Presentations from the OECD seminar "Policy Implications of the Coronavirus Crisis for Rural Development held on 22 June 2020. Single PPT of presentations by Enrique Garcilazo, Taebuyung Kim, Enrique Nieto, Grace Guthrie and Martin Oelz. More information on rural development: http://www.oecd.org/regional/ruraldevelopment.htm

1. Webinar - 22 June 2020
POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF
THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS
FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT

2. Policy Implications of Coronavirus for Rural Development policy
note (Enrique Garcilazo)
Korea’s Response Measures against COVID-19 and Strategies
for Post-Pandemic Recovery (Taebuyung Kim)
Rural responses to the COVID-19 crisis (Enrique Nieto)
COVID-19 in the lens of Urban-Rural Linkages
(Grace Guthrie)
Indigenous populations perspective (Martin Oelz)
Table of contents (all webinar presentations)
Go to slide 4
Go to slide 11
Go to slide 14
Go to slide 22
Go to slide 36

3. Every major crisis, such as the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, brings opportunities to rethink our systems and make them
more resilient to future shocks. This is also true for rural regions. Rural economies have provided essential primary goods,
including food and energy, to households, hospitals and health centres during the confinement periods. Revisiting globalisation
of production chains could also open new opportunities in some rural areas. This webinar focuses on the potential effects and
challenges of the pandemic on the economy and well-being of rural regions over the short-term and medium/long term, but
also identifies a number of possible opportunities. Finally, it seeks to outline a number of policy responses relevant for rural
areas.
Overview
Agenda
Introductory remarks and summary of the policy note -
 Peter Wostner, Chair of Working Party on Rural Policy
 Jose Enrique Garcilazo, Head of Regional and Rural Policy Unit, OECD
Lessons and examples from OECD countries
 Mr. Taebyung Kim, Vice-Chair of WPRUR and Director, Regional Policy Division, Ministry of Land Infrastructure and
Transport, Korea
 Enrique Nieto Policy Analyst, European Network for Rural Development, European Union
Lessons and examples from international organisations
 Ms. Grace Githiri, Urban-Rural Linkages Programme Manager UNHABITAT
 Martin Oelz, Senior Specialist on Equality and Non-discrimination, International Labour Organization
 Julio Berdegué, Assistant Director – General and FAO Regional Representative for Latin America and the Caribbean
Concluding remarks
 Peter Wostner, Chair of Working Party on Rural Policy

4. Process:
• 1st version discussed at 23rd Session of the OECD Working Party for
Rural Policy (20 April)
• Input and comment by Delegates and collection of information
Structure of note:
1. COVID-19: What economic and social effects on rural regions?
2. Identifying opportunities
3. Preparing for the challenges ahead
4. How are OECD countries responding
Read the policy note ►
Policy Implications of Coronavirus Crisis for Rural
Development (released 16 June)

5. Rural regions have:
• Large share of population at higher risk
– severe illness, notably the elderly and the poor
• A high share of workers in essential jobs (agriculture, food processing, etc.)
– limited capability to work from home making it difficulty to telework and social distance
• Lower incomes and lower savings
• Less access to medical services
– lack of ICUs, doctors with specialised skills, larger distance to hospitals, testing centres, etc.
• Lower accessibility to Internet
– both in coverage and connection speed, devices and skills to use them
• A much less diversified economy
– Vulnerability to economic shocks
COVID-19 economic and social effects on rural regions?

6. The Global Financial Crisis brought “winners” and “losers”
Regions with a city >1M
Regions with a city >250K
Remote regions
Regions near a city
>250K
Regions with/near a
city <250K
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000 55000 60000
GDP pc Growth(%)
GDP pc, 2000, 2017 (USD)
Post-crisis (2008-2017) Pre-crisis (2000-2007)
# of people
200M
30M

7. Identifying opportunities

8. Preparing for the challenges ahead
Immediate effects
• Containing spread of virus by temporary visitors
• Providing essential medical services and testing facilities to rural citizens,
• Overcoming lower capacity (staffing) of rural areas to implement current national emergency measures
(e.g. areas with quarantine).
• Preparedness and reaction capacity of rural regions, especially in remote ones
– Access to data
Medium and long term
• How to make rural regions more resilient over the medium and long term
• Overcoming divides in access to services and digital infrastructures

