This lecture covers the period in the American Civil War from the Union's establishment of the Emancipation Proclamation as a measure to win the war to Sherman's March to the Sea. It is one in a series of textbook/lecture substitutes designed for students in a college seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.

1. The Civil War & Reconstruction

2.  To date we have seen the rise of the Confederacy and
the Union’s efforts to vanquish the CSA go unrealized.
 This presentation spans the years 1863 and 1864 where
we see the development of a national emancipation
plan, the authorization of black soldiers, and the
Union begin to gain an edge in the fighting of the war.
 Some of the campaigns covered include
Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, the
Wilderness, Shenandoah, and Sherman’s March.
 Students may rely on the readings to get a sense of
soldiers’ lives and developments on the home front.

3.  This is a critical year of the war.
 The Emancipation Proclamation (with its manumission of
Confederate slaves and its authorization of black men’s
enlistment) goes into effect.
 The USA’s Congress authorizes conscription for Union
forces.
 Rebellion by civilians (over conscription &impressment)
and by runaway slaves forces the CSA to fight the war on
multiple fronts.
 A growing peace movement led by northern Democrats
forces Lincoln to fight on multiple fronts.
 The tide slowly starts to turn in favor of the USA with
measurable victories at Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and
Chattanooga.

4.  Although slavery was at the heart of the Confederacy’s
campaign for independence, white men on both sides went
into the war confident that the war was for USA advocates
to preserve the Union and for the CSA to establish an
independent country to protect their “way of life”  the
foundation of which was slavery.
 Neither side expected slavery to be touched by the war.
Both thought that enslaved people would stay put and that
free African Americans would stay out of the issue.
 This thinking reflecting much of the racial attitudes of 19th
century America that the USA (and by extension the CSA)
was a “white man’s government.”
 Enslaved and free blacks rejected this argument. Many
enslaved people fled their masters and many free blacks
called on Lincoln to end slavery and authorize black
military service.

5. Lincoln, Slavery
and the War
Lincoln is unwavering in
his determination to
preserve the Union.
He doesn’t want to
provoke the remaining
slaveholding Border
States to leave the
Union and he wants to
return the seceded
states to the Union.
Any policies that
protected or abolished
slavery were less
significant to Lincoln
than returning the
seceded states to the
Union.

6. Lincoln, Slavery,
and the War
Indeed, because the
Constitution protected
property rights
(including enslaved
people), Lincoln
doesn’t believe that he
can simply abolish
slavery.
He can, however, use
the U.S. military to
return the seceded
states to the Union
and convince Congress
to pass an amendment
to change the
Constitution.

7. Lincoln, Slavery, a
nd the War
The president’s
thinking reflected
that of most of the
Republican Party and
the overwhelming
majority of white
Unionists.

8. Frederick Douglass
To fight against
slaveholders
without fighting
against slavery, is
but a half-hearted
business, and
paralyzes the hand
engaged in it…Fire
must be met with
water…War for the
destruction of
liberty must be
met with war for
the destruction of
slavery.

9.  The president’s position infuriated abolitionists and
free African Americans.
 They argued that Lincoln should use the rebellion as
cause to strike at the institution and to command the
labor of enslaved people.
 Enslaved people had different ideas. They understood
that the outcome of the war would determine the fate
of slavery and many decided to do whatever they could
to escape bondage and to help the Union.

10. The Anglo-African, New York Newspaper

11.  African Americans rejected the idea that the U.S.
was “a white man’s country” and that the Civil War
did not involve them.
 Rather than stay put, many enslaved people took
flight from farms, plantations, stores, businesses,
and homes, seeking Union forces.
 Over time, their actions would play a critical role
in prompting Union generals, members of
Congress, and the president to support
emancipation.

12.  The president’s and the Congress’s initial failure to
establish policy re: runaway slaves forced generals to
cobble together policies to advance the war effort when
they encountered enslaved people.
 African Americans flooded Union camps and
institutions, most of them were ready to work or fight
for the Union by supplying intelligence on CSA troop
movement or the landscape of the South, growing food,
etc.

