy. Also not included are Non-Thermal Technologies (Anaerobic Digestion, Landfill
Gas, or Hydrolysis and Mechanical Biological Treatment).
The technologies we reviewed are as follows:
I. Thermal Technologies;
II. Direct Combustion (Mass Burn and RDF);
III. LTCC - Low Temperature Conversion;
IV. Conventional Gasification;
V. Plasma Arc Gasification.

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4. Estimated Costs of the technologies:
Ranges for Capital Costs for each of the Thermal Technologies assumes a 15 MW
output for a:
• Direct Combustion (Mass Burn and RDF) ranges from $7,000 to $10,000 per kW.
• Pyrolysis ranges from $8,000 to $11,500 per kW.
• Conventional Gasification ranges from $7,500 to $11,000 per kW.
• Plasma Arc Gasification ranges from $8,000 to $11,500 per kW.
Costs vary from technology to technology due to each having unique design
characteristics, variations in equipment costs, site specific waste characteristics and site
space requirements. There are significant other factors that can negatively affect the costs
of construction.
5. Waste-To-Energy-Policy
Waste to Energy Policy remains central to renewable energy business case in much of
Europe, USA and Asian Countries and new rules designed to shift that support to a market-
based mechanism have raised some uncertainties. Nonetheless, new sources of
investment suggest Waste-To-Energy-Projects can still be financed.
A “green” economy is characterized where economic benefits and growth is maximised,
and all natural resources are been sustainably managed. The waste economy is one of
many environmental sectors with policy actions contributing to the overall macro-
economy, and to a transition to a green economy. Waste management is an important
sector that needs to be promoted. Business potentials in recycling industry need to be
explored by the entrepreneurs. Governments should come forward to provide all kinds of
incentives & supports to promote this sector. Tax incentives, interest subsidies or interest free
loans, technical consultancy services and marketing support for waste recycling
enterprises may be some of the measures that the Government may consider, so that
many more entrepreneurs would come forward as well as SMEs and Crafts would diversify
into waste-management/recycling sector.

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5. WASTE MANAGEMENT – CASE STUDY OF HUNGARY by Mr. IMRE BICZO*
At the outset, Mr. Imre Biczo declared that Hungary has evolved its National Waste
Management Plan 2014 - 2020 and has
contributed significantly at the policy level on
the basis of scientific justification. The goals of
NeKI are to support the knowledge based
governance in the fields of environmental
protection, nature conservation, based on
the principle of sustainable development,
using and integrated approach reinforcing
the linkages between disciplines.
Waste Management Plan of Hungary is based
on the collective experience of EU which aims
at Zero waste programme for Europe.
Hungary is raising awareness about the
cooperation with National Waste
Management Agency with the slogan:
“Let’s Clean Up Hungary!, Open day of the waste operators
Lets Clean Up Hungary! Action efficiency shadowing study”
NeKI is involved in actual waste management tasks such as preparing background studies
e.g., practice of EU Member States’ national legislation on biodegradable demolition
waste, industrial waste and coordinating of the collection of professional opinions on draft
legislation.
* Imre Biczo, General Director, National Institute for Environment (NeKI) , Hungary.
Mr. Imre Biczo during the workshop

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Steps in Waste Management
Figure:1.10
Figure:1.11

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Mr. Imre Biczo, also mentioned about various legislative programmes:
Aim for waste management
A Zero waste programme for Europe towards a circular economy (date: 02/07/2014)
Legislative proposal to review recycling and other waste – related targets in the EU:
 Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending
Directives 2008/98/EC on waste (Brusseles, 02/07/2014)
 The aim of the proposal is to help turn Europe into a circular
economy, boost recycling, secure access to raw materials and create jobs and
economic growth.
1. Preparing regulation on waste incineration
Transposition of 2010/75/EU Industrial Emissions Directive Chapter Iv. Ministerial Decree on
the Technical and Operational conditions of waste incineration and emission limit values
relating to waste incineration.
i) Structure of ministerial decree
Waste incineration plants and waste co – incineration plants
General rules of design and operation, specific rules of permission process, emission limit
values, operation conditions, specific rules of delivery and reception of waste, monitoring
and reporting of emissions.
ii) Specific condition of waste incineration permission
The heat generated during the incineration is recovered as far as practicable; the residues
will be minimized in their amount harmfulness and recycled where appropriate
The applications for permits have to be prepared by authorized expert only.
The permits include:
• List of types of waste which may be treated
• The total waste incinerating capacity
• The limit values for emission into air and water
• The requirements for the Ph, temperature and flow of waste water discharges
• The sampling and measurement procedures and frequencies
• The maximum permissible periods of any technically unavoidable stoppages or
failures of purification devices.