9. Covid-19 policy responses challenges or opportunities?
1. Health responses and improving access to the medical services
• Initiatives to deliver and make available medical equipment
• Upgrading health delivery systems and mobilising local networks
• Mobilising local networks of health care workers and pharmacists
2. Initiatives to maintain basic services in rural areas
• Securing food availability and assisting elderly
• Emergency aid and maintaining essential basic services
3. Supporting rural business
• Support for rural businesses and SMEs
• Measures to support primary sectors
• Measures for tourism, mining and indigenous communities
4. Improving digital infrastructures and digital accessibility in rural areas
• Broadband and cloud services
• Access to education
• Governance

10. The road ahead

11. KOREA’S RESPONSE
MEASURES AGAINST COVID-
19 AND STRATEGIES FOR
POST-PANDEMIC RECOVERY
Mr. Taebyung Kim, Vice-Chair of WPRUR and Director, Regional Policy Division,
Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, Korea

12. • Offering Emergency Disaster Relief Funds to All Koreans to Help Boost Consumer Demand and Economic
Activities
– Cash payments have been completed 99% as of June 17, offering 1 million won (approximately 740
euros) on a four-person household basis and smaller amounts to families with fewer members.
– In addition, employees who have not been covered by employment insurance are entitled to receive a
total of 1.5 million won (approx. 1100 euros) per person over a three-month period from the Emergency
Employment Stability Funds.
• Providing Backbone Industries Stability Funds worth 40 trillion won (approx. 30 billion euros) to Hardest-hit
Industries
– Liquidity is set to be provided to the country’s backbone industries with priorities given to aviation and
shipping.
– Recipient companies must meet some requirements regarding employee retention, preventive
measures against moral hazard, etc.
• Reorganising Healthcare Framework to Better Respond to Future Infectious Diseases
– The Korea Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), which has been at the forefront of
combating the pandemic, is set to be upgraded to an independent administrative body, tentatively
named ‘Disease Control and Prevention Administration’ to strengthen its autonomy and expertise.
– It has also been decided to establish ‘Local Disease Response Centres’ to assist their disease control
efforts.
Korea’s Major Countermeasures Taken since
RDPC and WPRUR Meetings in April

13. • Aiming to Evolve into a Leading Economy in a Post-Pandemic Era
– Through the twin pillars of the Digital New Deal and the Green New Deal, Korea plans to invest
76 trillion won (approx. 56 billion euros) by 2025, creating 460,000 jobs in relevant areas.
• Establishing a Basis for Digital Economy through the Digital New Deal
– Strengthening the data ecosystem (e.g. allowing the use of public data of about 140,000 pieces,
establishing AI funds)
– Addressing digital divide (e.g. high-speed internet networks in agricultural and fishing villages)
– Cultivating non-face-to-face industries (e.g. making sure WiFi services are available in all
classrooms, establishing video conferencing infrastructure for SMEs and startups)
– Building integrated platforms to effectively manage the operations of transport, security, and
disaster prevention services
• Coping with Climate Change and Promoting Sustainable Development via the Green New Deal
– Implementing green remodeling projects to improve energy efficiency of aged buildings
– Supporting 100 promising companies possessing eco-friendly technologies and nurturing five
green industries, such as hydrothermal energy and recycling
– Expanding low-carbon energy systems by building smart grids and aiding the purchase of
environmentally friendly vehicles
Korea’s Post-Pandemic Strategies through
Stimulus Measures Called ‘Korean New Deal’

14. RURAL RESPONSES TO THE
COVID19 CRISIS
Enrique Nieto Policy Analyst, European Network for Rural Development,
European Union

15. Rural responses
ENRD Database of rural responses to the COVID-19 crisis
https://enrd.ec.europa.eu/home-page_en

16. • Solidarity with vulnerable groups in
the community
• Territorial coordination of actions
• Creation of platforms, networks &
cooperation (e.g. rural-urban)
• New businesses models – many online
and short chains (online sales)
• Support digital innovation (e.g.
hackathons)
• Adapting machinery and work places
• Build capacity for the new
context/normality (collection of
practices, databases, training)
Examples of local rural responses
Coping
Localresponses
Adapting
What we observed

