This document discusses research from the Pluricourts Investment Treaty Arbitration Database (PITAD) on trends in international investment law and arbitration. It finds that a small number of "powerbrokers", including arbitrators, legal counsel, and experts, dominate the field. Only the top 25 arbitrators account for 37% of appointments, and the same is true for legal counsel. It also examines the phenomenon of "double hatting", where arbitrators also work as counsel in other cases, which could pose conflicts of interest. The document closes by noting debates around potential reforms to address asymmetries and lack of diversity in the system.
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The Pluricourts Investment Treaty Arbitration Database
1. PITAD
The Pluricourts Investment Treaty Arbitration Database
Malcolm Langford
Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo
Affiliate Researcher , Pluricourts and Co-Coordinator, LEGINVEST
Co-Director, Centre for Law & Social Transformation
University of Bergen & CM
12. Investor win rates by development
0,57
0,43
0,52
0,47
0,21
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
Lower
quintile
(n=60)
2
(n=63)
3
(n=69)
4
(n=71)
Upper
quintile
(n=65)
Predicetd probability of investor win
Respondent country GDP per capita (quintiles)
0,63
0,48 0,45
0,21
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
Low
income
(n=33)
Lower
middle
income
(n=99)
Upper
middle
income
(n=146)
High
income
(n=51)
Predicetdprobabilityofinvestorwin
Respondent country World Bank Income
Group
Daniel Behn, Tarald Berge and Malcolm Langford, ‘Poor States or Poor Governance: Explaining Outcomes in
Investment Treaty Arbitration’, Northwestern Journal for International Law and Business 38(3) (2018), 333-389.
14. 29.10.2018 15
Taylor St John, Daniel Behn, Runar Lie and Malcolm Langford, Glass Ceilings and Arbitral Dealings:
Gender and Investment Arbitration, ASIL Research Forum, 2018.
15. 4. Law: Modelling, prediction and legal technology
29.10.2018 16
Wolfgang Alschner and Dmitriy Skougarevskiy, ‘Towards an Automated Production of Legal Texts Using
Recurrent Neural Networks’, 16th International Conference Artificial Intelligence and Law, Conference
Proceedings, June 2017, pp. 229-332.
17. PITAD Database
Hosted by LEGINVEST Project
Pluriucourts Centre of Excellence
Associate Professor
Daniel Behn
Professor
Ole Kristian Fauchald
Research Fellow
Maksim Usynin
Research Fellow
Runar Lie
Research Fellow
Tarald Berge
Lecturer
Taylor St. John
St Andrews
Assistant Professor
Ottawa
Research Fellow
Tori Kirkebø
25. 1. Arbitral asymmetry
• Top 25 Arbitrators account for 4% of total
arbitrators
• But 37% of all appointments
29.10.2018 26
• Malcolm Langford, Daniel Behn and Runar Lie, ‘The Revolving Door in International
Investment Arbitration’ Journal of International Economic Law 20 (2), 2017, pp. 301–332.
30. 2. Legal Counsel
Rank Counsel Nationality Law firm(s) For
claimant
For resp. Total cases*
1 Stanimir Alexandrov Bulgaria Sidley Austin 13 18 31
2 Nigel Blackaby UK Freshfields 26 4 30
3 Osvaldo Guglielmino Argentina Argentina Ministry 0 25 25
4 Emmanuel Gaillard France Shearman & Sterling 14 7 21
5 Todd Weiler Canada Todd Weiler 20 0 20
6 Angelina Abbona Argentina Argentina Ministry 0 19 19
6 Ronald Goodman US Foley Hoag 3 16 19
7 Stephen Jagusch NZ Quinn Emanuel 12 6 18
7 Gabriela Álvarez-Avila Mexico Curtis Mallet 0 18 18
7 Jan Paulsson France Freshfields 7 11 18
7 Hamid Gharavi France Derains & Gharavi 11 7 18
29.10.2018 31
31. 3. Expert witnesses
29.10.2018 32
Rank Expert Nationality Role For claimant For resp. Total cases
1 Brent Kaczmarek US Quantum/Industry Expert 17 11 28
2 Rudolf Dolzer Germany International Law Expert 13 4 17
3 W. Michael Reisman US International Law Expert 9 7 16
4 Christoph Schreuer Austria International Law Expert 11 2 13
5 Manuel Abdala US Quantum/Industry Expert 5 1 6
6 Anne-Marie Slaughter US International Law Expert 0 5 5
6 Ismael Mata Argentina National Law Expert 0 5 5
6 James Crawford Australia International Law Expert 1 4 5
6 James Dow US Quantum/Industry Expert 0 5 5
6 Joseph Kalt US Quantum/Industry Expert 4 1 5
6 Nico Schrijver Netherlands International Law Expert 2 3 5
6 Pablo Spiller US Quantum/Industry Expert 4 1 5
33. Entire Network: The Powerbrokers
Rank Name Nationality Arbitrations Counsel
Expert
witness
HITS Hub
1 G. Kaufmann-Kohler Switzerland 56 0 0 1.00000
2 L. Y. Fortier Canada 53 0 0 0.87664
3 B. Stern France 88 0 0 0.87278
4 V. V. Veeder UK 37 2 0 0.55004
5 F. Orrego Vicuña Chile 49 0 0 0.54280
6 S. Alexandrov Bulgaria 32 31 0 0.52113
7 C. Brower US 52 0 0 0.48111
8 J. Crawford Australia 27 14 5 0.48067
9 D. Price US 18 13 0 0.48031
10 E. Gaillard France 23 21 0 0.47015
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35. Implications for arbitral appointments
• Role of symbolic and network capital in obtainining
appointments
• Structural barriers to new entrants
– Role of insiders in arbitration appointments
– Lack of transparency around process
29.10.2018 36
38. Critics
• “it is possible to recognise the difficulty that may arise if
a lawyer spends a morning drafting an arbitral award
that addresses a contentious legal issue, and then in
the afternoon as counsel in a different case drafts a
pleading making arguments on the same legal issue.
Can that lawyer, while acting as arbitrator, cut herself
off entirely from her simultaneous role as counsel?”
• Philippe Sands
29.10.2018 39
39. Top 10 Double hatters
29.10.2018 40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Zachary Douglas
Eric Schwartz
Stanimir Alexandrov
Stephen Schwebel
Florentino Feliciano
Robert Volterra
Daniel Price
James Crawford
Jan Paulsson
Emmanuel Gaillard