13. Contraband of
War
In 1861, When
enslaved people
arrive at Fortress
Monroe
(VA), General
Benjamin Butler
labels them
“contraband of war,”
which simply means
enemy property.
He provides
sanctuary for
runaway slaves and
does not return them
to their masters.
The legal fate of these
people still hung in
the balance.

14. John C. Frémont
In 1861, General John
C. Frémont declared
martial law in
Missouri and
declared free people
enslaved by the CSA.
Lincoln rescinded
the order & removed
Frémont from
command.

15. David Hunter
In 1862, General
David Hunter issued
an order freeing
persons in
Georgia, Florida, and
South Carolina.
Lincoln overruled
the order.

16.  In 1861, Congress passed the Confiscation Act, which
mandated that when the CSA used enslaved people in the
war effort, they forfeited their claim to them.
 In 1862, Congress passed another Confiscation Act, which
moved the nation closer to emancipation by declaring that
enslaved people being used in the CSA war effort would be
“forever free.”
 In 1862, Congress passed the Military Act which freed
slaves and their families owned by the enemy.
 In 1862, Congress abolished slavery in Washington, D.C.
 Although there were some abolitionists in Congress, the
majority of supporters of this legislation saw emancipation
as a way to win the war.

17. Abraham Lincoln,
1862
My paramount
objective...is to save
the Union, and is not
either to save or
destroy slavery. If I
could save the Union
without freeing any
slave I would do it;
and if I could save it
by freeing all the
slaves, I would do it;
and if I could do it by
freeing some and
leaving others
alone, I would do that
also.
Lincoln famously wrote this in response to Horace Greeley’s “Prayer of Twenty
Millions” criticism of his failure to use the war to end slavery

18.  As the war continues, as slaves flee
plantations, Lincoln’s ideas and policies evolve.
 Lincoln tries to develop a plan for compensating
slaveholders for manumitting their slaves but
Confederates reject this.
 To address white Americans’ fears of interracial
sex, racial equality, and economic competition
between blacks and whites, he tries to develop a plan
to repatriate free blacks in Haiti or in Liberia.

19. Abraham
Lincoln, 1862
Your race suffer
greatly, many of
them, living among
us, while ours suffer
greatly from your
presence…
We should be
separated…
But for your race
among us there could
not be war…

20. Robert Purvis
The majority of
African Americans
opposed this idea.
They reject the idea
that the war is
somehow the fault of
black people.
Robert Purvis’s
statement reflects
black people’s
thinking:
Sir, this is our country
as much as it is yours
and we will not leave
it.

21. Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22, 1862 for the first reading of a draft of the
Emancipation Proclamation

22. Abraham Lincoln
We know how to save
the Union...In giving
freedom to the
slave, we assure
freedom to the free—
honorable alike in
what we give, and
what we preserve. We
shall nobly save, or
meanly lose, the last
best hope of earth.
Other means may
succeed; this could
not fail.

23.  As a strategic decision to use the Confederates’ most
valuable weapon (their slaves and their dependence on
their labor) against them, Lincoln issues the
Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation in the fall of
1862. Read the text of this document at the National
Archives site.
 Lincoln hopes that this warning shot will make the
Confederates put down their arms to protect their
institution. However, they dismiss this war measure.
The Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect.

24.  Lincoln issues declaration that on January 1, 1863, the slaves of
masters who were still in rebellion would be “forever free.”
 He wants to give Confederates 100 days to stop fighting with the
promise that they can keep their slaves.
 Document reiterated Lincoln’s support for the colonization of
freed blacks to some place outside the U.S.
 White northerners were divided.
 Abolitionists favored it as did people who thought attacking slavery
would help to end the bloody war.
 Northern Democrats thought it was unconstitutional and an abuse
of power.
 Although they were exempted, Union supporting slaveholders in
the Border States worried that they would lose their slaves too.
 White southerners were outraged
 Free and enslaved African Americans rejoiced but they were
opposed to colonization.

