This document provides a history of taxonomy from ancient times through the modern era. It discusses how early ancient Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman scholars began classifying and organizing plants and animals. Key early taxonomists mentioned include Aristotle, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny. It then covers the contributions of later taxonomists like Caesalpino, the Bauhin brothers, John Ray, and Joseph Pitton de Tournefort. The era of Carl Linnaeus is described as revolutionizing taxonomy through his introduction of binomial nomenclature. The document outlines how Linnaeus helped transform botany and zoology into scientific disciplines. It concludes with a discussion of developments like cl

1. History of
Taxonomy
By:
7oB classroom

2. Introduction
 Fromancient China herbalist classify and
organize the plants, indetifying its
characteristics and interrelationship.

3.  Egyptians,Greeks, French also made
contributions.

4.  AsAristotle, one of his contribution was to
divide animals in without blood and with
blood; or as Theofrastrus and Discorides.

5.  Othergreeks like Theofrastus, who wrote
De Historian Plant arum, Which Contained
480 species. Was based on growth
form, and we still Recognize many of his
plant generates, like Narcissus, Crocus
and Cronus.

6.  Oras Discorides that give excellent
descriptions of nearly 600 plants, including
cannabis, colchicum, water
hemlock, and peppermint, are contained
in De materia medica.

7.  On the other hand in the XVI century
some Frenchs scientists as Linneaus and
Plinius made great contributions.

8.  Pliniuscontribute with many books, but
the only one that has survived is his
Naturalism Historian, a work of 160
volumes, in which he described several
plants and gave them Latin names.
 He was called The Father of Botanical
Latin.

9.  On the other hand the simplicity of
Linnaeus' trivial names revolutionized
nomenclature, and soon binary
nomenclature became to replace the
phrase names.
 Binary System

10.  This set of presentations (hyperlinks) will
introduce you to the interesting branch of
Biology called, TAXONOMY. From the
early taxonomy in ancient China you will
end you're travel in the Taxonomy history
with the change from phenetics to
phylogenies in 1919.

11. Contents (index):
 1. Earliest taxonomy
 2. The Herbalists
 3. Early taxonomists
 4. Linnaean era
 5. Transforming botany and zoology into a
science
 6. Rules for nomenclature
 7. From phonetics to phylogenies
 8. Phylocode
 Biblography

12. EARLIEST
TAXONOMY
BY: PEDRO JOSÉ GARCÍA
ROMERO AND MIGUEL
ÁNGEL GOMEZ VASQUEZ
GRADE: 7.B.

13. THE HISTORY
 Taxonomy is as old
as the language
skill of mankind.
 When we speak
about ancient
taxonomy we
usually mean the
history in the
Western world.

14.  However, the earliest traces are not from the
West, but from the East. Shen Nung, Emperor of
China around 3000 BC He was a legendary
emperor known as the Father of Chinese medicine
and is believed to have introduced acupuncture.

15.  Around 1500 BC
medicinal plants were
illustrated on wall
paintings in Egypt. The
paintings gives us
knowledge about
medicinal plants in old
Egypt and their names.
 In one of the oldest
and largest papyrus
rolls, Ebers
Papyrus, plants are
included as medicines
for different diseases.

16. THE GREEKS
AND ROMANS
(subtitle)

17. ARISTOLE
 Aristotle the Greek
philosopher was
the first to classify
all living things.
 which he called
animals with blood
and without blood
(such as
insects, crustacean
and testacies
(mollusks).

18. THEOPHRASTUS
 Theophrastus (370-285 BC) was a student of Aristotle
and Plato.
 I wrote to all Known classification of plants, De
Historian Plant arum, Which Contained 480 species.

19.  His classification was
based on growth
form, and we still
Recognize many of his
plant generates, like
Narcissus, Crocus and
Cronus.
 This is Carl Linnaeus
accepted Because
many of his generic
names.

20. DIOSCORIDES
 Dioscorideswas a
Greek physician.
 gathered knowledge
about medicinal
plants.

21.  Between 50-70 AD he wrote De Material
Medical, which contained around 600 species.
 The classification in his work is based on the
medicinal properties of the species.

22. PLINIUS
 Plinius(23–79 AD). He
wrote many books, but
the only one that has
survived is his
Naturalism Historian, a
work of 160 volumes, in
which he described
several plants and
gave them Latin
names.
 The Father of Botanical
Latin. Plinius died in
Pompeii.

23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://archive.awesomestories.com/movi
es/stories/alexander_great/images/aristol
e.jpg
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/3/37/Plinyelder.jpg
 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c
ommons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/2
00px-Dioscorides01.jpg

24. By:
Amelia piedrahita
Maria isabel piedrahita

25. The Herbalists
 There
is usually not much of a classification in the
herbals, and the earliest works were merely copying
Theophrastos and Dioscorides.