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2. Operation of GIS database on waste incineration plants and waste co incineration
plants
3. Possibilities of Cooperation
• Environmental impact assessment studies – chapter of Waste Management, Air
protection, noise.
• Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) permission
• Market research, reference point for partner search.
Mr. Imre Biczo was hopeful for complete waste management in 2020 and recovery of heat
and energy from waste as much as possible.

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6. “How the European Union supports Green Energy projects through funding” by
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni**
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni in her opening remarks lauded the role of SMEs in the economy of
European Union and elaborated as follows:
(i) Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) were the economic backbone of the
European Union. More than 99% of all European businesses are SMEs.
(ii) SMEs provided two out of three of
the private sector jobs and
contribute to more than half of the
total value-added created by
businesses in the EU.
(iii) SMEs being primarily responsible for
wealth and economic growth, next
to their key role in innovation and
R&D.
(iv) Nine out of ten SMEs are actually
micro enterprises with less than 10
employees. Hence, the mainstays of Europe's economy are micro firms, each
providing work for two persons, in average.
(v) Climate change, scarcity of energy supplies and sustainable development are
key challenges for SMEs, which have to adopt more sustainable production and
business models. The demand for environmentally friendly products and services
also opens the way for new business opportunities.
The Europe 2020 Strategy outlines the EU‟ s priority to become a sustainable economy and
set ambitious objectives for climate action and energy efficiency.
** Mrs. Claudia Mularoni, Chief Executive Officer of Pragmata Institute
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni during the workshop

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1. EU Policy Actions
(i) Communication for a European Industrial Reinassance
On 22 January 2014, the Commission adopted a new Communication on Industrial
Policy “For a European Industrial Renaissance” COM (2014)14. The Communication sets out
the Commissions key priorities for industrial policy, it provides an overview of actions
already undertaken and puts forward a limited number of new actions to speed up the
attainment of these objectives.
(ii)A resource-efficient Europe – Flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 Strategy
The flagship initiative for a resource-efficient Europe under the Europe 2020 strategy
supports the shift towards a resource-efficient, low-carbon economy to achieve
sustainable growth. Natural resources underpin our economy and our quality of life.
(iii) The Small Business Act (SBA)
The Small Business Act for Europe (COM(2008) 394) adopted in June 2008, reflects the
Commission's political will to recognize the central role of SMEs in the EU economy and for
the first time puts into place a comprehensive SME policy framework for the EU and its
Member States. It aims to improve the overall approach to entrepreneurship, permanently
anchor the 'Think Small First' principle in policy making from regulation to public service,
and to promote SMEs' growth by helping them tackle the remaining problems which
hamper their development. The European Commission promotes the growth of SMEs
through the Small Business Act This framework includes an initiative to raise SMEs‟
awareness of environmental and energy-related issues and to assist them in implementing
legislation, assessing their environmental and energy performance and upgrading their
skills and qualifications.

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(iv) Green Action Plan for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs)
The Green Action Plan (GAP) adopted in July 2014, gives a clear direction and framework
for how the EU, in partnership with Member States and regions, intends to help SMEs exploit
the business opportunities that the transition to a green economy offers. It is a significant
milestone for involving the SMEs in not only in waste minimization and management but
also encouraging enterprise and opportunities in green business.
The GAP proposes to exploit green opportunities, by improving productivity and driving
down costs in European SMEs through resource-efficiency, by supporting green
entrepreneurship and by exploiting and developing Europe's leadership in green processes
and technologies.
The Green Action Plan focuses on European level actions which are designed to fit in with,
and reinforce existing 'green' initiatives to support SMEs at national and regional levels. It
was drafted through consultation with, and will be implemented in cooperation with
actors in the Member States that are active in this area.
The Green Action Plan sets out a series of objectives and lists actions that will be
implemented at European level within the framework of the Multiannual Financial
Framework 2014-2020. All the actions are either new or revised versions of previous actions
that now take into account the potential for business of resource efficiency and access to
green markets.
GAP objectives are for SMEs:
• Greening SMEs for more competitiveness and sustainability;
• Green entrepreneurship for the companies of the future;
• Opportunities for SMEs in a greener value chain;
• Access to the markets for green SMEs;
• Governance (bottom up policies to be implemented thoroughly).