25.  The Proclamation only freed enslaved people in the
states and the part of states that were still in rebellion
(people who were enslaved in the Border States, the
states that never left the Union, or in the areas already
controlled by Union forces are not included). More
than 800,000 people still enslaved.
 It authorized the full enlistment of black soldiers in
the Army & Navy.
 It marked the beginning of slavery’s legal end in the
U.S.
 It is only the beginning because as long as the war goes
on, slaveholders won’t release their slaves.

26. Emancipation
Proclamation
The proclamation
excluded more than
800,000 enslaved
people living in the
Border States and in
the parts of the
Confederacy
controlled by Union
troops (the areas of
the map marked in
teal).

27.  Effect in the USA: redefined the war. Generals free to
free slaves and recruit men into military service.
 Generals also provide food and shelter for freedpeople
in return for work either for the Union army—
barbers, cooks, laundresses, mechanics, officers’
personal servants, laborers, nurses, cultivating food
and cotton.

28.  Effect in the CSA: reduced chances of international support
(Britain could no longer count on cotton for its textile mills
and withdraws promise of financial and military support)
& increased the number runaway slaves (see
Berlin, Foner, and Kolchin).
 Slaveholders in the interior move roughly 150,000 enslaved
people to Texas, away from Union lines.
 Others simply refuse to acknowledge the proclamation and
continue to hold people in bondage.
 Slavery remains legal in non-Confederate areas until the
war ends in 1865 and when the Thirteenth Amendment is
issued and goes into effect.

29. April 1861 Fort Sumter attacked; Civil War begins
May 1861 General Benjamin Butler refuses to return escaped “contrabands” to slavery
August 1861 General John Frémont orders emancipation of slaves in Missouri; Lincoln
countermands him
August 1861 First Confiscation Act frees captured slaves used by Confederate Army
April 1862 Congress provides funds for compensated emancipation; border states
spurn proposal
May 1862 General David Hunter issues order abolishing slavery in South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida & Lincoln revokes it
July 1862 Second Confiscation Act frees all people enslaved by Confederates
Summer 1862 Lincoln concludes that Union victory requires emancipation
September 22, 1862 Lincoln issues Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation after Antietam
January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation takes effect
December 1865 Thirteenth Amendment ratified

30. Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22, 1862 for the first reading of a draft of the
Emancipation Proclamation

31. Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation

32. Emancipation
Proclamation
Also authorizes the
enlistment of black
soldiers.

33.  Generals who were desperate for manpower and for men to fight
did not wait for Lincoln or the Congress to authorize enlistment.
 In 1862, General David Hunter organized one of the first
unofficially organized regiments of black troops when he
mobilized former slaves from Georgia, Florida, and South
Carolina.
 General John Phelps mobilized five black regiments to help
command Louisiana.
 General Benjamin Butler authorized free “colored” Louisiana
militia men to volunteer.
 In 1862, the War Department sanctioned the recruitment of
black soldiers.
 The Emancipation Proclamation removes many of the barriers.

35. State/District Number of Army Recruits
Kentucky 23,703
Missouri 8,766
Maryland 8,718
Pennsylvania 8,612
Ohio 5,092
New York 4,125
District of Columbia 3,269
Massachusetts 2,966
Rhode Island 1,837
Illinois 1,811 Most black men served
Other* 110,076 in the Army. Roughly
Union Total 178,975 9500 men served in the
Navy.
*From the Confederacy & other
states

36.  Most African American men served as laborers while much
smaller numbers actually took up arms against the CSA.
 Deeply engrained ideas about black racial inferiority made
many Union soldiers object to arming black men.
 Very few of these men, especially enslaved men, had
experience with weaponry.
 Serving in the Union Army gave both freed and free black
men an even greater sense of urgency in helping to secure
freedom once and for all by helping the Union to win the
war.
 It also allowed them to claim and express their patriotism
and manhood.

