5. 3.MANAGEMENTOF TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF
POST-URETHRA (2005)
DIGNOSIS
1) Historyof trauma
2) Retentionof urine
3) Lowerabdominal pain
4) Bleedingatexternal urinarymeatus
5) Signsof shock
6) Suprapubictendernesswith/outcontusionsin
lowerabdomen&perineum(assbladderinjury)
7) Rectal examrevealsprostaticdisplacementin
mostcases
8) Urethral catheterizationshouldbe avoidedasit
may
i) aggravate urethral trauma
ii) introduce infectionintopelvichematoma
9) Retrograde urethrographyisdiagnostic:shows
extravasationof contrastintoperivesical space
TREATMENT
1) Resuscitation&managementof associated
seriousinjuries
2) Suprapubiccystostomyinall avoidopeningtissue
planestoevacuate periprostatichematoma
Suprapubicdrainage iskeptfor6 months
combinedantegrade cysto-urethrography
(suprapubiccath)
The latteris managedeither
i) Endoscopically(visual internal
urethrotomy) or
ii) Surgically( bulboprostaticanastomotic
urethroplasty)
TOPIC 4: PROSTATE
MANAGEMENTOF BPH (2004)(2014)
INVESTIGATIONS
a) Uroflowmetry(simple&noninvasive)
N max flowrate (Q-Max) : > 18 ml/sec
(if <10 ml/sec= obstructionorweakdetrusorms
b) Lab investigations
Urinalysis
Serumcreatinine
SerumPSA
b) Imaging
1) Abdominal ultrasonography:
*size of gland,PVR,associatedstone,
hydronephrosis,
2) KUB: radio-opaque calculi
3) IntravenousUrography:
secretoryfunctionof the kidney
basal smoothfillingdefectin the bladder
4) Urethro-cystoscopy:incase of hematuria
TREATMENT OF BPH
I) Non- symptomaticBPH: Reassurance,Followup
II) SymptomaticBPH:
a) Conservative Rx:medical treatment
1) 5- alpha- reductase inhibitors:Doxazosin,
Tamsolucin
2) Alphaadrenergicblockers:Finastride,
Dutastride
b) Surgical treatment:
1) Trans-urethral resectionof the prostate
(TURP)
Goldstandard 90% of cases
2) Opensurgical prostatectomy
(enucleationadenectomy)
i) Verylarge BPH
ii) Concomitantbladderlesionneedsopen
surgery
iii) Patientlimitation(limitedhipjoint
mobility)
INDICATIONPROSTATECTOMY (2008)
1) RepeatedAUR
2) ChronicUR
3) Severe obstructivesymptoms
4) Failure of medical treatment
5) Haematuria
6) Complications:Rec.UTI, Hydronephrosis,
Bladderstonesordiverticula
COMPLICATIONSPROSTATECTOMY (2008)
1. Compof anesthesia
2. intraop :
a. bleeding
b. TUR syndrome
c. Trauma
3. Immediate postop:
d. Bleeding,primaryreaction
e. Problemwithcatheter
f. Re-retention
6. 4. Delayedpostop:
a. Bleeding
b. InfectionUTI
c. Urine leak,incontinence
d. Urethral stricture
PATHOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER (2004)
Histopathology
1) Adenocarcinoma
More than 95%.
Arisesfromthe epithelium of prostaticacini or
small peripheral prostaticducts
2) Transitional cell carcinoma
Lessthan 4%
ArisesfromProstaticurethra,central prostatic
ducts or directextensionfromTCCof the
urinarybladder
DIAGNOSISOF PROSTATE CANCER (2012)
1) CP
2) Digital Rectal Examination(DRE)
An abnormal DRE isdefinedby:
i) Asymmetricenlargementof the gland
ii) A prostaticnodule
iii) Firmto hard consistency
Only50% of pts withabnormal DRE prove to
have prostate cancer
Normal DRE doesnot exclude cancer
3) Prostaticbiopsy
Is essential forthe diagnosis
Transrectal ultrasound – guidedprostatic
(TRUS) biopsy
Indications:
i) ElevatedPSA
ii) Abnormal DRE
iii) Both
4) Imaginginthe diagnosisof prostate cancer
a) Ultrasonography abdominal ortrans- rectal
i) No specificsonographicpattern:
homogenous,heterogeneous,iso,hypo,
or hyperechoec
ii) Size of the gland
iii) Postvoidresidual
iv) Effecton upperurinarytract
v) Assessment of otherabdominal organs
b) MRI
c) Imagingof Skeletal metastasis
i) Bone scan (highsensitivitybutlow
specificity- highfalse+ve result)
ii) ConventionalSkeletalradiography(low
sensitivitybuthighspecificity)
iii) Bone CT
TOPIC 5: EMERGENCIES
MANAGEMENTOF TESTICULAR TORSION
( 2007)(2014)
a) NEONATALTESTICULARTORSION
CLINICAL PICTURE
The infantisrestless,reluctanttofeeding.
Hard, large scrotal mass, -ve transillumination.
TREATMENT
It iscontroversial
1) No treatment the testisisalreadynecrotic.
2) Surgical orchiectomywith contralateral
orchipexy.
b) PUBERTAL TESTICULAR TORSION (Intravaginal
torsion)
CLINICAL PICTURE
Suddenonsetof acute testicularpainand
swelling.
Severe tenderness.
Nauseaandvomiting.
Transverse lie of the testis.
Scrotal elevationwill increase pain.
Secondaryhydrocele maydevelop.