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2. EU Funding Programmes and Instruments:
Mrs. Mularoni elaborated on the funding programmes of EU, in order to achieve the
priorities set out in the green Action Plan. The EU will engage towards the following specific
objectives:
Greening SMEs
for more
competitiveness
and sustainability
1) Provide European SMEs with practical information, advice and
support on how to
improve their resource efficiency in a cost-effective manner;
2) Support efficient technology transfer mechanisms for green
technologies;
3) Facilitate the access to finance for resource- related
improvements and energy
efficiency in SMEs
Fostering Green
entrepreneurship
for the companies
of the future
1) Promote all forms of eco-innovation, including non-
technological eco-innovation
2) Facilitate business partnering, skills and knowledge for green
entrepreneurship
3) Exploit better the role of clusters in support of eco- innovative
SMEs
Provide
opportunities for
SMEs in a
greener value
chain
1) Address systemic barriers to cross-sectoral and cross- national
value chain
collaboration and business creation and cooperation, by
facilitating the creation of
service business models and the re-use of materials, products and
waste
Facilitate access
to the markets for
green SMEs
1) Promote a greener European internal market
2) Facilitate access to international markets for green
entrepreneurs
3) Facilitate the uptake of resource efficiency technology in

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partner countries through
cooperation with European SMEs
Such objectives will be achieved through a specific set of Actions to be financed under
the following programmes and/or instruments.
3. Other Programmes of European Union:
a. Horizon 2020 Programme
Horizon 2020 is the biggest EU Research and Innovation programme ever with nearly
€80 billion of funding available over 7 years (2014 to 2020). This programme is divided into
several pillars5 and implements the Innovation Union, a Europe 2020 flagship initiative,
aimed at securing Europe's global competitiveness. Through a dedicated SME instrument,
which offers seamless business innovation support under the section Societal Challenges
and the specific part Leadership in Enabling and Industrial Technologies (LEITs, Horizon
funds High-potential innovation and stimulates SME participation across the whole
programme, targeting all those SMEs which are showing a strong ambition to develop,
grow and internationalize, regardless of whether they are high-tech and research-driven or
non-research conducting, social or service companies.
Provided with about € 3 billion in funding over the period 2014-2020, the SME Instrument
helps high-potential SMEs to develop ground-breaking innovative ideas for products,
services or processes that are ready to face global market competition. The SME
Instrument consists of three separate phases and a coaching and mentoring service for
beneficiaries. Participants can apply to phase 1 with a view to applying to phase 2 at a
later date, or directly to phase 2.
In phase 1, a feasibility study shall be developed verifying the technological/practical as
well as economic viability of an innovation idea/concept with considerable novelty to the
industry sector in which it is presented (new products, processes, services and technologies
or new market applications of existing technologies).
Bottlenecks in the ability to increase profitability of the enterprise through innovation shall
be detected and analyzed during phase 1 and addressed during phase 2 to increase the
return in investment in innovation activities. The proposal should contain an initial business

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plan based on the proposed idea/concept. Funding will be provided in the form of a lump
sum of EUR 50,000. The Proposals should last around 6 months.
In phase 2, innovation projects will be supported that address the specific challenges
identified and that demonstrate high potential in terms of company competitiveness and
growth underpinned by a strategic business plan. Activities should focus on innovation
activities such as demonstration, testing, prototyping, piloting, scaling- up, miniaturization,
design, market replication and the like aiming to bring an innovation idea (product,
process, service, etc.) to industrial readiness and maturity for market introduction close to
deployment and market introduction, but may also include some research.
Proposals shall be based on an elaborated business plan either developed through phase
1 or another means. Particular attention must be paid to IP protection and ownership. The
Commission considers that proposals requesting a contribution from the EU of between
EUR 0.5 and 2.5 million would allow phase 2 to be addressed appropriately.
Nonetheless, this does not preclude submission and selection of proposals requesting other
amounts. Proposals should last between 12 and 24 months. In addition, in phase 3, SMEs
can benefit from indirect support measures and services as well as access to the financial
facilities supported under Access to Risk Finance of this work program.
Successful beneficiaries will be offered coaching and mentoring support during phase 1
and phase 2. This service will be accessible via the Enterprise Europe Network and
delivered by a dedicated coach through consultation and signposting to the
beneficiaries. The single SME instrument call includes topics particularly relevant to
innovation driven SMEs seeking to commercialize eco-innovative products, services or
processes, including under Horizon 2020 Societal Challenges 2, 3, 4 and 5. Moreover
Horizon 2020 funds collaborative R&D actions that are of particular relevance to eco-
innovation driven SMEs, not least under its Societal Challenge "Climate Action,
Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials", in terms of increasing resource
efficiency through a systemic approach towards eco-innovation and in the setting up of a
circular economy.
The Horizon 2020 action „Cluster facilitated projects for new industrial value chains‟ to be
implemented as of 2015, is aimed at better unlocking the innovation potential of SMEs,
including the eco-innovative and resource- efficient solutions they offer. The action will
support cross-sectoral and cross-regional collaboration and innovation projects driven by
SMEs by better integrating them into clusters and different value chains.