37.  Although white Unionists eventually came to accept black
military service, deep racial prejudices influenced the
treatment black men received.
 Black soldiers were required to be commanded by whites.
Black officers were officially opposed but 100 black men
held commissions.
 Black men experienced discrimination in
pay, bonuses, medical services (leading to high casualties).
 Their lack of training with the weaponry of war and the
difficulty of learning on the fly endangered many men.
 They also faced greater threats of retaliation at the hands of
Confederates. The CSA estd a policy allowing black
prisoners of war to be executed or reenslaved.

38. Fort Pillow
One example of the
brutality they faced
was at Fort Pillow
when CSA general
Nathan Bedford
Forrest’s forces
massacred several
hundred black
prisoners of war in
1864.

39.  Slavery still existed after the Emancipation
Proclamation. More than 800,000 enslaved people not
covered by the proclamation. CSA slaveholders did not
acknowledge the proclamation. Finally, the war was
not yet over.
 Only the conclusion of the war with a Union victory,
state laws, and a constitutional amendment would
finally end the peculiar institution.

40.  West Virginia estd a gradual abolition law as a
condition for joining the Union in 1863.
 Maryland & Tennessee abolished slavery by
constitutional amendment in 1864 and 1865.
 Missouri abolished slavery by state convention in 1865.
 Congressional Republicans had tried to abolish slavery
earlier on but they were overruled.
 It is not until January 1865 that Congress passed the
Thirteenth Amendment.

41. “Neither slavery nor involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment
for crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any
place subject to their jurisdiction.”

42. Source: Donald et al eds., The
Civil War and Reconstruction,
229-230.
 In July 1862, the USA called for more volunteers for military
service but still found itself fighting a war with no end in
sight and doing so with an army that was short by several
hundred thousand men.
 During the late winter of 1863, Congress passed a national
conscription law that held that all male citizens between
20-45 were liable for service. Some exemptions were
possible for men with disabilities, elected officials, and
men who were the only sons of widows and men with sick
parents.
 Conscripted men could be called for up to 3 years of
service.
 If men were called to serve, some avoid service by finding a
substitute or paying a fee.

43. Source: Donald et al eds., The
Civil War and Reconstruction,
229-230.
 From 1863-1865, more than 750,000 men were enrolled
but only 46,347 entered the army as draftees, 73,607
found substitutes, 86,724 paid a fee, and others
avoided the draft by volunteering.
 The exemptions of the law benefitted the middle class
and elite and stoked anger and anxiety among the
working class, particularly the newly arrived
immigrants who had not yet managed to accumulate
wealth.
 Outraged men attacked the draft offices and rioted on
communities throughout the USA.

44. New York Draft
Riot
New York City was
the site of the
largest draft riot.
The riot grew from a
convergence of
longstanding
conflict between
CSA sympathizers v.
Unionists;
Democrats v.
Republicans; the
poor v. middle
class/elite; blacks v.
whites; immigrants
v. native born Ams.

45. New York City
Draft Riot
Democrats, who
dominated NY
politics opposed
Lincoln and his
handling of the
war, objected strongly
to the draft.
This image shows the
mob attacking the
Lincoln-supporting
New York Tribune.

46. New York City
Draft Riot
Like other locales
where riots
occurred, there was
great opposition to
the Emancipation
Proclamation and
great racial hostility
toward African
Americans.

47. New York City
Draft Riot
Rioters moved from
attacking draft
offices to venting
their frustrations on
African American
individuals and
institutions.

48. New York City
Draft Riot
One mob attacked
the Colored Orphan
Asylum on Fifth
Avenue.
They burned it to
the ground and the
children barely
escaped.

49. New York Draft
Riot
Army units from
New York returned
from Gettysburg to
suppress the
fighting.
119 New Yorkers
died, hundreds of
African Americans
were wounded, and
thousands fled the
city.

50. Despite some opposition and frustrations with the
commutations and exemptions, more 1 million men were
enlisted from 1863-1865.