8. - Kidney:PCNL*,pyelolithotomy,
nephrolithotomy,pyelonephrolithotomy,
partialradical nephrectomy
- Bladder:cystolithotripsy*,cystolithotomy
- Urethra: pushto bladder,meatotomy
iii) COMPOSITION
A) INVESTIGATIONSOF UROLITHIASIS
a) Laboratory:
1) Urine analysis
May showhaematuria.
Pyuriaand bacteruriaare frequent.
The type of crystalspresentinthe urine
may predictthe compositionof the stone.
2) Bloodurea& serumcreatinine : estimate of
the total renal function.
b) Imaging:
1) X-rays
PXRof the abdomen: radio-opaque calculi(80-
90%)
To differentiate renal&gall bladderstones:
i) A rightlateral viewwhenaradio-opaque
shadow(s) isshowninthe rightrenal area.
ii) A renal calculusoverliesthe vertebral bodies
whereasgallstonesare faranterior.
2) IVU isessential
A post-voidingfilmisessential toshow
ureterovesical andintramural calculi.
3) Ultrasonography
Valuable in:
i) Pregnancy
ii) Anuricpatients
iii) Allergictothe contrastmaterial
It showsthe acousticshadowof the stone,
stasisor hydronephrosisare alsoshown.
4) Noncontrast spiral CT
Usedin radiolucentstonesorureamicpatients
To showthe site,size and+/- type of stone
B) EMERGENCY TREATMENT
a) RENAL(URETERIC) COLIC:
1) Antispasmodics(e.gkhelline,buscopan,
papaverine,)+painkillers(e.g.voltaren,
indocid,) IM+ diuretics
2) Opiates(onlythe exceptional case)
b) OBSTRUCTIVE (CALCULUS) ANURIA:
1) Short termconservative trial for12 hourswith
diuretics(lasix6amp or 15% mannitol) +
antispasmodics
2) A plainX-Rayandultrasonographyshowthe
obstructingstone(s) andthe conditionof the
kidneys.
3) Uretericcatheterization orJJ stent inevery
case
4) Urinary diversion PCN above the levelof the
obstructionisrequired
C) TREATMENT OF STONES
i) SMALL STONES lessthan5mm indiameter
usuallypassspontaneouslyaidedbyadequate
hydration:
+ Diuretics,e.g.thiazidesone tabletdaily
+ Antispasmodicse.g.khellineproducts,hyocine
(buscopan) orpapaverine(no-spa).
ii) LARGER RENAL & URETERIC STONES :
1) Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
(ESWL)
suitable forstones <2 cm in diameter
not assc withdistal obstruction/active
infection
2) Percutaneousnephrolithotomy
done underfluoroscopic(X-Ray) control
suitable formostrenal calculi
iii) SURGERY : the role of surgery isdeclining
I) Rx of upperurinarycalculi
a) FOR RENAL STONES
The kidneyisexposedextraperitoneallybya
supracostal incisionwiththe patientlyinginlateral
position.
1) Pyelolithotomy
extractionof stone throughanincisioninrenal
pelvis
the operationof choice
9. 2) Nephrolithotomy
extractionof stone thran incisioninrenal
parenchyma
suitable forsome calyceal stones which
cannot be extractedviathe renal pelvis
3) Extendedpyelolithotomyorpyelo-
nephrolithotomy isindicatedinbranched
(staghorn) stones.
4) Partial Nephrectomy,
excisionof the lowerthirdof the kidney
indicatedincase of stone inthe lowercalyx
whose drainage isdefective
5) Nephrectomy
shouldbe avoidedeveninmx of staghorn
stones
it isonlydone fora functionlessdestroyed
kidney,oras a life savingmeasure because of
intraoperative bleedingduringrenal stone
surgery
b) URETERAL STONES
Ureterolithotomy isindicatedfor
1) large stones
2) stoneswithdistal stricture
3) afterfailure of endourologicmanipulations.
c) LOWER THIRD OF THE URETER STONES suitable
for ureteroscopicmanipulationsincluding:
Disintegrationof largerstonesbyUSor
electrohydraulicwavesorbythe pneumatic
lithoclastorby Laserbeam.
d) IMPACTED STONES IN THE INTRAMURAL URETER
can be extractedcystoscopicallyaftertransurethral
incisionof the submucosal ureter(ureteral
meatotomy).
II) Rx of lowerurinarycalculi
a) BLADDER STONES
Stone : cystolithotripsy
Stones: cystolithotomy
1) Single,mediumsizedstones(1-2cmin
diameter)
Crushedbylithotrite (litholapaxy)
2) Large calculi
Manage by extraperitoneallythrough
suprapubicmidlineincision(litholatomy)
b) URETHRAL CALCULI
1) Posteriorurethral calculi are cautiously
pushedbackby a urethral soundor bya
urethroscope tothe bladdertobe treatedas
bladdercalculi.
2) Impactedstonesatthe fossanaviculariscan
be extractedbydoingmeatotomyof the
external urinarymeatus.
3) Bulbarurethral stonescan be extracted
throughthe perineum(bulbar
urethrolithotomy).
4) Stonesinthe penile urethraare pushedback
to the bulbarurethraand treatedas such
TREATMENT
a) Manual detorsion (done from medial to lateral)
Notrecommendedasitisnot a final solution,
torsion:
i) may recur
ii) may be incomplete sothe painisrelieved
but the testisisstill ischemic
b) Surgical exploration
1) Affectedtestis
if viable detorsionandorchiopexy
if not viable doorchiectomy.
2) Contralateral testisorchiopexy.