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b. Erasmus +
The Erasmus Plus Programme aims to boost skills and employability, as well as modernizing
Education, Training, and Youth work. The seven year programme will have a budget of
€14.7 billion.
In order to foster higher education and enterprise cooperation to trigger innovative
solutions and entrepreneurship, and to support Vocational Education and Training to
tackle sector specific skills gaps on environmental technologies and eco- innovation, key
action ‘Cooperation for innovation and good practices' supports: supports the
establishment of:
i) Knowledge Alliances, and
ii) The establishment of Sector Skills Alliances.
i) Knowledge Alliances are transnational, structured and result-driven projects
between higher education institutions and public or private, small, medium or large
enterprises for:
• Jointly designed and delivered innovative learning and teaching methods
• Introducing entrepreneurship knowledge, skills and motivation in order to trigger
students, enterprise and academic staff to engage in entrepreneurial activities in
their environment
• Cross-sectoral and reciprocal mobility for continuing educational programmes,
supervision, teaching and activities with and within companies.
The programme is open to any discipline, including the field of the green economy.
Selected Knowledge Alliances are funded with EUR 700,000 (for a 2-year project) or
up to EUR 1,000,000 (for a 3-year project) following yearly calls for proposals. Some
150 Knowledge Alliances between 1500 higher education institutions and enterprises
are expected to be built by 2020.
ii) Sector Skills Alliances are transnational projects drawing on evidence of trends in
a specific economic sector and the skills needed in order to perform in one or more
professional field.

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They support the design and delivery of joint vocational training curricula. Selected
Sector Skills Alliances are funded with a grant ranging from EUR 700,000 (for a 2-year
project) or up to EUR 1,000,000 (for a 3-year project) following yearly calls for
proposals. One of the sectors which are eligible under this action is "environmental
technologies" (eco-innovation). Public or private, small, medium or large enterprises
(including social enterprises) are eligible participating organizations for the Sector
Skills Alliances. Up to 150 Sector Skills Alliances are expected to be set up by 2020.
c. COSME
COSME is the EU programme for the Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) running from 2014 to 2020. With a planned budget of
€2.3bn, the financial instruments under COSME will specifically support SMEs to
internationalize, by promoting their cross border development.
d. LIFE
LIFE is the EU's financial instrument supporting environmental, nature conservation and
climate action projects throughout the EU. With an overall budget for the next funding
period, 2014–2020, of €3.4 billion the Life programme also supports initiatives to facilitate
business partnering, and skills and knowledge for green entrepreneurship.
It prioritizes projects implementing:
i) New business models for resource efficiency and energy efficiency, including establishing
resource efficiency practices in SMEs, focusing on the environmental impact, durability,
reuse, repair and recycling of their products and processes – including sharing or leasing of
products rather than selling them. This should involve one of the industrial sectors
considered as a priority
in the Roadmap for a Resource Efficient Europe, and the new business model should result
in a reduction in material use and/or energy and water use.
ii) The circular economy concept though actions spanning the value chain or ensuring the
use of secondary resources/scrap material/waste in other industries or value chains,
including eco-design, cascading use of materials, repair, remanufacture, reuse, recycling,
new circular business concepts, innovative take-back and collection systems, and
industrial symbiosis-related projects.
Mrs. Claudia Mularoni concluded by remarking that European Union is committed for
development of enterprise and Green SMEs.