17. A working Group representing:
• 11 villages and about 12 000
inhabitants;
• 16 agricultural cooperatives with
more than 3 000 farmers;
• tourism operators with more than
2000 beds.
Some lessons:
• Rapid mobilisation of the community to plan action
• Coordinated planning of responses in the territory (across economic & social
sectors).
• Need of flexible financing to support action
Rural Response: A case in Spain
(Jerte Valley, Extremadura)
ENRD Database of rural responses to the COVID-19 crisis
Local Blog for informing local responses in Jerte Valley (ES)

18. Emergency responses in the EU
Emergency responses
• Agriculture & Rural Development
Recovery Plan for Europe (Proposal).
To help repair the economic and social damage brought by the coronavirus
pandemic, kick-start European recovery, and protect and create jobs.
Factsheet: Coronavirus: Emergency response to support the agriculture and
food sectors

19. EU green deal (2050)
Policy response in the EU
Factsheet: How the future CAP will contribute to the EU Green Deal
Communication Farm to Form strategy
Communication: EU Biodiversity Strategy
Factsheet: EU Biodiversity Strategy
Sustainability / green
Innovation
Social - Leave no one behind
Farm to Fork
(2030)
Biodiversity Strategy
(2030)
Climate Pact
(upcoming)
EU long-term vision for
rural areas (upcoming)

20. Some personal reflections
• Rural resilience and digitalisation
• Rural-proofed policy responses
• Agile and flexible support
mechanism for local communities to
respond to unforeseen
circumstance
• Rural-urban links

21. Enrique Nieto
enrique@enrd.eu
@Enrique_bxl

22. COVID-19 IN THE LENS OF
URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES
Grace Githiri, Urban-Rural Linkages Programme Manager UNHABITAT

23. DEFINITION OF URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES
• Traditional approaches of planning
viewed urban and rural areas as two
separate entities creating a dichotomy
between the two.
URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES refer to complementary and
synergetic functions and flows of people, natural resources,
capital, goods, employment, ecosystem services, information and
technology between rural, peri-urban and urban areas.
• In reality, the boundary between urban and rural
areas is diffused, and the two are inter-twined
and connected to each other in a functioning
system of linkages that sustains the interactions
between them

24. Kenneth Lynch (2005)
Rural–Urban Interaction
in the Developing World:
Taylor and Francis
RURAL – URBAN INTERACTIONS

25. GLOBAL FRAMEWORKS ON URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES
• In the Rio+20 Outcome Document “The Future We Want”, member
states “commit[ed] to work towards improving the quality of human
settlements, including the living and working conditions of both urban
and rural dwellers in the context of poverty eradication so that all people
have access to basic services, housing and mobility.”
• SDG 11, Target 11.a requests to “support positive economic, social and
environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by
strengthening national and regional development planning.” With
target 11.a, Member States acknowledge the importance of the linkages
between urban and rural areas and lay the foundation for an integrated
territorial approach.
• Urban-Rural linkages have again come into focus, not only for achieving
SDG 11, but also other SDGS like 2, 9 and 12 among others.”
• Strengthening Urban-Rural Linkages is one way of implementing the New
Urban Agenda and making sure no-one is left behind. An emphasis on
inclusive and integrated approach to sustainable urbanization.
1
2
3
4

26. URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES: GUIDING PRINCIPLES AND
FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION (URL-GP)
+ 130
Stakeholders
3 Year
Process
+40
Organizations
5
Face to Face
Meetings
 EGM in Colombia (Oct. 2015)
 WUF9 in Kuala Lumpur (Feb. 2018)
 EGM in Bolivia (June 2018)
 RAW in Nairobi (Sept. 2018)
 UN Habitat Assembly (May 2019)
Approved in 2019,
Resolution 1/5 of the
UN-Habitat Assembly
10
Principles
11
Framework
for Action
3
Online
Consultation
Phases

27. URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES: GUIDING PRINCIPLES (URL-GP)
1
LOCALLY GROUNDED
INTERVENTIONS
2
INTEGRATED
GOVERNANCE
3
FUNCTIONAL AND
SPATIAL SYSTEMS-
BASED APPROACHES
4
FINANCIALLY
INCLUSIVE
5
BALANCED
PARTNERSHI
P
6
HUMAN RIGHTS-
BASED
7
DO NOT HARM AND
PROVIDE SOCIAL
PROTECTION
8
ENVIRONMENTALLY
SENSITIVE
9
PARTICIPATORY
ENGAGEMENT
10
DATA DRIVEN AND
EVIDENCE-BASED

