Key Address at the Newton Fund Swine and Poultry Research Initiative workshop

The UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub OneHealthPoultry.org
THE UKRI GCRF
ONE HEALTH POULTRY HUB
Fiona Tomley,
The Royal Veterinary College, London

• GCRF: £1.5 billion fund established
by ODA; managed by UKRI
• £200m to establish 12
interdisciplinary research hubs
• Contribute to the UN’s sustainable
development goals (SDGs)
SCOPE

OUTLINE OF TALK
• The challenge
• Conceptualising the Hub framework
• Developing a partner network
• Research
• Impact
• Interdisciplinary pitfalls
• Values

THE CHALLENGE

GLOBALINCREASEINMEATPRODUCTION

0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
400.0
UK Meat Retail Price 1987 - 2019
- Lamb
- RPI
- Pork
- Beef
- Poultry
… IS NOT MATCHED BY PRICE

The UKRI GCRF One Health Poultry Hub OneHealthPoultry.orgMarius Gilbert & Guillaume Fournie, 2018
HOWISTHISSUSTAINABLE?
2017:
~66 billion
broiler
chickens
~ 80 million
metric tons of
eggs (~114
trillion)

Riskofzoonotic
emerging infectious
diseaseevent
Allenetal2017
Rateofchange in
consumption ofchicken
products2000-2030
FAOStat
CHICKENINTENSIFICATIONMAPSTOZOONOTICRISK…
AMR, pandemic avian influenza, food-borne enteric disease

…AND IS LINKED TO HUMAN POPULATION DENSITY
46% of the
world
population
is in yellow
From http://metrocosm.com/world-population-split-in-half-map/
Human behaviours are key to this real world challenge: How to
achieve sustainable food production without increasing risk

WHATDOESINTENSIFICATIONLOOKLIKE?

WHATDOESINTENSIFICATIONLOOKLIKE?
DIVERSE:
• Rapid expansion in large, medium and small/backyard sectors
• Clusters in megacities and peri-urban areas
• Opportunistic, unskilled labour, complex trading networks
• Mix of livestock, domestic species, wildlife & humans
• Small profits, few incentives to increase health/welfare/quality
• High disease burden, insufficient veterinary services, lack of vaccines
• Poor governance, regulation & stewardship of AMU
• Lack of diagnostics, surveillance, monitoring, biosecurity
• Significant pollution (food-borne, air-borne, waste-borne)
People, poultry, pathogens and the environment they inhabit

CONCEPTUALISING THE
HUB FRAMEWORK

INTERDISCIPLINARY WORKING
• The Hub was conceived and wholly framed as interdisciplinary between
life sciences and social sciences
• Understanding, rather than assuming, the role of human agency, and the
structures that constrain it in generation of zoonotic health risks, is at our
core
• Mitigation of zoonotic risks requires interventions designed and
implemented across multiple scales of the system
• A specific goal is to examine the processes of interdisciplinarity as an
explicit research focus /output
• Year 1, including inception visits, workshops and the first research and
impact studies already provide substantial data about these processes
• First paper on interdisciplinarity in the Poultry Hub to be submitted for
publication Q2 this year

To achieve sustainable intensification of chicken meat
and egg production, whilst reducing risks to human and
animal health and welfare
To establish cohorts of researchers and stakeholders
who will collaborate in an interdisciplinary manner and
take forward the vision within a One Health environment
VISION

 Scale allows innovative integrated
interdisciplinary working
 Equal consideration of quantitative
and qualitative research
 Research methodologies and
analyses replicated across ALL study
sites
 Stakeholder engagement at national,
regional and global levels
 Capacity building, equitable
partnerships and impact is shared;
much south-south interaction
 Dedicated PMO maximises support
and opportunities to develop new
projects and networks (public/private)
Why/how does intensification increase risk?
Why are certain processes/behaviours risky?
What are the best long-term solutions for safe
and secure poultry production?
WHYISHUBLEVELFUNDINGNEEDED?
E
Pathogens
ChickensHumans
Environment

HUB PROGRAMMES
• Mobility schemes;
fellowships; pump-
priming; partnership
grants
• Co-learning for best
practice; bespoke
training,
dissemination;
policy engagement
• Diversity of genetic
material,
microbiomes; input
and decay of
antimicrobials;
phylo-geography,
modelling
• Map networks;
assess flow and
dynamics; spatial
distribution; roles,
relations and
epidemiologically
significant
behaviours
P1:
People,
Poultry,
Production
P2:
Host-
Pathogen
Dynamics
P3:
Flexible
Fund
P4:
Translation
to impact