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7. Case Study of China by Ms. Rongyong Yang♦
Ms. Rongyong Yang elaborated that thirty years ago, China opened its door to the world.
From then on, Chinese economics changed from Planned Economy to Market Economy
step by step. During the past 30 years, Chinese people were enthusiastic about creating
their economic future, and made
great contributions to the
manufacturers worldwide. “World
Factory” is a dramatic name to
describe how China developed.
However, China also consumed and
overused a lot of the natural resources.
Even more, China had to face
mountains of industrial waste.
According to her, pollution is a big
threat to China, and will challenge the
ability of the Chinese government and
Chinese people. Chinese government
is trying to improve condition of air with
several aspects before it gets worse.
Meanwhile, people are also paying more
attention to environmental protection.
1. From the regulation point of view, the Chinese government promulgated the new
“Environment Protection Law” to protect environment more stringently. The new
"environmental protection law", clearly defined, states that environmental planning
should fit with city planning, and land development. Environmental protection
departments should take a long-term view, to become more involved in the national
and local planning system. Environmental protection departments should strengthen
environmental supervision, to disclose more environmental information and garner
public participation. This helps environmental economic policy in accelerating the
necessary legislation and system construction.
♦
Ms. Rongyong Yang, WUSME member of the Board and President of Shanghai High Victory Fine
Chemical Co., Ltd, China
Ms. Rongyong Yang during the workshop

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2. China is changing its development focus from resource-draining to energy efficient
technology development. According to the information from Chinese Government, by
the end of 2020, industries such as energy saving and environmental protection,
information technology, biotechnology, high-end equipment manufacturing industry,
new energy, new materials, and new energy automobile industry will become the
leaders in the national economy. During the Chinese "Twelfth Five Year Plan" period,
China will eliminate processes that create high energy consumption, and high pollution
emissions, including serious excess capacity of copper smelting, smelting of lead, zinc
smelting, tanning, printing and dyeing, chemical fiber, lead storage battery industry.
3. China plans to turn garbage disposal services into a method of producing energy. The
waste incineration to energy generation technology will both benefit environmental
protection and power generation. Due to the effect of waste volume reduction, the
harmful components in the garbage are completely decomposed during high
temperature combustion. Waste incineration with high temperature is used for heating
or power generation. It will become the most effective way of recycling disposal. We
expect that the waste incineration disposal volume will reach 30% of the total in 2020,
and the new daily processing capacity of 131,000 tons of garbage incineration
equipment will have been built at that time.
She complimented WUSME and acknowledged that it was a great platform for small and
mid-sized enterprises development worldwide. As a member of this organization, China
would assume the responsibility of sustainable development. Chinese companies would
be very happy to join the WUSME program of “Waste to Energy”, and wished to have more
opportunities to increase their international cooperation to reduce pollution and conserve
resources.

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8. Waste Problem- A Case study of India by Mr. Arun Agrawal ♦
Mr. Arun Agrawal also elaborated in the same
context/ direction as by Dr. J S Juneja about the
current scenario of waste and its management in
India. Every year, about 55 million tonnes of municipal
solid waste and 38 billion litres of sewage are
generated in the urban areas of India. In addition,
large quantities of solid and liquid wastes are
generated by industries. Waste generation in India is
expected to increase rapidly in the future. As more
people migrate to urban areas and as incomes
increase, consumption levels are likely to rise, as would
rates of waste generation. It is estimated that the
amount of waste generated in India will increase at a
per capita rate of approximately 1-1.33% annually. This
has significant impacts on the amount of land that is
and will be needed for disposal, economic costs of
collecting and transporting waste, and the
environmental consequences of increased municipal
solid waste generation levels.
i. Why Waste to Energy is Important?
Most wastes that are generated, find their way into
land and water bodies without proper treatment, causing severe water pollution. They also
emit greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide, and add to air pollution. Any
organic waste from urban and rural areas and industries is a resource due to its ability to
get degraded, resulting in energy generation.
ii. India -Waste to Energy Potential
According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India
there exist a potential of about 1700 MW from urban waste (1500 from MSW and 225 MW
from sewage) and about 1300 MW from industrial waste. The Ministry is also actively
promoting the generation of energy from waste, by providing subsidies and incentives for
the projects. The Government owned Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA) estimates indicate that India has so far realized only about 2% of its waste-to-
energy potential. A recent market study predicts that the Indian municipal solid waste to
energy market could be growing at a compound annual growth rate of 9.7% every year.
♦
Mr. Arun Agrawal, WUSME Member of the Commission on Financial Issue.
Mr. Arun Agarwal during the
workshop

