3. Bleeding Time
- Definition :
Test for know if the platelets function are normal ( Primary hemostasis ) .
- Methods :
- Small prick in ear pinna .
- Small prick in mid arm .
- Procedure :
1- Wear the gloves.
2- Wipe the ear pinna or mid arm by alcohol swab.
3- Prick ear pinna or mid arm.
4- Use the filter paper to wipe the blood every 30s until the bleeding stop.
- Result :
- Normal time to stop the bleeding (normal range) from 3 – 5 minutes .
- If the bleeding stop after 5 minutes : prolonged
4. Coagulation or (Clotting) Time
To differentiate between bleeding & coagulation times,
you must do coagulation factors assay or coagulation profile test
- Definition :
Test for know if the factors of platelets are normal .
- PFT-100 (Platelets Function test) : Electronic test .
- Coagulation profile test :
1- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time [APTT] test :
Assessment for intrinsic factor. if the result of test was prolonged, look for factor 8 VIII
2- Prothrombin time (PT) test:
Assessment for extrinsic factors. if the result of test was prolonged, look for factor 7 VII
6. Hematocrit
- Hematocrit Packed Cell Volume (PCV) :
- It is the volume percentage (vol%) of RBCs in blood.
- It is normally 45% for men and 40% for women.
- Hematocrit device :
Used for measure the volume of RBCs (Hematocrit).
- Equipments:
Test tube with blood, Capillary tube, Wax material, Hematocrit device
- Procedure :
1- Use the capillary tube to collect the blood from the test tube.
2- After collect the blood, close the end of capillary tube by putting it
in the wax material.
3- Put the capillary tube in the centrifuge of the hematocrit device.
If the volume of plasma is decrease (Hypovolemia),
the RBCs volume will increase.
You can read the volume percentage by
putting the capillary tube next to the scale
8. Blood group
- Blood group or blood types :
It is classification of blood based on antibodies and antigens that can be presence or absence
on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
- ABO blood group system:
There are 2 antigens A & B, and there are 2 antibodies A & B
- Rhesus (Rh) blood group system :
There are just anti-D (for the charge : -ve or +ve).
9. Blood group
(Blood group test)
- Procedure :
1- Prick the thumb and but 3 drops from the blood on deferent site one the slide
2- Put 1 drop of anti-A on the 1st blood sample, and mix.
2- Put 1 drop of anti-B on the 2nd blood sample, and mix.
3- Put 1 drop of anti-D on the 3rd blood sample, and mix.
- Result :
If the 1st blood sample coagulate with anti-A and anti-D, that means the blood type is (A+),
if not coagulate with anti-D, that means the blood type is (A-) .
And so on with (B) & (AB) blood types.
If all blood sample doesn’t coagulate with any antigens, that means the blood type is (O-),
if it coagulate only with anti-D, that means the blood type is (O+).
- Hint :
Type (A) has A antigen & B antibody.
Type (B) has B antigen & A antibody.
Type (AB) has both A and B antigens, but doesn’t have any antibody.
Type (O) has neither A nor B antigens, but have A & B Antibodies. For Example :
The result of this test was : (B+)
Anti-D Anti-B Anti-A
12. Collection of blood for culture
- Purpose :
- Collect the blood for culture to diagnose bacteremia and septicemia.
- Detect the growth of bacteria by waste products. Take 6 to 8 h.
- Blue bottle for aerobic and Red for anaerobic.
- Types of procedure :
1- Infection control procedure.
2- Collection of the blood under aseptic condition.
- Procedure :
1- Wear the gloves.
2- Link the tourniquet.
3- Palpation the vein.
4- Disinfect the skin by the cotton with 70% Ethanol,
and another cotton with iodine with central and peripheral motion.
6- Collect the blood by Syringe and Needle.
7- Transfer the blood sample to the broth media.
8- Dispose from the Syringe and Needle
by putting it into (sharp disposal container) to control of the infection.
- Equipments:
1- Tourniquet.
2- Medical cotton.
3- 70% Ethanol.
4- Iodine.
5- Syringe and Needle.
6- Broth media.
13. Collection of blood for culture
Tourniquet Medical cotton 70% Ethanol Iodine
Syringe and Needle Broth media
15. Centrifugation and Blood
- Centrifuge :
It is device use for separate the blood component into
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets.
- Blood :
The blood is contain formed element (RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets),
and liquid face (Plasma) .
16. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis :
Electrophoresis is used for separation of molecules
according to their electrical charge.
- Hemoglobin Electrophoresis :
- It is test that measures the different types of the
hemoglobin in the blood.
- We use the RBCs from centrifuge to separate the
hemoglobin.
Electrophoresis device
17. Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
- In adults, these hemoglobin molecules make up the
following percentages of total hemoglobin:
Hb A: 95% to 98%
Hb A2: 2% to 3%
Hb F: 0.8% to 2%
Hb S: 0%
Hb C: 0%
- In infants and children, these hemoglobin molecules make
up the following percentages of total hemoglobin:
Hb F (newborn): 50% to 80%
Hb F (6 months): 8%
Hb F (over 6 months): 1% to 2%
- What Abnormal Results Mean?
The presence of significant levels of abnormal hemoglobins
may indicate:
-Hemoglobin C disease
-Rare hemoglobinopathy
-Sickle cell anemia
-Thalassemia Carrier Normal Sick