DEVELOPING A PARTNER
NETWORK

IND
LKA
BGD
VNM
Ratio 2010 vs predicted 2050 production
Countries–cumulativedistribution
Marius Gilbert, 2018
CHOICEOFSTUDYSITES
Countries
• Differing stages of intensification
• Predicted growth rates
• Strong research partnerships
Sites
• Range of typologies (backyard,
layer, broiler, local and
commercial breeds)
• Different cultural frameworks
• Existing data, key local partner
advice, capacity building
opportunities

BUILDING ON PREVIOUS LINKS
• ~ 10 yrs collaboration between RVC and researchers in India on
poultry gut health (Blake/Tomley funded by BBSRC, DfID and
DBT)
• >10 years collaboration between RVC and researchers in Viet Nam
on avian influenza (Pfeiffer/Fournie funded by FAO, NIH, DfID, OIE,
USAID)
• >5 years collaboration between RVC, LSHTM and researchers in
Bangladesh on One Health and avian influenza
(Pfeiffer/Fournie/Barnett funded by BBSRC/DfID)
• >20 year linkage between RVC and researchers in Sri Lanka on
wildlife health, veterinary education and AMR (Silva-Fletcher)

EXPANDING THE PARTNERSHIP
• Use of GCRF IAA funds to hold regional workshops and
identify networks
• Jan 2017: Barriers to sustainable poultry expansion
• Jan 2018: Online and face to face training in poultry biosecurity
• Engaged new partners with in impact evaluation,
stakeholder engagement, governance and regulatory
frameworks, public health policy, clinical microbiology,
AMR, phylogeography, modelling, mass spectrometry
• Use of GCRF Hubs Partnership Development fund for
regional workshop
• Mar 2018: Full proposal discussion and draft

KEY FACTS
9 partner countries
28 partner organisations
179 named researchers (November 2019)
Lead organisation: Royal Veterinary College
THE ONE HEALTH POULTRY HUB
Europe
47
Bangladesh
14India
32
Sri
Lanka
16
Vietnam
25
East Asia
& Oceania
4

RESEARCH

PI: People, Poultry, Production:
Describe production & distribution networks (PDN) across a
spectrum of intensification. Determine impact of variations in
husbandry, marketing structures and socio-economic / cultural
relations on business decisions at all points of the networks.
P2: Host-pathogen dynamics:
Characterise the evolution and transmission dynamics of health
hazards spreading through the different production & distribution
networks.
• Establish causal connection between socio-economics and
pathogen evolution and spread
• Identify high risk ‘nodes’ in the networks
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

• WP1: Map poultry production and distribution networks (PDN)
• WP2: Assess poultry flow and dynamics through the networks
• WP3: Analyse factors that influence present spatial distribution of farms and
PDN; project future patterns for different scenarios of evolution of demand
and national development strategies
• WP4: Identify key roles, relations and behaviours of potential epidemiological
significance
• WP5: Assess impact of eco-socio-cultural factors on epidemiologically
significant behaviours using experimental economic-derived models
• WP6: Identify the impact of retailers, consumer demand and preferences
P1: PEOPLE, POULTRY AND PRODUCTION

• WP7: Analyse diversity of pathogen genetic material along the networks
(birds, premises, transportation, people, environments)
• WP8: Analyse gut microbiome structure and health through the networks
using quantitative 'omics methods
• WP9: Quantify nature and input/decay of common antimicrobials
• WP10: Analyse outputs of WP7-9 to provide baseline data for a) intervention
studies b) quantification of pathogen loads, gut health and AMR
• WP11: Link outputs of WP10 to host genetic markers associated with
differential disease burdens and phenotypes
• WP12: Conduct phylo-geographic analysis to determine rate(s) and
direction(s) of pathogen dispersal and routes through networks
• WP13: Mathematical modelling
P2: HOST/PATHOGEN INTERACTION DYNAMICS