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iii Technologies for the Generation of Energy from Waste
Energy is being recovered from the organic fraction of waste (biodegradable as well as
non-biodegradable) through thermal, thermo-chemical, biochemical and
electrochemical methods.
iii. Indian Government Support for Waste to Energy
The Indian Government has recognized waste to energy as a renewable technology and
supports it through various subsidies and incentives. The Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy is actively promoting all the technology options available for energy recovery from
urban and industrial wastes. MNRE is also promoting the research on waste to energy by
providing financial support for R&D projects on cost sharing basis in accordance with the
R&D Policy of the MNRE. In addition to that, the Ministry also provides financial support for
projects involving applied R&D and studies on resource assessment, technology up-
gradation and performance evaluation.
He concluded that a number of key statistics, such as the value of recyclables, the
amount of environmental pollution from waste sources, and the quantity of industrial waste
generated, need to be computed to gain a better understanding of this sector. A proper
research related to more realistic statistics relating to generation of different kinds of
wastes and their conversion to energy with detailed analysis of costs and available funding
is needed to be conducted. He also estimated that as of now there would be more than
100-125 SMEs who are involved in the waste to energy sector in India. With the new
Government in India focusing its attention on generation of clean energy via renewable
energy sources and sanitation, this number is expected to increase rapidly over the next 5
years and the sector is providing excellent opportunities for investment and technology
transfer by foreign waste management companies, especially from Europe. While referring
to Ganga2 River cleaning campaign launched by the Government of India, he also
acknowledged about German Deputy Consul General Michael Ott, who stated that apart
from other sectors, Germany would like to assist the Indian Government in cleaning up the
Ganges, which is an ambitious project of the new government. Mr. Ott further said that
Germany is also keen on investing in waste water and sewage treatment as well as
renewable power sectors, apart from education and healthcare. Similarly, the President of
the World Bank, Dr Jim Yong during his recent visit to India, has also assured India of the
Bank’s support in cleaning up the Ganges River and treatment of the waste so discharged.
2 Ganga River is a Holy river as per Hindu Religious belief and contributes significantly for economic
well being of the population and SMEs in Waste Management.

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9. Ecoarea, Better Living – A Case Study of Rimini, Italy by Mr. Romano Ugolini♦
Mr. Romano Ugolini emphasized that as
a scientific and feasible response to
energy problems on local and
global scale, the Green Economy was
not an utopian development model
anymore. It has turned into a real factor
in which humans, enterprises and nations
work every day to result major economic
benefits, respecting parameters of
environmental protection. Renewable
energies, sustainable mobility, optimized
water resources, non polluting
treatments of waste, care of the territories
and designing of low environmental
impact buildings (just like Ecoarea) were only some pieces of this new socioeconomic
mosaic. He made elaborate presentation of smart and green structures.
Eco area was founded in order to connect demand and supply of a new sector,
the Green Economy. This newly established sector, has the potential to become the
backbone of a new economy, that is not based on wasting resources, but on their more
intelligent and sustainable pursuit. Today the regulations made for environment protection
have become an important stimulus for re-innovation. Citizens and consumers have a
growing interest to get up-to date information on these processes, particularly in terms of
convenience and saving. This information function, especially in the field of eco-
innovation, is required for professionals like architects, industrial designers, urban planners
and energy managers to name but a few. In Ecoarea, professionals get to know and
experience the advantages and technologies of the innovative products of the exhibiting
companies. Entrepreneurs, academics, professionals and supporters of sustainable
development find in Ecoarea the right atmosphere and platform for exchanging
information and doing business; not only for themselves, but for the environment and
mankind. Experiencing directly what is really green as well as changing our lives in better
living, is integral part of Ecoarea's mission.
♦
Mr. Romano Ugolini, CEO of Ecoarea, Better Living , Rimini, Italy
Mr. Romano Ugolini, during the workshop

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Ecoarea is a concrete example of SMART building: a multipurpose building that
incorporates energy efficiency, materials with low environmental impact and domotics
automation technology, in order to make it "smarter" than conventional buildings. Being
finalist in the categories Structural Design of the Year and Future Project of the Year at the
2011 edition of the prestigious World Architectural Festival in Barcelona, Ecoarea is the best
expression of eco-efficiency. The top classification A is the result of a great conceptual
and planned work. The internal architectural element that links the four levels (the Expolab,
the technological basement of the building, with the Suspended Garden, a roof covered
with turf which houses a photovoltaic system and solar panels) is called the strip, and it
forms the backbone of the entire tour route of Ecoarea. It is an ideal strip of biotrass (or
TRASSO, natural product of volcanic origin) already known to the architects of ancient