26.  With time the herbals became more and
more original with more elaborate woodcuts
as illustrations.

27. Early
Taxnomists
By:
Daniel Ospina
Andrés Rodriguéz

28.  Itwas not until the end of the 16th century that
taxonomic works became original enough to
replace the ancient Greek works. One of the
reasons for this was the development of optic
lenses, whichnmade it possible to study details
in the different species.
Replacement of Greek´s
Taxo

29.  One of the earliest authors (taxonomists) was
Caesalpino (1519–1603) in Italy, who is sometimes
called "the first taxonomist". In 1583 he wrote “De
Plantis”, a work that contained 1500 species.
“The First Taxonomist”

30.  Two Swiss brothers Bauhin (1541–1631;
1560–1624) wrote the work Pinax Theatri
Botanici in 1623.The word Pinax means
register, and the work is a listing of 6000
species, species were known with many
different names in different books, and
Pinax Theatri Botanici made a welcome
order in the taxonomic world.
The Brothers Bauhin

31.  The English naturalist John
Ray (1627–1705) wrote
several important works
through his life, the most
important contribution
was the establishment of
species as the ultimate
unit of taxonomy. In 1682
he published Methodus
Plantarum Nova, which
contained around 18 000
plant species, a result of
a relatively narrow
species concept.
Jhon Ray

32.  In France Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708)
constructed a botanical classification that came to
rule in botanical taxonomy until the time of Carl
Linnaeus. In 1700 he published Institutiones Rei
Herbariae, in which around 9000 species were listed
in 698 genera; he put primary emphasis on the
classification of genera, and many genera were
accepted by Linnaeus and still in use today.
Joseph Pitton de
Tournefort

33.  Tournefort's plant classification was
exclusively based on floral characters.
Tournefort's system was the one used by
Linnaeus as a young student, but whereas
Tournefort denied the presence of sexuality
in plants, Linnaeus on the contrary based his
system on that argument.

34. References:
 https://encrypted-
tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSYyXTAycs4C7vL-
zV9qouUtuLmj3MMIIpEZBDQACxFVKy4R2qw
 https://encrypted-
tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRhnFQJr0UZYaqzkr0GZnZ
wQY2KJjAAJole5faZ172X4U_1QxeCNQ
 https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR3S_0RaoTnTEZH6gN_Dvz
zaUmB4bYLVjln7HcbOw_8tD5rS_mJGA
 https://encrypted-
tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTseDyMyyg840V-
kMqMPoBlNpnMhDJp_G5pUi13gLLJ7OUiQNKR
 https://encrypted-
tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT0piIRpzzprmK1DUj_Y2q6
YrkUwU9065Q4J347PZhtwoUNxiIAww
 https://encrypted-
tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSAobB8uUiBJQccOeZZqJ
SCxEn_liZG5JHuDmjlTibZIEkOkbya
 https://encrypted-
tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTm_skwfCxvao04nHr3Opz
6-U-HPP9b7QyJT923y56Hl03cZ44v

35. Linnean era
By:
Andrés Duque De Grieff

36.  2.1. Starting point of modern taxonomy
 For nomenclatural reasons two works of Carl
Linnaeus (1707–1778, Fig. 4) are regarded as the
 The trivial names were intended for fieldwork and
education, and not to replace the earlier phrase
names. The phrase names included a description
of the species that distinguished it from other
known species in the genus. With an expanded
knowledge of the global fauna and flora through
17th and 18th century scientific expeditions, a
large number of new species were found and
named, and more terms had to be added to
each phrase name. By the time of Linnaeus the
situation was really bad. Linnaeus counted 8530
species of flowering plants in 1753.

37.  starting points of modern botanical and
zoological taxonomy: the global flora Species
Plantarum,published in 1753 and the tenth
edition of Systema Naturae in 1758 including
global fauna. The reason for this is that
Linnaeus introduced in these books a binary
form of species names called "trivial names"
for both plants and animals. For each species
he created an epithet that could be used
together with the genus name.

39.  Withan expanded knowledge of the
global fauna and flora through 17th and
18th century scientific expeditions, a large
number of new species were found and
named, and more terms had to be added
to each phrase name. By the time of
Linnaeus the situation was really bad.
Linnaeus counted 8530 species of flowering
plants in 1753.

40.  Thesimplicity of Linnaeus' trivial names
revolutionized nomenclature, and soon
binary nomenclaturecame to replace the
phrase names.

41.  Today, every plant or animal name
published before 1753 or
1758, respectively, is called "pre-Linnaean"
and is thus not valid.

42. TRANSFORMING
BOTANY AND
ZOOLOGY INTO A
SCIENCE
By:
María Del Mar Oyola &
María Alejandra Martínez

43. CARL LINNAEUS
 Carl Linnaeus started his career by
publishing a system of all living things and
minerals in 1735 called System Nature.