WP2: Poultry flow
And dynamics (QUANTI)
WP3: Spatial distribution of farms and PDNs;
Future patterns
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4-5
Preparation
(review)
Preparation
(review)
WP4: roles, relations,
Behaviours (Round 1)
Preparation
(review)
WP5: Experiment-games
WP6: consumers’ demand
and preferences
WP4: roles, relations,
Behaviours (Round 2)
P2
WP10
WP1: PDN
Mapping (QUALI) P1

Pilot,
Lab capacity
YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4-5
WP7: Sampling,
Lab work (Round 1)
WP8: Microbiome sampling,
16S + metagenomics + AMR amplicon analyses
Pilot,
Lab capacity
WP9: Antimicrobial
input/decay
Pilot,
Lab capacity
WP10: Prevalence, genetic data analyses,
association with production characteristics
WP11: Host genetics
WP7: Sampling,
Lab work (Round 2)
P1
WP2-5
Pilot,
Lab capacity
W12-13: Phylodynamics and mathematical modelling
WP1: PDN
Mapping (QUALI) P2

Socio-cultural
and economic
factors
Stakeholder
behaviours
Disease risk
(chickens and
humans)
WP1: PDN MAPPING
Purpose:
• To select the PDN and nodes to be investigated in detail in subsequent
workpackages
• To generate hypotheses about
• PDN and nodes with the highest impact on hazard emergence and transmission
• The relationships between:
4 phases:
• Review of knowledge and gaps
• Key informant interviews
• Data analysis
• Iterative review of findings with informants and stakeholder groups
Standardised approach across all sites

• Technical social science working group
• ≥1 participant/site
• Defined the overall approach
• Detailed protocols drafted by 2 members
• In-depth review by all
• Monthly WP1 teleconference
• 20-40 participants – open to the whole Hub
• Update on work progress
• Further contribution/review by other members – coordinated
by National coordinators
WP1: DEVELOPMENT OF APPROACH AND
PROTOCOLS

• Tailored on-site support
• Each site: workshop, interview practice, analysis
• Adaptation of the protocol
• Ethical approvals in UK and at study sites
• Sequential implementation of protocols across sites
• Lessons learnt
• Adaptation of the protocol
WP1: DEVELOPMENT OF APPROACH AND
PROTOCOLS

BANGLADESH
Trajectory of chickens
and chicken products,
from genetic source to
food items and waste
AND
Social and economic
contexts of production
and distribution
network

• PDN: separation until they intermingle in markets
• Changing trade patterns and high mixing between flocks
• Numerous actors and multiplication of roles
• Variety of financing and transaction strategies
• Local market makers vs national/international integrators
High heterogeneity within vs between sites

IMPACT

P3: Flexible fund:
Build capacity in the Hub through mobility schemes and career
development fellowships. Support innovation and test
interventions through pump-priming and partnership grants
P4: Translation to impact
Learning for best practice in interdisciplinary collaboration;
bespoke training; dissemination, stakeholder/policy/community
engagement
• Develop skills and capacity for One Health in poultry infectious
disease research
• Test and evaluate interventions
• Work with stakeholders to implement change
IMPACT OBJECTIVES

• WP14: Short term staff exchanges for training and development
(up to 2 months and £5K)
• WP15: Research fellowships to support training and development
of early career researchers in DAC countries (6-18 months, up to
£50K)
• WP16: Pump Prime grants for developing partnerships and data
for external proposals (up to £10K)
• WP17: Grants for testing and evaluating risks and interventions
(up to £200K)
P3: FLEXIBLE FUND

• WP18: Reflection and learning for best practice in achieving
impact
• WP19: Bespoke training to build capacity in field
experimentation, ethnography, diagnostics, epidemiology,
mathematical modelling and biosecurity
• WP20: Dissemination of research outputs, internal and external
communication and networking strategies
• WP21: Policy engagement, through national and international
stakeholder advisory groups and partnerships
P4: TRANSLATION TO IMPACT

WHY WORRY ABOUT IMPACT?
• Personal motivation
• Institutional and professional responsibilities
• Commitment to national development
• Concerns of the funder and accountability for use of UK
tax revenue

WHAT KIND OF IMPACT?
Broadly speaking:
• Contribution to knowledge and professional
understanding leading to increased awareness of public
health challenges
• Changes to regulations and their implementation
• Changes in understanding leading to new attitudes and
new behaviours amongst relevant stakeholders