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Rome. TRASSO, wood and glass, make up 90% of the building that, for this and other
features of isolation and performance, is certified in energy class A. The building has been
thought as a hybrid structure, where the traditional "mortar and brick" method has been
integrated with a "dry" technology of structural wood. The building needs very little
energy and it is provided by renewable energies like photovoltaic at 20 kw pick. Although,
Ecoarea does not need much water, there is a system for the complete utilization of rain
water which is used for gardening and domestic use. All the rooms overlook a central void,
where the lowest point is placed in the auditorium, with a sliding glass roof above. The
latter, in addition to being element of visual continuity, works as a natural vertical
ventilation chimney. Ecoarea is also equipped with home automation devices and car
parks illuminated by LEDs that recharge the light of the sun.
He also introduced the case of Bio Max, an anaerobic digestion plant (non thermal
technology) able to convert agricultural wastes into clean BIOGAS. Despite its "zero CO2
emission" and other assurances by the project creator, the inhabitants do not trust it in
terms of pollution and sustainability. He related sustainability with energy efficiency through
Eco area for better living – a futuristic green building technology.

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9. Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization by Mr. Jian Dai♦
Mr. Jian Dai in his presentation informed that
Zhongguancun was the first high-tech park and
the first national innovation demonstration zone
in China. Zhongguancun has become a high-
end industry functional zone in Beijing.
Zhongguancun Federation of Social
Organization (FSO) plays an important part as
“the vital point social organization” in
Zhongguancun, founded by Chambers of
Commerce and Associations in 2003, aiming to
integrate resources, enhance exchange and
cooperation between domestic and overseas
organizations and promote development of organizations. It has ten thousands branch
member enterprises included from the large-scale well-known to the middle & small-sized
enterprises in the field of the advanced technology including IT, the bioengineering, and
the new medicine & pharmacology, and the intermediary service agency including
incubator, electronic products trade, and so on. They are the traditional virtues of the
Chinese nation. He appreciated the workshop and was much honored to discuss guiding
principles for future cooperation with WUSME by sharing developmental experience,
exploit technical markets and probe collaborative model.
The members of the Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization includes a wide
range, where the Industrial Organization is at 25 %, the comprehensive association 22 %,
the S&T intermediary 17 %, the Venture 13 %, the Talents 12 %, and the Financial 11%. It also
helps their partner to exchange, dialogue or interact with each other and to express their
concerns relating to their interest. They also promote cooperative project. Zhongguancun
Federation of Social Organization acts an irreplaceable role in Science Park, which is the
necessary builder for entrepreneurial environment, the organizer for industrial development
and the remarkable cooperator for enterprise innovation and development and is
supported by Beijing Municipal Government. The organization also pioneer in waste
management and various other practices for waste management.
Mr.Jian Dai stated that he would welcome partners for collaboration with Zhongguancun
Park.
♦
Mr. Jian Dai, Secretary-General of Zhongguancun Federation of Social Organization
Mr. Jian Dai, during the workshop

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10. Preparing Action Plan for Cameroon by Mr. Leon Ayana Ndzè♦
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndzè informed that the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Social
Economy and Handicraft of Cameroon was established in 2004 by Presidential Decrees.
The Ministry is responsible for the development,
implementation and evaluation of public policy for the
development and supervision of small and medium
enterprises and artisans.
The vision of Cameroon in 2035 in the field of Small and
Medium Enterprises is formulated as follows: "SMEs make the
engine of growth and job creation.” The strategy chosen to
achieve the objective of the program aims to promote
private initiative and improve the business environment for
SMEs in Cameroon.
The promotion of SME sector in Cameroon is regulated by
law(decree 2010/001 of 13 April 2004).It also includes
mechanisms/ incentives related to the development of the
business climate in Cameroon. These are:
- Formalities Centre for Enterprise Creation (CFCE): helps
create a company in 72
hours.
- Management Centers Approved (CGA): provides assistance
to the management and fiscal security for members.
- E-Regulations project: provides comprehensive and detailed information on
administrative procedures making them transparent to investors.
- The Exchange subcontracting and Partnership (SPX) resource center: allows identification
and evaluation of companies based on their technical capabilities. Since its inception,
165 companies have already joined.
♦
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndzè, Representative of the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises, Social
economy and Handicraft of Cameroon.
Mr. Leon Ayana Ndz’e
representative of the SMEs Minister
of Cameroon during the workshop