45. STAMENS AND PISTILS
 Inthis he introduced the sexual system of
plants, an artificial classification based on
the sexual parts of the flower

46.  thestamens and pistils. In a time when
people debated whether plants had
sexuality or not, this suggestion from an
unknown person not belonging to any
classical European school of natural
sciences more or less shocked the
scientific world.

47.  However, the practical use of the system
and Linnaeus careful observations
persuaded the critics and Linnaeus sexual
system of plants became the highest
fashion also outside the scientific
community.

49. References:
 https://www.google.com.co/search?num=10
&hl=es&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&bi
w=1241&bih=606&q=carl+linnaeus&oq=carl+li
nna&gs_l=img.3.0.0j0i24l2.1411.10718.0.12206.
16.12.3.1.1.0.485.1839.9j1j4-
2.12.0...0.0...1ac.187.2804.17j13.30.0...0.0...1c.1
.R5RYd74MzvA&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_cp.r_
qf.&bvm=bv.41018144,d.eWU&fp=6c8ff21798
9c200&biw=1241&bih=567

50. Rules for
Nomenclature
By:
David Patiño
Santiago Sanguino

51.  Oneof the first attempts to create rules in
botanical taxonomy was made by
Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778–
1841) in Théory élémentaire de la
botanique in 1813.

52.  Kuntze's
strict application of insufficient
nomenclature laws and the nomenclatural
mess he made triggered botanists to create
a code of botanical nomenclature. In
Europe this was decided on a botanical
congress in Vienna in 1905.

53.  Theinitiation of a zoological code started
somewhat later. In 1842 a British ornithologist
Hugh Edwin Strickland (1811–1853)
elaborated the first nomenclatural laws for
zoology, the "Strickland Code

54. REFERENCES
 https://www.google.com.co/search?num
=10&hl=es&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source
=hp&biw=1441&bih=678&q=nomenclatur
e&oq=nomenclature&gs_l=img.3...0.0.1.15
8.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0...0.0...1ac.yxZV9ct8q6o

55. From phonetics
to phylogenies
BY:
PABLO MEJÍA
AND
MATEO RESTREPO

57. THEY WERE THE FIRST BIOLOGIST CONSTRUCTION
OF EVOLUTIONARY TREES .

58.  THEGERMAN BIOLOGIST WILLI HENNIG (1913–
1976) FOUNDED THE CLADISTIC ERA IN
1966, BY STATING THAT ONLY SIMILARITIES
GROUPING SPECIES (SYNAPOMORPHIES)
SHOULD BE USED IN CLASSIFICATION, AND
THAT TAXA SHOULD INCLUDE ALL
DESCENDANTS FROM ONE SINGLE ANCESTOR
(THE RULE OF MONOPHYLY). HYPOTHESIS ON
SYSTEMATICS COULD NOW BE TESTED
THROUGH CLADISTIC METHODS.

59. Phylocode
By: Pablo Gallego
Vélez.

60.  With the breakthrough of cladistics
analysis and constructions of
phylogenetic hypotheses, the taxonomy
built on the Linnaean hierarchic system
became a matter of intense discussion
and criticism.

61.  Two zoologists from USA, Kevin de Queiroz and
Jacques Gauthier, started the discussions in the
1990's and laid the theoretical foundation to a
new nomenclatural code for all organisms, the
PhyloCode. A meeting in Harvard in 1998 drew
out the lines for a PhyloCode, and a first draft
was published on the web in 2000.

62.  ThePhyloCode reflects a philosophical shift
from naming species and subsequently
classifying them (i.e., into higher taxa) to
naming both species and clades.

63.  Themain idea with the PhyloCode is that only
species and clades should have names, and
that all ranks above species are excluded from
nomenclature.

64.  The aim is to change current names as
little as possible and to build the stability
on clades rather than on ranks.

65.  The PhyloCode is still only a draft, it is
controversial, and has led to a worldwide and
very interesting debate. Its success will depend
on the number of taxonomists that will use it for
their taxonomic work.

66. Bibliography
(References)
Manuela Millán y Laura
Restrepo

67.  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/chinese/emperors.ht
mlPicture%20of%20Ebers%20papyrus

68. 
http://www.ub.unileipzig.de/site.php?pag
e=die_ubl/sosa/rundgang/ebers&lang=d
e&stil=fcMateriaMedicaofDioscoridesat

69.  http://www.bnnonline.it/biblvir/dioscoride/dio
scoride.htm
 Linné online

70.  http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-
en.htmlInternational Code of Botanical
Nomenclature

71.  http://www.iczn.org/PhyloCode


72.  http://www.ohiou.edu/phylocode/

73.  http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn main.htm
 International Code of Zoological