28. THE FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION: URL-GP
Creating an enabling environment for strengthened urban-rural linkages

29. THE FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION: URL-GP
Sectorial and thematic entry points to promote integrated territorial development

30. COVID-19 ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN RURAL LINKAGES
• Food security and nutrition –migrant workers
returning to rural areas, limited mobility and
international travel thus limited food supplies-
dependency on local supply in the future
• Digital divide- Rural communities with poor to little
broadband Internet access, however, are stuck in digital
deserts with no way to ride out the situation,
• Small towns- rural development- e.g. According to
World Bank data and three-quarters of 645 million
people living in rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa don’t
have the facilities at home to wash their hands with
soap and water.

31. COVID-19 ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF URBAN RURAL LINKAGES
• Migration- reverse migration (however still
both ways urban-rural and rural-urban)
• Livelihoods- loss of employment in several
sectors both in urban and rural areas
• Mobility- movement of food commodities,
health supplies, personnel etc.
• Social protection- proposed measures would
require support mechanisms for the vulnerable-
for example washing of hands, using sanitizers
for the urban and rural poor

32. COVID-19 POLICY RESPONSES IN LENS OF URL
1. Locally grounded interventions
1
LOCALLY GROUNDED
INTERVENTIONS
Advocate for context specific solutions and
also including the local communities- in
defining and implementing related measures
2. Data Driven and evidenced based
Participatory Data collection and
use in defining response and
recovery measures
10
DATA DRIVEN AND
EVIDENCE-BASED
 Intersectoral collaboration- e.g food
and health- urban-rural public
health system among others
 Multilevel government approaches
 Multistakeholder approaches
3. Integrated Governance
2
INTEGRATED
GOVERNANCE
4. Do no harm and provide social protection
Responses and recovery measures
should ensure the people especially
the vulnerable are taken care of
7
DO NOT HARM AND
PROVIDE SOCIAL
PROTECTION

33. COVID-19 POLICY RESPONSES IN LENS OF URL
5. Integrated urban and territorial planning
Integrated urban and territorial
planning for equitable development
in urban and rural areas
6. Provide Livelihood shocks in urban and rural areas
Initiatives to provide basic needs to
populations who lose livelihoods in times of
pandemics in both urban and rural areas
Innovative strategies to
enhance continuity of
the food value chain
even in pandemics
7. Strengthened food value chains 4. Public Investment inclusive of small towns and
rural areas
This includes provision of
infrastructure, health facilities,
electricity, technology,
transportation etc.
4
FINANCIALLY
INCLUSIVE
3
FUNCTIONAL AND SPATIAL
SYSTEMS-BASED APPROACHES

34. UN-HABITAT WEBINAR SERIES ON URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES IN TIME OF COVID-19
Five successful webinar sessions on URL in times
of covid-19 have been conducted
Five topics:
• Geographical context
• Metropolitan perspectives
• Small and intermediate cities
• Urban poor and slum dwellers in Asia and
Africa
• Neighbourhood Governance and Community
Response
2500 participants
WE INVITE YOU
Second series of webinars on integrated territorial
development
When: from 29th June Monday 29 June at 16:00
(East Africa Time)
Co-organized with United Cities and Local
Governments (UCLG)
Topic: Governance, Covid-19 recovery, and
integrated territorial development
outcomes can be found at the website link;
https://urbanpolicyplatform.org/url-webinar-series/

35. SOME PUBLICATIONS ON URBAN-RURAL LINKAGES
For more; https://urbanrurallinkages.wordpress.com/resources-case-studies-and-readinds/

36. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND
COVID-19
Martin Oelz, Senior Specialist on Equality and Non-discrimination, International
Labour Organization

37. Number of
indigenous
peoples, 2019
 476 million or 6.2 % of global population
 15.7 per cent or 64.7 million of indigenous peoples live in the 23 countries that have ratified the
ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169
Source: ILO, 2019. Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention
No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future
37

38. The majority of
indigenous
peoples live in
Asia and the
Pacific and in
Middle-income
countries
Source: ILO, 2019. Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
Convention No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future
38