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- Cameroonian Bank Small and Medium Enterprises (SME-BC): specializes in financing small
and medium enterprises and handicrafts. To achieve its missions, BC - SME has two
funding windows i.e., A window for financing Small and Medium Enterprises and the
counter B for funding Crafts.
- The Agency for Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (APME): responsible, in
conjunction with governments and public and private bodies in assistance, coaching,
facilitation of formalities of entrepreneurship and counseling with ideas and projects. The
second component focuses on capacity building, the establishment of a data bank
and the promotion of technological innovation. The third is the establishment of an
Observatory for SMEs, the incubation of start-up and companion (in partnership with
large companies), etc.
Added to this is a biennial platform for exchanges and discussions called "National Days of
SMEs" held in Cameroon's economic capital Douala.
Environmental Protection in Cameroon
In Cameroon, there is a department in charge of environment and protection of nature. It
is a well structured sector with stringent legislation in the matière. Le Cameroon is Africa in
miniature because of vegetation and climates that are found in the African continent. It
focuses protection of fauna and flora. There is also Department of Wildlife. The non-
governmental and inter-governmental organizational structures complement the
Government efforts for the sustainable management of environment. Many SMEs are
engaged in environmental activities. Cameroon has a company that manages garbage
collection across the country.
Hence, Cameroon Government is extending help for waste management and recycling
and the contributions by SMEs towards the same are also laudable.

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11. A Case study of Cameroon by Mrs. Angeline Henzen♦
Mrs. Angeline Henzen stated that she felt proud to be associated with WUSME. She added
that mandate given to her was to promote, initiate, implement and coordinate activities
of WUSME in Cameroon which has led to the establishment of a set of activities.
Mrs. Henzen informed that WUSME was being actively
promoted in Cameroon. It would participate wherever
forums on SMEs and crafts were held. In the second half of
2013, in the Convention Center of Yaoundé, an informative
workshop was held which brought together both public and
private actors. This meeting had a great success. In the year
2014, several activities, such as meetings with leaders of
employers' groups, SMEs and development partners, among
other things, have been conducted to raise awareness.
She acknowledged the presence in the delegation of
WUSME CAMEROON of the representative of the Minister of
Cameroon in charge of SME, Social Economy and
Handicrafts. She informed that the Government of
Cameroon has launched a series of measures and
incentives after the adoption of the law on the promotion of
SMEs in 2007.It deals with the improvement of the business
climate by establishing, since 2010, Centers of formalization
and creation of enterprises, and the implementing a
"E.REGULATION" program with UNDP in 2013. This program
allows a speedy creation of companies in 72 hours in their
country.
The other measure, according to her included approval of management centers to
support fiscal framework of SMEs. The Investment Charter in force since April 2013 is the
central element to encourage foreign investment. The biennial forum for SMEs held
nationwide as the National Day of SMEs.Beside these the other major nationwide measures
♦
Mrs. Angeline Henzen, National Coordinator and Representative of WUSME in CAMEROON.
Mrs. Angeline Henzen
during the workshop

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functional. included, among others, the CAPAM (Support Framework for the Promotion of
Crafts Mining), API (Investment Promotion Agency), the SMEs bank (opened since 2014).
In the field of Handicrafts, Cameroon provides each of its ten regions with guidance and
training in Crafts in one place structures. These places showcase handicrafts for sale. In the
same area, an international group hosts, every two years, Artisans from the world; this year
holding the fourth edition of the International Exhibition of Crafts of Cameroon.
The highlight of the policy mandate is that it is consistant towards all the Public Institutions,
governmental organizations, non-governmental and development partners.
They meet the prerequisites necessary for the submission of the requests and pass the
required preliminary investigations of morality prescribed by competent authority of
country. Mrs. Henzen informed that the transverse component of the Ministy for SMEs, in
view of its activities, highlights a range of actors from different backgrounds. She stated
that pending the outcome of the administrative process of the recognition of WUSME
being evaluated from the political or diplomatic strategic angles, this was a good reason
justifying the existence of WUSME under the legal form of law in Cameroon.
Mrs. Henzen informed that she felt encouraged to see the evolution of their activities and
the presence of the Representative of the Government which showed that their work was
appreciated and has a positive impact. With these activities and concrete actions it was
imminent that the action plan was going to be implemented immediately. Their mission
was thus inspiring and would be made real.

Wusme workshop waste to energy final document hq san marino

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