51. CSA USA
 Robert E. Lee  Joseph Hooker
 Army of Northern  Army of the Potomac
Virginia  133,868 soldiers
 60,892 soldiers  17,197 casualties
 13,303 casualties  1,606 killed
 1,665 killed  9,672 wounded
 9,081 wounded  5,919 captured/missing
 2,018 captured/missing
 Victor-Confederacy

52. Battle of
Chancellorsville
Hailed as a strategic
win for Lee, despite
high casualty figures
(similar results
would eventually
make it harder for
the CSA to fight).
Claimed the life of
Stonewall Jackson.
Lincoln removed
Hooker from
command.
Kurz and Allison image depicts the wounding of Robert E. Lee

53. CSA USA
 Robert E. Lee  George G. Meade
 71,699 soldiers  93,921 soldiers
 23,231 casualties  23,055 casualties
 4,708 killed  3,155 killed
 12,693 wounded  1,4531 wounded
 5,830 captured/missing  5,369 captured/missing
 Victor—Union

54. Gettysburg
Lee invaded the
North in PA.
Meade (who
replaced Hooker)
held the line but
failed to vanquish
Lee.
The CSA & USA
clashed over three
days and the Union
won a decisive
Currier and Ives image depicts events of July 3, 1863 victory.

55.  In 1863, the USA was still trying to control the entire
Mississippi (they gained control of the upper part of
the river in 1862 via victories at Forts Henry and
Donelson and at Shiloh).
 The USA focused on Chattanooga and Vicksburg.
 Chattanooga was vital because it was the center of
railroad lines that delivered troops and supplies to the
CSA.
 Taking Vicksburg would give the USA access to and
control of the lower river as well as control over railroad
lines heading to Texas.

56. CSA USA
 John C. Pemberton  Ulysses S. Grant
 Army of Vicksburg  Army of the Tennessee
 33,000 soldiers  77,000 soldiers
 3,202 killed or wounded  4,835 casualties
 29,495 captured  Victor—Union

57. Siege at
Vicksburg
Union forces tried
several times to take
Vicksburg.
Grant moved above
Vicksburg (at
Milliken’s Bend)
where he
coordinated with
the navy and then
crossed the river
and took the area
around the city.
Siege of Vicksburg--13, 15, & 17 Corps, Commanded by Gen. U.S. Grant, assisted
by the Navy under Admiral Porter--Surrender, July 4, 1863, by Kurz and Allison

58. Vicksburg
Blockade
The siege lasted for
6 weeks before
Pemberton
surrendered.
This victory
coincided with the
victory at
Gettysburg.
It boosted civilian
and military morale
in the USA.

59.  There were a total of three battles for control over
Chattanooga. In the 1862 campaigns, CSA forces led by
John Hunt Morgan and Nathan Bedford Forrest
managed to disperse Union forces in what were
indecisive outcomes.
 It was not until 1863 that Bragg evacuated the city
(August) and Grant finally defeated Bragg (November)
that Union forces could claim victory in
Chattanooga, only to face defeat at Chickamauga.

60. CSA USA
 Braxton Bragg  William Rosecrans
 Army of Tennessee  Army of the Cumberland
 65,000 soldiers  60,000 soldiers
 18,454 casualties  16,710 casualties
 2,312 killed  1,657 killed
 14,674 wounded  9,756 wounded
 1,468 captured/missing  4,757 captured/missing
 Victor—Confederacy

61. Chickamauga
Some historians
argue that the
casualty rates here
rival those at
Gettysburg and
Antietam.
The CSA went on
surround the USA in
Chattanooga.
Grant and Sherman’s
forces vanquished
Bragg’s army at
Lookout Mountain
(above
Kurz and Allison’s Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga), leavin
g TN in Union hands.

62.  With victories in Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and
Chattanooga, the Union started to deplete the economic
and military forces of the CSA.
 Though most in the USA still wanted the war to end
quickly, the successes boosted morale to continue fighting.
 This morale boost was needed because despite suffering
significant losses, the CSA was no where near ready to
surrender. Their victory in Chancellorsville proved their
ability to continue waging war and exacting high Union
casualties.
 At the same time, the loss of such generals as Stonewall
Jackson and the CSA’s own very high casualty rates will
start to catch up with them as will a growing revolt among
the white civilian and enslaved populations.

