Impacts of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Aquatic Ecosystems
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Presentation: Developing Science-Informed Policy Responses to Curb Endocrine Disruption in Freshwater, Minna Saaristo - Senior Scientist – Emerging contaminants, EPA Victoria, Australia
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Impacts of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Aquatic Ecosystems
- 1. OFFICIAL Ecosystem impacts: direct and indirect effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals Dr Minna Saaristo Developing science-informed policy responses to curb endocrine disruption in freshwater, OECD, Paris, France; 18 Oct – 19 Oct 2022
- 2. OFFICIAL Introduction to the topic Case studies (I –II) Problems of scale and complexity Take home-messages Outline of the talk
- 3. OFFICIAL
- 4. OFFICIAL Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)
- 5. OFFICIAL Behaviour, an early indicator of chemical contamination
- 6. OFFICIAL Direct effects on behaviour: are caused by contaminants acting on the physiology of an animal. Indirect effects on behaviour: changes to animal behaviour in one organism or species have cascading effects on other organisms and species in the exposed system. Credit: Plymouth Marine Laboratory
- 7. OFFICIAL ll
- 8. OFFICIAL What about feedback loops?
- 9. OFFICIAL lll
- 10. OFFICIAL Conceptual framework: the effects of chemical contaminants on communities manifest in the interactions within and among populations.
- 11. OFFICIAL Simply monitoring changes in the abundance of key predators is likely to underestimate the risks. Feedback loops
- 12. OFFICIAL Move away from the ‘one chemical - one species – one endpoint’
- 13. OFFICIAL Case study I – direct effects Credit: UnderWater Tribe
- 14. OFFICIAL Case study I. The effects of 17α-ethinyl estradiol on the reproductive behaviour of the sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus).
- 15. OFFICIAL Methods Study site: • Baltic Sea (Finland) • brackish water
- 16. OFFICIAL Methods Exposure design: • Flow-through exposure (ng/L) • Short-term exposures (1-4 weeks) • LC-MS (HS 1100-Waters Quattro II)
- 17. OFFICIAL 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) EE2 is a synthetic estrogen used in oral contraceptive pills.
- 18. OFFICIAL Sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) A small, marine fish with a one-year life cycle Resource-defence mating system Male competes for females: strong sexual selection for increased male size
- 21. OFFICIAL Courtship behaviour decreased Saaristo et al. (2009b) Hormones and Behavior, 56, 315-321.
- 22. OFFICIAL 21 females out of 30 mated with control males
- 24. OFFICIAL Mating system changed: females preferred smaller males Saaristo et al. 2009a. Hormones and Behavior, 55, 530-537.
- 26. OFFICIAL Exposed males lost the nest competition: males were not able to acquire or defend a nest site Saaristo et al. (2009b) Hormones and Behavior, 56, 315-321 Control Control EE2 EE2 Stage1 Stage 2
- 28. OFFICIAL Exposed males were less aggressive Saaristo et al. 2010. Chemosphere, 79, 541-546.
- 29. OFFICIAL Changes in nest building, courtship and aggressive behaviour of EE2-exposed males: negative implications for male reproductive success.
- 30. OFFICIAL Case study: Indirect effects Study species: e.g. fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Model compound: EE2 Study design: A whole lake exposure, 4-year study. Kidd et al. 2007. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. PNAS, 104, 8897-8901. Kidd et al. 2014. Direct and indirect responses of a freshwater food web to a potent synthetic oestrogen. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. B., 369, 20130578.
- 31. OFFICIAL
- 32. OFFICIAL By 2002, age-0 fathead minnow were virtually absent in the lake. By 2004 the adult fathead minnow biomass had declined by two orders of magnitude, to less than 1% of the biomass in the previous 4 years.
- 33. OFFICIAL Increases in zooplankton, Chaoborus, and emerging insects after 2-3 years of EE2 additions, strongly suggesting indirect effects mediated through the reduced abundance of several small-bodied fishes.
- 34. OFFICIAL Biomass of top predator lake trout declined by 23-42% during and after EE2 additions, most probably an indirect effect from the loss of its prey species, the fathead minnow and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus).
- 35. OFFICIAL This study demonstrates that small-scale studies focusing solely on direct effects are likely to underestimate the true environmental impacts of chemical contaminants.
- 36. OFFICIAL P 1) Susceptibility differences between species • Differences in the rate and extent of chemical being taken up, metabolized and concentrated. • Mating system plays a role • Bioconcentration in fish tissues differ by several orders of magnitude (Lagesson et al. 2016). Problems of scale and complexity: Predicting effects in the wild from effects in the laboratory
- 37. OFFICIAL P 1) Susceptibility differences between species • Differences in the rate and extent of chemical being taken up, metabolized and concentrated. • Mating system plays a role • Bioconcentration in fish tissues differ by several orders of magnitude (Lagesson et al. 2016). Therefore, two species inhabiting the same polluted system can be exposed to very different internal concentrations of contaminants!! Problems of scale and complexity: Predicting effects in the wild from effects in the laboratory
- 38. OFFICIAL Problems of scale and complexity: wild vs lab species • Differential behavioural responses to chemical contaminants in laboratory- reared versus wild species • The distribution of behavioural traits studied should be characterized within each test group. Saaristo et al. (2018) Proc. R. Soc. B, 285, 20181297.
- 39. OFFICIAL Conclusion • Effects can vary dynamically within the same individuals and populations - ‘All species are the same’ argument does not hold • Sublethal effects can be both ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ for individuals, populations and communities. • Risk assessment should consider both direct and indirect effects of exposure to EDCs.
- 40. OFFICIAL Take-home message Understanding the behavioural and ecological mechanisms underpinning contaminant-induced population changes is the key for environmental risk assessments.