39. A rural-urban
divide
Share of indigenous
peoples by type of
place of residence
Source: ILO, 2019. Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples
Convention No. 169: Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future
39

40. Patterns of inequality
 86.3 % of indigenous persons work in the informal economy (66.3% for non-
indigenous)
 55% in agriculture (26.9% for non-indigenous)
 46.6% of indigenous persons in employment have no education (17.2 for non-
indigenous)
 18.2% live below $1.90 a day (6.8% for non-indigenous)
 In rural areas, indigenous peoples are more than twice as likely to be in extreme
poverty that non-indigenous
Sources: ILO, 2019. Implementing the ILO Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169:
Towards an inclusive, sustainable and just future; ILO, 2020: COVID-19 in the World of Work: A
focus on Indigenous Peoples
40

41. Disparate vulnerabilities in the COVID-19 context
 Infection risks due to immunological
profiles/preexisting health conditions; existential threat
for communities in voluntary isolation or initial contact
 Many indigenous peoples work in sectors hard-hit by
the crisis – income loss
 Lockdowns, supply chain disruptions interfering with
cultivation/harvesting cycles – reports of food
insecurity in rural areas
 Limited access to social protection, health care, water
and sanitation
Advancing social justice, promoting decent work
41
In a rural community in Guatemala, Altiplano

42. COVID-19 and Indigenous peoples: Government actions
 Australia and Canada provided support to indigenous businesses
 India provided for lockdown exceptions for minor forest produce collection
 Peru adopted emergency legislation to protect indigenous peoples in the COVID-
19 context
 Mexico issued a guide for indigenous peoples on COVID-19
 Costa Rica issued technical guidelines on preventing COVID-19 spreading to
indigenous territories
Countries with institutions and policies regarding indigenous peoples have been
better able to include indigenous peoples in their COVID-19 response
Advancing social justice, promoting decent work
42

43. Challenges and opportunities to seize
 Risk that the pandemic and ensuing economic crisis
will disproportionally affect indigenous peoples
 Weak institutions for participation & consultation of
indigenous peoples, lack of targeted public policies a
challenge for economic re-activation and recovery
 But, an inclusive, sustainable response & recovery
that strengthens resilience and facilitates a just
transition, has potential for tackling historic structural
inequalities
 Indigenous peoples, including indigenous women, as
partners and allies
Advancing social justice, promoting decent work
43
Traditional cultivation, Banglasdesh

44. A focus on Indigenous peoples: Key areas for action
 Recognition of indigenous peoples’ rights to land and natural resources
 Investing in institutions for consultation and participation (procedures, public
management tools, inter-cultural competencies)
 Whole-of-government approach for coherence and coordination
 Access to education, decent work, fundamental principles and rights at work
 Support for indigenous enterprises and cooperatives; skills, vocational training
and green jobs.
 Indigenous women’s empowerment and participation in decision-making
 Inclusive social protection systems
Advancing social justice, promoting decent work
44

45. A SNAPSHOT OF THE Q&A

46. Voices from the room – a snapshot of the Q&A
“How can we sell rural economies as a positive post
covid 19, places where creativity, innovation and
entrepreneurship can flourish?”
“Rural economies have always been a safety net for
times of crisis. However, the biggest challenge is
ensuring infrastructure, both basic and digital (to
ensure connections and contact with towns and
cities)”.
“How has Covid-19
affected voluntary
and community
organisations in
rural areas? What
can be done to
sustain this vital
social
infrastructure?”
“We have to think about diversification as the
creation of industrial "ecosystems", outside
urban agglomerations. In Scotland,
diversification of the rural economy, thanks to
the establishment of innovative companies,
makes it possible to generate synergies and
multiplier effects in more traditional sectors,
and opens the opportunity for the return of
highly qualified workers”
“We can see in the crisis: rural areas (1) have
many essential workers and activities (2) have
lower per capita consumption, and often lower
carbon footprint (3) have circular economy
activities. We need to emphasise that rural people
are “high carbon”, and establish the idea that they
will be very important in the green transition.”
“How have other countries dealt with the balance of needing to
encourage tourism/visitors to rural areas for economic
reasons, and the fears of local communities that visitors will
inadvertently bring the virus with them?”