63.  This year will be marked by:
 The cumulative effect of the USA’s blockade on the
CSA’s ability to provide for the civilian and soldier
population.
 The CSA’s nearly insurmountable problem of making
their states’ rights doctrine fit into the federal
government’s desperate need for authorization to
mobilize all resources to wage war.
 Grant’s stunning defeat at Cold Harbor.
 The 1864 election.
 Sherman’s capture of Atlanta.
 High desertion in the CSA.

64.  Both the CSA and the USA struggled for control of
northern Virginia and Union forces continued their
mission to claim Richmond.
 Butler failed to take Richmond when he had the
chance but Grant was determined to capture Lee and
take the city. After multiple skirmishes, the CSA
continued to command Richmond & Petersburg.
 Union forces responded by constructing a mine
underneath CSA works, filling it with powder, and
lighting it on July 30.

65. Battle of the
Crater
The Union’s
explosion of the mine
created huge crater.
In the battle that
ensued, Union
soldiers piled into the
crater and fought it
out with
Confederates who
also surrounded the
crater & fired into it.
The Union lost 4000
men and the CSA lost
1500.
Of the Union’s 450
men from the USCT,
322 were lost.

66. CSA USA
 Robert E. Lee  Ulysses S. Grant &
 Army of Northern George G. Meade
Virginia  Army of the Potomac
 61,025 soldiers  101,895 soldiers
 11,125 casualties  17,666 casualties
 1,495 killed  2,246 killed
 7,928 wounded  12,037 wounded
 1,702 captured/missing  3,383 captured/missing

67. Battle of the
Wilderness
Grant’s forces met
Lee’s in the
wilderness, instead
of the open area.
In bloody
campaign, Grant
refused to retreat
and pushed on to
Cold Harbor where
Lee delivered
stunning defeat that
bolstered the peace
movement.
Kurz and Allison’s Battle of the Wilderness - Desperate Fight on
the Orange C.H. Plank, near Todd’s Tavern, May 6, 1864 Campaign also
noted for the deadly
brush fires.

68. Petersburg
The “Dictator” siege
mortar at
Petersburg.
The figure in the
foreground on the
right is Henry J.
Hunt, chief of
artillery of the Army
of the Potomac.

69.  Union forces continued their mission to take Richmond
the the CSA continued to defend the city.
 While Grant was working through the Wilderness
campaign, Philip Sheridan moved toward the Confederate
capitol.
 Rather than take a city his forces could not hold, Sheridan
destroyed the CSA’s provisions and munitions and
disrupted its supply lines by breaking up railroad lines.
 He moved from there to continue severing CSA lines.
Confederates civilians retaliated which elicited Sheridan’s
ire and increased his willingness to wage war by any means
against disloyal civilians who targeted Union soldiers.

70. Philip Sheridan’s
Campaign in the
Shenandoah Valley
Sheridan’s forces met
resistance at
Winchester and at
Fisher’s Hill but they
continued fighting
their way south
through the valley.
One feature of this
campaign, in addition
to the attacks on CSA
forces was Sheridan’s
destruction of civilian
property—burning of
houses and barns,
destroying food, and
removing enslaved
people—which some
called total war or
hard war.

71. Sheridan’s Valley
Campaign
Grant sent Sheridan
into the
Shenandoah Valley
to vanquish the
CSA’s Jubal Early
who had staged a
raid on
Washington, D.C.
that Union forces
put down and
retaliation burned
Chambersburg, PA.

72. Sheridan’s Valley
Campaign
Frank Leslie’s
“Sherman’s
Campaign in the
Valley of the
Shenandoah – Battle
of Summit
Point, August
21, 1864.

73. William T.
Sherman
Sherman gained
national and
historical fame for
his “March to the
Sea,” in which he led
his forces from
Tennessee to Atlanta
and on a scorched
earth campaign
throughout Georgia
and the Carolinas.