DESIRED OUTCOMES AND IMPACTS
Research institutions
• Enhanced research capacity
• Effective network for
collaboration, sharing and
uptake of research outputs
• Training and career
development opportunities
Public-sector veterinary services
• Improved diagnostic capabilities
and capacity
• Better trained staff
• Access to research outcomes
• Strengthening of regulatory and
policy development
• More effective prevention and
control programmes
Commercial industry
• Access to research outcomes to
develop targeted products
• Improved quality e.g. by
certification and quality
assurance schemes
• Increased profitability
• Data sharing
Consumers
• Increased awareness of public
health risks due to zoonoses
and AMR
• Access to improved quality,
safety and affordable poultry
products
• Changing preferences,
behaviours and habits

IMPACT, COMMUNICATIONS AND ENGAGEMENT
(ICE) STRATEGIES
• Detailed Hub and country-level ICE
strategies developed, which includes
• Local policy dynamics and information
needs analysis
• National Theory of Change (ToC)
• Stakeholder mapping
• Engagement plans
• Workshop in UK, July 2019, followed by
country level stakeholder meetings
• Hub Advisory Board & National
Advisory Groups

INCREASED POULTRY
PROUCTION
INCREASED FOOD
SAFETY
REDUCTION OF
ANTIMICROBIALS
REDUCED
PANDEMIC RISK
INCREASED
INNOVATION
Profitable small & medium
scale poultry production
Reduction of AMU
and AMR
Reduction of
zoonoses
Increased food
safety
Reduced pandemic
risk
Increased poultry
production
Increased poultry
production
Reduction of
zoonoses and AMR
Increase export
potential
Reduced pandemic
risk
Increased knowledge
Increase consumer
acceptance

MULTI-PRONGED STRATEGIES FOR IMPACT
Levels
• Global/Regional
• UK FCO, FF, UKRI
• FAO, WHO, OIE
• National
• NAG
• Subnational and
local networks
Knowledge
• Scientific debates
• Technical
regulations
• Policy discourse
• Lay audience
Practices
• Regulations
• Capacity building
• Systems
strengthening
• Community
engagement
Platforms
• Publications (in
journals, policy
briefs, social media,
popular media)
• Participation in
meetings
(academic, policy,
community)
• Small scale
experimentations

“interdisciplinary Hub Education Network” – iHEN

EXAMPLE OF COURSES VIEW
IMAGES CAN BE CUSTOMISED TO REPRESENT INDIVIDUAL COURSES OR CATEGORIES

BIOSECURITY EXAMPLE

PRIORITY LIST OF COURSES
COMPLETED AND ‘LIVE’ DURING 2020.
• Poultry Biosecurity
• How to interpret lab reports in poultry disease diagnosis
• Survey questionnaire development, piloting and refining
• Poultry distribution network mapping and analysis
• Risk identification, assessment and analysis
• Research skills in the diagnosis of antimicrobial resistance

INTERDISCIPLINARY
PITFALLS

INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND CAPACITY BUILDING
• Co-design of research questions and approaches
• Learning from other disciplines
• Trans-disciplinarity, inter-disciplinarity, multi-disciplinarity and
connections to policy processes
• Difficulty of discussing methodological differences between
disciplines- what is the object of study and the methods for
studying it?
• Confusion of social sciences with simple social science methods –
e.g. surveys, KII, versus theoretical assumptions of social sciences
• Languages – qualitative research requires high levels of linguistic
competence
• Assumption that natural scientists can learn social sciences in a
short time, and therefore it is easy to “train” and “sensitise” natural
scientists to become social scientists

VALUES

A SAFE SPACE FOR ALL TO:
• Reflect on role, attitude and skills
• Identify how to be part of a dynamic learning network where skills are
used optimally to contribute to an effective working culture
• Generate a functioning process of co-creation and co-design
Question asked to hub members (March 2019): Based on your experience,
what are core characteristics of a good interdisciplinary team?
Vulnerability Inequality
Inequity Vested interests
Power structures Constraints
Ideology Culture
Interpersonal skills
Governance
Value systems

55 Investigators
9 Countries
30 LMIC
21 Female, 34 Male
25 Early career
(<45 years old)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
www.OneHealthPoultry.org @PoultryHub
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Key Address at the Newton Fund Swine and Poultry Research Initiative workshop

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Key Address at the Newton Fund Swine and Poultry Research Initiative workshop