74.  In Georgia, Sherman confronted the CSA’s Joseph Johnston
with Grant’s command to destroy Johnston’s army, capture
Atlanta, and advance as far into CSA territory as
possible, inflicting as much damage as possible.
 Sherman’s campaign was no easy one. He was in enemy
territory and he faced a highly skilled enemy in Johnston
who destroyed bridges and railway tracks to make sure the
USA couldn’t use them, kept Sherman’s men moving in
pursuit, and fought as much as possible behind
entrenchments. Despite Johnston’s ability to match
Sherman, the CSA government replaced him with John
Hood.
 Sherman captured Atlanta on September 2, 1864 and
burned the city.

75.  In November, Sherman began his famous “march to the
sea” to assert Union dominance over Georgia and then the
Carolinas.
 Sherman is said to have wanted to “make Georgia howl,” by
waging a relentless war against not only the soldiers but
also the civilian population through the destruction of
their property.
 This relentless war was motivated by the conviction that all
Confederates need to bear the costs of waging war.
 For 163 days, Sherman advanced from Atlanta to
Raleigh, foraging on CSA goods, destroying
houses, barns, farms, crops, roads, bridges, and municipal
buildings.

76.  Sheridan and Sherman wrought hell in their
campaigns.
 Lincoln wins the election despite a strong campaign by
his Republican and Democratic opponents to halt his
reelection.
 With such significant losses, Jefferson Davis finds it
harder to maintain support for continuing the war, as
civilians start to withdraw support and his armies melt
away under high casualty and desertion rates.
 Neither side is quite ready to thrown in the towel but
looking back on this year, we can see that 1864 was the
beginning of the end.

77.  David Hunter:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/
David_Hunter.jpg/200px-David_Hunter.jpg
 Declaring Contraband:
http://www.contrabandhistoricalsociety.org/history.asp
 John C. Fremont:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/JCFr%C
3%A9mont.jpg
 Philip Sheridan:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/
Philip_Sheridan_1-restored.jpg/220px-Philip_Sheridan_1-
restored.jpg
 William T. Sherman:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/William-
Tecumseh-Sherman.jpg

78.  David Hunter: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/David_Hunter.jpg/200px-
David_Hunter.jpg
 Emancipation Proclamation portrait: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/almintr.html
 Emancipation Proclamation Map:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Emancipation_Proclamation.PNG
 NYDR Attacking NY Tribune: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/S/2/-/-/Tribune-rioters.jpg
 NYDR First Avenue: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/K/2/-/-/First-Avenuebattle.jpg
 “Hanging and Burning”: http://blog.insidetheapple.net/2009/07/civil-war-draft-riots-day-2.html
 NYDR Mob attacking African American: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/J/2/-/-/Clarkson-st02.jpg.
 Colored Orphan Asylum: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/O/2/-/-/Orphan-fire01.jpg.
 NY Draft Riot Morgue: http://0.tqn.com/d/history1800s/1/0/N/2/-/-/Morgue-riots.jpg
 Chancellorsville: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Battle_of_Chancellorsville.png
 Gettysburg: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_by_Currier_and_Ives.png.
 Vicksburg: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Battle_of_Vicksburg,_Kurz_and_Allison.png
 Chickamauga: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Chickamauga.jpg
 Battle of the Wilderness: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Battle_of_the_Wilderness.png
 Dictator at Petersburg: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Battle_of_the_Crater.jpeg
 Battle of the Crater: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Battle_of_the_Crater.jpeg
 Sheridan Crossing River: http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/march/sheridan-shenandoah-
valley-campaign.htm
 Frank Leslie’s Valley of the Shenandoah: http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/11800/11867/shenandoah_11867.htm

79.  Confederate and Union Home Fronts.
 Women
 Civilian Life
 Political Culture
 The Eastern Campaigns.
 Lincoln’s Assassination.
 The Collapse of the Confederacy.